Supplementary
Inflow and stock
For calculation of the Bi inflow (kg/year) to the part of the Stockholm technosphere
connected to Henriksdal WWTP, the following equations were used (Table 1). Parameters are
explained below (Table 3 – 6).
Table 1. Equations used for calculations of the Bi inflow (kg/year) to the part of the Stockholm technosphere
connected to Henriksdal WWTP. I = Inflow
Product
Equation
Cosmetics
Plastics
Paints
Electric goods and appliances
Chemicals
Pyrotechnics and explosives
I = Pw * 0.75 * m * C
I = MC * C * Cv * PP
I = MC * C * Cv * PP
I = MC * C * PP
I = MC * C * PP
I = MC * C * PP * 0.5
For calculation of the stock (S) (kg), the following equation was used:
S=I*T
Parameters are explained below (Table 3 - 6).
Outflow
For the Bi outflow (kg/year) from the technosphere of Stockholm to Henriksdal WWTP, the
following calculations were used (Table 2). For the results, the units were adjusted to kg/year.
Parameters are explained below (Table 3 – 6).
Table 2. Equations used for calculations of the Bi outflow (kg/year) from the technosphere to Henriksdal WWTP.
O = Outflow
Product
Equation
Cosmetics
Plastics
Paints
Urine and faeces
Vehicle wash
Laundries
Storm water / drinking water
Flocculent
O = Pw * 0.75 * m * C * 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.5
O = MC * C * PP
O = MC * C * CV * D * PH
O = C * PH * 365
O = (MC1 + MC2 + MC3) * C
O = Mout * C
O = C * M * MH
O = (MCmin + MCmax) / 2
Parameters
The values used for calculations of the inflow, stock and outflow are presented in tables 3 - 6.
In Table 3, general parameters, used to adjust Swedish data (found in table 4 - 6) for the part
of the population connected to Henriksdal WWTP, are provided. Data have been taken from
the source mentioned and adjusted for this study. Proportion explains the part of the total
source of product that consists of the specific parameter.
1
Table 3. General parameters used for calculating all flows.
Parameter (unit)
PP (proportion)
PH (st)
Value
0.08
767 650
Explanation
(Source of data and/or assumption)
Assumptions (A)
Population of Henriksdal WWTP (767 650) / population
of Sweden (9 555 893)
Own calculations
Population of Henriksdal WWTP
(Stockholm Water 2013)
-
– = no assumptions were made for the specific parameter
Table 4. Parameters used for calculating the inflow of Bi to the technosphere of Stockholm.
Parameter (unit)
Value
Explanation
(Source of data and/or assumption)
Assumptions (A)
Chemicals
MC (kg) Bi chloride
0.4
0.1
MC (kg) Bi 2-ethylhexanoate
75.9
MC (kg) Binaphthenate
0.1
MC (kg) Bi neodecanoate
65.5
MC (kg) Bi vanadate / vanadic acid
48.2
MC (kg) Bi oxide
C (proportion) Bi chloride
0.67
0.33
C (proportion) Bi 2-ethylhexanoate
0.18
C (proportion) Bi naphthenate
0.29
C (proportion) Bi neodecanoate
Material consumption of Bi chloride
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Material consumption of Bi 2-ethylhexanoate
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Material consumption of Bi naphthenate
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Material consumption of Bi neodecanoate
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Material consumption of Bi vanadate / vanadic acid
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Material consumption of Bi oxide
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Concentration of Bi in Bi chloride
(Own calculations)
Concentration of Bi in Bi 2-ethylhexanoate
(Own calculations)
Concentration of Bi in Bi naphthenate
(Own calculations)
Concentration of Bi in Bi neodecanoate
(Own calculations)
-
2
C (proportion) Bi vanadate / vanadic
acid
0.65
0.9
C (proportion) Bi oxide
Concentration of Bi in Bi vanadate / vanadic acid
(Own calculations)
Concentration of Bi in Bi oxide
(Own calculations)
-
Cosmetics
Pw (st)
298 079
m (kg) foundation and powder
0.12
m (kg) eye shadow
0.05
C (mg/kg) foundation and powder
2 567
C (mg/kg) eye shadow
41
Female population between the ages of 18 and 64
connected to Henriksdal WWTP
(Amneklev et al. 2014, Statistics Sweden 2014)
A: (Amneklev et al. 2014)
Weight of average foundation and powder
(own assumption)
A: assumed weight of an average product
Weight of average eye shadow
(own assumption)
A: assumed weight of an average product
Mean concentration of Bi in foundation and powder in
Sweden
(Amneklev et al. 2014)
Mean concentration of Bi in eye shadow in Sweden
(Amneklev et al., 2014)
-
Electric goods and appliances
MC (kg)
C (proportion)
19 000
0.9
Material consumption of Bi oxide in electrical goods and
appliances in Sweden
(Lindgren 2009)
Concentration of Bi in Bi oxide
(own calculations)
-
Paints
MC (kg)
Cv (proportion)
41 000
0.65
Material consumption of Bi vanadate in paints in
Sweden
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
Concentration of Bi vanadate in Bi
(Own calculations)
-
Plastic
MC (kg)
38 489 600
Material consumption of PA-, PE and ABS plastic in
Sweden, based on these plastics’ proportion (8 %) of the
total amount of generated plastic waste (202 000 tonnes)
and plastic in household waste (12 % of 2 326 000
tonnes)
3
C (proportion)
0.025
Cv (proportion)
0.65
(Swedish Chemical Agency 2007, Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency 2014, Swedish Waste
Management 2011)
A1: 12% of household waste consists of plastic waste
(plastic packaging in Appendix 3 in Swedish Waste
Management 2011)
A2: PA-, PE and ABS plastic make up 8 % of the total
plastic annually used (Swedish Chemical Agency 2007).
Concentration of Bi in plastic
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2007)
A: A Bi content of between 0 % and 5 %. In this study:
average content of 2.5 %
Concentration of Bi vanadate in Bi
(Own calculations)
-
Pyrotechnics and explosives
MC (kg)
C (mg/kg)
1 577 000
1520
Material consumption of pyrotechnics and explosives in
Sweden, year 2012
(CN 3604 10 00 Import – Export + Production)
(Statistics Sweden 2014)
A: 50 % if the total weight of the pyrotechnics are made
up of explosives
Mean concentration of Bi in pyrotechnics and explosives
in Sweden
(Ramström personal communication)
-
– = no assumptions were made for the specific parameter
Table 5. Parameters used for calculating the Bi stock in the technosphere of Stockholm.
Parameter (unit)
Value
Explanation
(Source of data and/or assumption)
Assumptions (A)
Electric goods and appliances
I (kg)
1.4
T (year)
10
Inflow of Bi in electrical goods and appliances
(Own calculations, see inflow)
Time span of electrical goods and appliances
(own assumption)
A: 10 year life span
Plastic
I (kg)
T (year)
54 875
5
Inflow of Bi in plastic
(Own calculations, see inflow)
Time span of plastic
(own assumption)
A: 5 year life span
4
Paint
I (kg)
1 400
T (years)
Inflow of Bi in paints
(Own calculations, see inflow)
Time span of paints
(own assumption)
A: 10 year life span
10
– = no assumptions were made for the specific parameter
Table 6. Parameters used for calculating the Bi outflow from the technosphere of Stockholm to Henriksdal
WWTP.
Parameter (unit)
Value
Explanation
(Source of data and/or assumption)
Assumptions (A)
298 079
Female population between the ages of 18 and 64 connected to
Henriksdal WWTP
(Amneklev et al. 2014, Statistics Sweden 2014).
A: (Amneklev et al. 2014)
Weight of average foundation and powder
(own assumption)
A: assumed weight of an average product
Weight of average eye shadow
(own assumption)
A: assumed weight of an average product
Mean concentration of Bi in foundation and powder in Sweden
(Amneklev et al. 2014)
Mean concentration of Bi in eye shadow in Sweden
(Amneklev et al. 2014)
-
Cosmetics
Pw (st)
m (kg) foundation and powder
0.12
m (kg) eye shadow
0.05
C (mg/kg) foundation and
powder
2 567
C (mg/kg) eye shadow
41
Plastic
MC (kg)
6 897
C (proportion)
0.025
Material consumption of Bi in plastic in Sweden, adjusted to
Bi in Bi vanadate
(Beckman 2013)
A: Limited to plastic that comes in contact with water
Concentration of Bi in plastic
(Swedish Chemicals Agency 2014)
A: A Bi content of between 0 % and 5 %. In this study:
average content of 2.5 %
Paints
MC (l) minimum
1
Average material consumption of paints in Sweden
(own assumption)
A1: 1 l paint per person and year are on average used in
Stockholm
A2: paint has a density of 1
5
C (proportion)
0.001
Cv (proportion)
0.65
D (proportion)
0.005
Concentration of Bi in paints in Sweden
(Beckman 2013)
Concentration of Bi vanadate in Bi
(Own calculations)
Part of used paint that is washed away to the sewage system
(own assumption)
A: 0.5 % of the paint used is being washed away to the sewage
system
Vehicle washing
facilities
MC1 (st) washed in stations
1 741 345
MC2 (st) washed in streets
1 451 121
MC3 (st) other stations
C (g/st)
119 087
2 470
Numbers of washes per year in vehicle wash stations in
Stockholm
(Stockholm Water 2005)
A1: buses and trucks count as 3 vehicles. Cars count as 1
vehicle
A2: vehicles are washed on average 12 times per year.
Number of washes per year on streets in Stockholm
(Stockholm Water 2005)
A1: buses and trucks count as 3 vehicles. Cars count as 1
vehicle
A2: vehicles are washed on average 12 times per year
A3: 50 % of the water used end up in the sewage system
Numbers of washes per year in vehicle washing facilities in
Stockholm
(Stockholm Water 2005)
A1: buses and trucks count as 3 vehicles. Cars count as 1
vehicle
A2: vehicles are washed on average 12 times per year.
Average concentration of Bi released by a vehicle when
washed
(Stockholm Water 2005)
-
Urine and faeces
C (g person and day) urine
0.045
C (g person and day) faeces
0.69
Average concentration of Bi in urine
(Almqvist et al. 2007)
Average concentration of Bi in faeces
(Almqvist et al. 2007)
-
Laundry facilities
Mout (l/year)
C (g/l)
140 000 000
4.8
Total effluent water from laundry facilities connected to
Henriksdal WWTP
(Kotsch personal communication)
Concentration of Bi in effluent water from laundry facilities
6
(Kotsch personal communication)
-
Storm water / Drinking
water
C (ng/l)
12.5
Maximum concentration of Bi in storm water / drinking water
(Randahl et al. 1997)
M (1000 l)
104 000 000
Total incoming water to Henriksdal WWTP
(Stockholm Water 2013)
MH (proportion) part storm
0.1
Total incoming storm water to Henriksdal WWTP
water
(Lagerkvist personcal communication)
MH (proportion) part drinking
0.54
Total incoming wastewater (containing drinking water) to
water
Henriksdal WWTP
(Lagerkvist personcal communication)
MCmin (kg)
0.2
Minimum amount of Bi in flocculent
(Lagerkvist personcal communication)
MCmax (kg)
0.9
Maximum amount of Bi in flocculent
(Lagerkvist personcal communication)
– = no assumptions was made for the specific parameter
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