Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
PCDD/PDCF Inventory - Practical Example
Prof. Dr. João Vicente de Assunção
January 22, 2016
The inventory of PCDD/PCDF aims to identify, characterize, quantify and prioritize sources of
releases. It is the basis for the development of strategies with measures, timelines and goals to
minimize these releases (action plans under the NIP).
According to Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (SC), the inventory shall
follow guidelines and default emission factors of the Toolkit for Identification and
Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans, and other Unintentional POPs. The latest edition
should be used at the time of the inventory, and it is recommended to update and revise
inventories every five years.
A baseline release estimate is the first inventory of sources and releases of Annex C elaborated
by a Party, usually as part of the National Implementation Plan developed under Article 7. For
consistent time trends evaluation, both baseline and updated inventories shall follow the same
methodology and new information included in the revised Toolkit if it occurs. Also missing
sources not included in the baseline inventory shall be included in both baseline and updated
inventories. Thus, the baseline inventory should be revised in the same basis of the updated
inventory.
The practical example here is a hypothetical inventory to exercise the use of the Toolkit for the
updating and revision of inventories of PCDD/PCDF.
Let us considerer the case of Country A that performed the baseline inventory in 2012
(reference year 2010). In 2017 it will be updated to include all the circumstances occurred in
the mean time, like a revised version of Toolkit, population and economic growth, changes in
activity rates due to the application of measures to minimize and reduce emissions, new
sources, missing sources, etc.
Baseline Inventory (Reference year 2010)
Country A general data: population of 15 million inhabitants, and a Gross National Income per
capita of US$4,500. A national survey of sources listed on Annex C of the SC and in the Toolkit
showed existence of sources of PCDD/PCDF in Country A. The following sources will be covered
by this example of inventory.
Source Group 1: Waste Incineration
Category a: Municipal solid waste incineration
Category b: Hazardous waste incineration
Source Group 2: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production
Category a: Iron ore sintering
Category e: Aluminium Production
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Group 3: Heat and Power Generation
Category a: Fossil fuel power plants
Category d: Household heating and cooking - Biomass
Group 4: Production of Mineral Products
Category a: Cement kilns
Category c: Brick
Group 5: Transport
Category a: 4-Stroke engines
Category c: Diesel engines
Group 6: Open Burning Processes
Category a: Fires/burning - biomass
Category b: Waste burning and accidental fires
Group 7: Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods
Category c: Petroleum refineries
Category d: Textile plants
Group 8: Miscellaneous
Category b: Crematoria
Category e: Tobacco smoking
Group 9: Disposal/landfills
Category a: Landfill leachate
Category e: Composting
Activity rate data
Group 1 – Waste Incineration
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Municipal solid wastes
Official statistics showed that the generation of MSW per capita in urban areas (70% of the
population) in 2010 was of 0.6 kg/person/day, corresponding to 2,299,500 t/year. Of those 88% were
collected (2,023,560 t/year); not collected 12% (275,940 t/year). Of the residues collected 60%
(1,214,136 t/year) are treated/disposed of adequately (50% landfilled, 5% incinerated, 5%
composting)
Municipal solid waste incineration is not a common practice in COUNTRY A. Only circa 5% (101,178
t/year) are sent to incineration according to research carried out, and the same amount is sent for
composting. The survey has also shown that 30% of this waste is burned in low technology
incinerators without Air Pollution Control Systems (APCS), 50% are incinerated in controlled
combustion equipment, with minimal APCS, and only 20% are incinerated in controlled combustion
equipment with good APCS. No high-tech facility and APCS sophisticated combustion. Local legislation
set emission limits in the basis of controlled combustion facilities and good APCS. Thus the activity
rates are:
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Class a1: 30,353.4 t/year
Class a2: 50,589.0 t/year
Class a3: 20,235.6
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Hazardous Wastes
The National Registry of Hazardous Waste in COUNTRY A has the most information from incinerators
of this type of waste, primarily from industrial sources. Given this situation it was possible to collect
data on waste treated and information technologies installed in centralized facilities being classified
into two types, according to the classification of the Toolkit: Class 2 (for 17.5% of waste incinerated)
and class 3 (for 82.5% of waste incinerated). The amount incinerated in 2010 was circa 6,000 t/year in
5 facilities in Country A. the Federal Environmental Agency has confirmed this information. The
activity rates resulted:
Class b2: 1,050.0 t/year
Class b3: 4,950.0 t/year
Group 2 – Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production
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Iron ore sintering
The steel production in Country A is limited to a steel mill company and several independent foundry
unities. The analysis took into account production values provided by the National Industrial Census
and by the production companies.
The integrated production complex of Company A has a coke plant with four batteries, a by-product
plant, two sinter plants, two blast furnaces (BF), and LD steelworks consisting of: three converters,
ladle furnace, continuous casting hot rolling, cold rolling and cold finishing facilities. The production of
this company in the reference year was 1,500,000 of raw steel. Sintering process occurred in the
proportion of 1.25 tonnes per tonne of raw steel. Therefore, there has been sintered 1,875,000 t in
2010. The two sinter plants are of same capacity, the older one with a high recycling of waste,
including contaminated material, and the newer one is modern, no waste or low waste use as well as it
is a well controlled plant with Bag Filter for dust removal. Consequently the activity rates are:
Class a1: 937,500 t/year
Class a2: 937,500 t/year
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Aluminium production
In Country A exists primary aluminium production (130,000 t in 2010) and secondary (10,000 t in
2010) according to statistics from the Association of the Aluminium Industry.
Existing technology for secondary aluminium facilities are divided into two Groups: in one side those
with scrap treatment, control of gaseous emissions and particulate matter, and in the other side
facilities that use technology with minimal treatment (in some cases zero), and without pre-selection
of scrap. In the latter Group production was estimated it through existing census, which resulted in
2,000 t/year. The first Group of facilities scrap is preselected and processed in rotary kilns, with
afterburners and fabric filters. A small percentage of shaving and turning scrap (around 5% of the
scrap entered - 400 t/a) is subject to a pre-drying. So the activity rates are:
Class e1: 2,000 t/year
Class e2: 8,000 t/year
Class e4: 400 t/year
Class e6: 130,000 t/year
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Group 3 – Power and Heat Generation
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Fossil fuel power plants
In Country A the main source of electrical power is hydroelectric. The other sources of energy that
deserve attention are bituminous coal, fuel oil and natural gas. The amount fuel burned for power and
heat generation in 2010 came from the National Energy Balance Report (BEN) of the Ministry of
Energy, which are: Bituminous coal: 70,000 TJ (Tera Joule); fuel oil: 45,000 TJ; Natural Gas: 130,000 TJ.
Facilities that use bituminous coal are provided with good APCS (Bag-Filter or Dry Electrostatic
Precipitator). Activity rates:
Class a2: 70,000 TJ
Class a4: 45,000 TJ
Class a6: 130,000 TJ
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Household heating and cooking - Biomass
Use of contaminated wood for heating or cooking should not be significant because of the ban on the
use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Country A and it is forbidden its use for wood treatment. On the
other hand, information from market show the illegal use of this substance, estimated at 5% the
quantity of contaminated wood used, the remaining 95% is considered as virgin biomass/wood.
Recorded consumption of wood for residential use (formal market) was 25,000 TJ (1,923,077 t),
according to the National Energy Balance (BEN).
It was estimated a consumption of 8,008 TJ (616,000 t) on ranch homes, assuming the latter uses
wood from informal market. The amount was calculated based upon the number of ranch houses
identified in the Census of Population and Housing and a consumption of 2 t/household-year and a
total of 308,000 ranch houses (wood with heating value of 13 MJ/kg, estimated based on the average
caloric values of firewood in the Toolkit - Technical Annexes).
Non existence was verified in Country A of open stoves (3 stones) but checks for simple stoves
estimated proportion of 20% of total non contaminated virgin wood.
Then the total amount of wood burned in 2010 was 25,000 + 8,008 = 33,008 TJ (95% noncontaminated/virgin wood and 5% contaminated wood). It was also burned, according to BEN census,
1,750 TJ/year of charcoal (58,333 t/year).
In the case of household heating and cooking – biomass, it is also necessary to provide the amount of
ash produced. The amount of ash from wood and charcoal combustion was estimated to be 1% and
2% by weight, respectively, according to technical data available in Country A. So the activity rates
are:
Activity Rates for household heating and cooking - Biomass:
Class d1: 1,650 TJ/year (wood burned) and 1,231 t/year of ashes (Column P)
Class d2: 25,080 TJ/year of wood and 18,716 t/year of ashes (Column P)
Class d4: 1,750 TJ of charcoal and 1,167 t/year of ashes (Column P)
Class d6: 6,270 TJ/year and 4,679 t/year of ashes (Column P)
Group 4 - Production of Mineral Products
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Cement kilns
There are three cement production companies in Country A, with the same production capacity. The
results of the questionnaire answered by cement industries showed that they all work with dry clinker
kilns with preheater/pre-calciner, and temperature below 200 °C. The total cement production was
4,000,000 tons in 2010. All them are provided with dry electrostatic precipitator for dust removal.
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Fuel oil is the main source of energy, followed by petroleum coke. One company co-process industrial
wastes, including tires. National regulation exists for the use of alternative fuels (waste). When
relevant environmental authorities issue permits for the use of waste as an alternative fuel, the plant
must meet additional requirements for registration and / or authorization, such as: technology
description, presentation of EIA, operating parameters, monitoring, replacement and percentages
feasibility of alternative fuels, and characterization of the mixtures. In the case of the use of alternative
fuels such as waste streams, emissions must comply with the strict regulations applied to hazardous
waste thermal destruction facilities.
As al kilns are dry type and temperature below 200oC, only class 4 should be considered. Then the
activity rate will be:
Activity Rates for cement kilns:
Class a4: 4,000,000 t/year
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Brick
According to Report of Brick Production Sector it was produced 1,100,000 tons of bricks in Country A
in 2010. The report also estimates the quantity produced in small furnaces in 20% of total production
in 2010, primarily using wood as fuel. In general, energy comes from wood (48%), natural gas (26%),
electricity (8%) and 10% of other types, including contaminated fuel. The kilns used for larger scale
production are of the tunnel type or rotary type, enabling better control of combustion parameters.
Analysis of available data leads to the assumption that 10% of bricks were produced with
contaminated fuels and without treatment emissions or simple abatement system (cyclone for
instance). Larger plants use kilns with emission control systems (dust).
Thus it was assumed 10% in class 1 (110,000 t/year) and 90% in class 2 (990,000 t/year).
Activity Rates for brick manufacturing:
Class c1: 110,000 t/year
Class c2: 990,000 t/year
Group 5 - Transport
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4-Stroke engines
In Country A the fleet of vehicles with 4-stroke engine (cars and light vehicles and) is of 3,500,000
units. The fuels used are leaded and unleaded gasoline. Since 2000, all vehicles leave the factory with
catalytic converters and to use only unleaded gasoline. According to the national vehicle register in
2010 the fleet before 2000, ie without catalytic converters, amounted to 2,000,000 vehicles.
According to National Fuel Agency, consumption of gasoline in Country A, in 2010, was 1,800 million
liters of leaded gasoline and 2,200 million liters of unleaded gasoline. It was assumed that the total
marketed is intended to road transport. In the case of leaded gasoline, its consumption is for engines 2
and 4 times, so that discriminate.
It is assumed that the use of leaded gasoline two-cycle engines is too small, on the order of 10%. The
use of leaded gasoline 4-stroke engine has resulted in 1.62 million cubic meters (1,180,980 tons) and
unleaded gasoline was 2,200,000 cubic meters (1,639,000 tons). 30% of the unleaded gasoline is used
in vehicles without catalyst. The densities used are 0.729 t/m3 for leaded gasoline, 0.745 t/m3 for
unleaded gasoline.
Activity rates for 4-stroke engines:
Class a1: 1,180,980 t/year
Class a2: 491,700 (without catalyst)
Class a3: 1,147,300 t/year (with catalyst)
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
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Diesel engines
Consumption of fuel for Diesel engines includes light and heavy engines in vehicles for private use,
commercial, passenger, cargo and part of shipping/river, railroad and also in agricultural machinery.
According to data from National Fuel Institute, total amount of fuel used for the transport sector, in
2010, was 2.86 million cubic meters (2,431,000 t for density 0.85 t/m3). No biodiesel is used. This
results in the following activity rate:
Activity rates for diesel engines
Class c1: 2,431,000 t/year
Group 6 – Open Burning Processes
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Biomass burning
a) Agricultural residues
In Country A, the main burning of agricultural residues are linked to the work of harvesting sugar cane, and in
particular the burning of straw, the tops, and green and dry leaves. So will not be considered the burning of
other agricultural residues. Information about the quantity of straw and bud were obtained from the harvest
sector of the Ministry of Agriculture. This quantity of straw, the tops, and green and dry leaves has been
estimated based on the factor of 10 t/ha in the literature and in sugar cane productivity of 70 t/ha estimated by
the Ministry of Agriculture, as well as the production of 39 million tonnes of sugar cane in 2010, resulting in
5,571,000 t of straw, the tops, and green and dry leaves. Part of the harvesting is mechanized with no previous
field burning that reached 50% of the amount harvested in 2010. The efficiency of burning of straws, tops and
leaves was estimated at 70%. This results in the burning of 1,949,850 tons in 2010. Information available
indicates that there is no field contamination by of chlorinated compounds. Thus the total amount will be
considered “not impacted” and further verification is recommended.
b) Forest fires
The simplified estimate biomass that can be consumed is given by the following expression:
Biomass consumed (t) = area burned (ha) x biomass exposed (t / ha) x factor burning (<1)
The burned area of forest in 2010 was obtained from the Forest Fire Statistics prepared by the
Department of Forests, Ministry of Environment and resulted in 30,000 hectares of forest burned.
According to experts exposed biomass is 50t/ha and the burn factor of 0.5, resulting in 25t/ha a result
similar to the given in the Toolkit (23 t/ha) for UK forests and suggestion of US.EPA. Thus, the quantity
of forest biomass consumed in 2010 was 750,000 tons.
c) Grassland and moor (savannah) fires
There are no statistics on fires in this vegetation type in Country A. So it will not be considered in the
inventory.
Activity rates for Biomass Burning:
Class a3: 1,949,850 t/year
Class a4: 750,000 t/year
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Waste burning and accidental fires
a) Landfill fires
There are no statistics on landfill fires in Country A. So it will not be considered in the inventory.
b) Accidental fires in houses, factories
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Statistics from the National Fire Institute gives a total of rate of 250 fires per 1,000,000 people, in
2010, resulting in 3,750 occurrences, which were involved in housing, factories and structures in
general. Since there are no records and considering the importance of this source, was considered a
preliminary index of 3 t of material burned by fire, based upon the judgement of expert fire-fighters.
The result is a total of 11,250 tons of material burned.
c) Uncontrolled domestic waste burning
The production of household waste in Country A is 0.6 kg/capita/day, considering urban population
(70% of the total population). Thus, the total waste produced in 2010 was 6,300 t/day or 2,299,500
t/year.
According to statistics from the National Association of Public Cleansing, 12% are non-collected
wastes (275,940 t/year) and 5% of non-collected wastes are burned in the open air (13,797 t/year).
Of the waste collected, 60% are disposed of adequately or receives appropriate treatment. The other
40% are dumped in open fields and some are burned in open air, estimating in 15% the amount of this
waste not properly disposed of that are burned (121,414 t/year).
The total urban household waste burned in the open air reached 135,211 t/year, corresponding to
5.9% of total production. It is considered important to a survey of the open burning of household
waste in rural area of Country A, which should be planned in the near future.
d) Accidental fires in vehicles (per vehicle)
Statistics from the National Fire Institute indicate the occurrence of 1,050 fires in vehicles during the
year 2010.
e) Open burning of wood (construction/demolition)
No statistics are available on but can be considered a low incidence of this type of burning, generally
wood is reused or burned for energy production.
Activity rates for Waste burning and accidental fires:
Class b2: 11,250 t/year
Class b3: 135,211 t/year
Class b4: 1,050 vehicles/year
Group 7 – Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods
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Petroleum refineries
The newest edition of UNEP’s Toolkit (2013) considers as emission sources for petroleum refineries
the burning of refinery gas in flares, catalytic reforming process, coking process, and the treatment of
wastewater from the refinery
In Country A, there is only one oil refinery. The existing refinery has a rated capacity of 20,000
barrels per day (2,720 t/day).
Flares: According to the questionnaire responded the company the amount of wastes gas flared was
7,300 toe (tonnes of oil equivalent), corresponding to 305.6 TJ of gas burned.
Activity rate for flares:
Class 1: 305.6 TJ/year
Production process: The wastewater from the catalytic reforming unit amounts 15 gallons
per barrel (1,135,500 liters per day). Dry sludge from API treatment is of 9 lb/barrel (4.08
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
kg/barrel), equivalent to 81.54 kg/day. This refinery operates 330 days in the year. It has no
production of petroleum coke.
Activity rate for refinery production process:
Class f1 = 897,600 t/year (column J) e 27 t/year of waste (column P)
Class f3 = 374,715,000 liters/year (column P)
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Textile Plants
In Country A the use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) is forbidden. So it was assumed that textiles do not
present this type of pollution, except in case of product and raw materials imported. From the
information gathered it was detected chloranil dye in fibers, in a few cases. Textile production in 2010
was 82,000 tons, being that 50% are for export. Textile imports were 50,000 tons. So the balance of
products that remained in Country A in 2010 resulted 91,000 tons (0.5x82,000 + 50,000). There is no
accurate data to decide classification, but most of the amount produced internally or imported should
be classified as “mid-range technology” class. No “High-End, BAT Technologies” are in use in Country
A. Thus activity rates were adopted as 10% in the Low-End technologies class“ and 90% in the “MidRange, non-BAT technologies” class.
Activity rates for textile plants:
Class g1: 9,100 t/year
Class g2: 81,900 t/year
Group 8 – Miscellaneous
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Crematoria
The cremation of bodies is a growing practice in Country A. There are currently three crematoria that
responded to the questionnaire, indicating 1,500 cremations in 2010. The responses indicate that
there is no facility with optimal control as well as without control. The facilities are relatively new,
uses natural gas as a fuel, and are provided with secondary combustion chambers to ensure good
combustion gases. The classification should be class 2.
Activity rate for crematoria: Class b2: 1,500 bodies/year
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Tobacco smoking
The domestic cigarette consumption was 8,400 million/year, according to the Federal Revenue
statistics, while there is no data on cigar smoking.
Activity rate for tobacco smoking: Class e2: 8,400 million/year
Group 9 – Disposal / Landfill
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Landfill leachate
To calculate releases of leachate generated by the decomposition of organic municipal waste it was
taken into consideration the amount disposed of in sanitary landfills (1,011,780 t/year) - and in
dumps (809,424 t/year), resulting in a total of 1,812,204 t/year of waste officially disposed of. Of the
total, it was estimated that 50% are mixed wastes and 50% are domestic wastes.
No information is available to calculate releases of hazardous waste leachate. The companies surveyed
report that leachate production in landfills of hazardous industrial waste is very small as this type of
waste, mainly from industrial processes, generate little quantity of degradable organic matter, as well
as the landfills for hazardous wastes are of special type, with almost no rain penetration on them.
Activity rates for landfill leachate:
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer in the Latin America and Caribbean Region
Class a2: 906,102 t/year
Class a3: 906,102 t/year
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Composting
In Country, the practice of composting is encouraged while 5% of the waste collected in the urban
area (101,178 t/year) are transformed into compost with 70% yield. Moisture content is in the order
of 30%. So in Country A will have an annual production expressed as dry matter of 50,000 tons in
2010. There are no statistics about composting made from yard waste, kitchen waste and green
materials of non-impacted environments.
Activity rates for composting:
Class d1: 50,000 t/year
Bibliography:
The information on emission source activities are based on the inventories of Brazil (base year 2011),
Argentina (base year 2001), Cuba (base year 2000)b, Paraguay (base year 2002), Uruguay (base year
2000), , with modifications for a hypothetical case.
UNEP 2013. Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other
Unintentional POPs. Geneva, 2013. Available at: http://toolkit.pops.int
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Environmental Company of São Paulo State- CETESB
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