Online supporting information for the following article published in Indoor Air
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12123
Semi-volatile Organic Compounds in HVAC Filter Dust in Retail Stores
Ying Xu a*, Yirui Liang a, Jorge R. Urquidia, Jeffrey A. Siegel b
a
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas, 78712 USA
b
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON
M5S 1A4, Canada
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 512 471 6507; Fax: +1 512 475 3191;
E-mail address: xuying@mail.utexas.edu;
Postal address: The University of Texas at Austin, Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Department-ARE, 301 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C1752, Austin, TX 78712-1098
Table S1. Summary information about test locations.
Site
Type
HaP
HaT
MbP
MbT
MiP
MiT
EgP
OhT
FfP
FfT
GeP
GeT
ScP
SdT
Home improvement
Home improvement
General merchandise
General merchandise
General merchandise
General merchandise
Electronics
Office supply
Furniture
Furniture
Grocery (mid-size)
Grocery (mid-size)
Grocery (small)
Grocery (small)
Floor area
(m2)
11,700
12,400
16,600
8,740
11,300
12,100
2,700
2,280
1,970
3,250
3,100
3,250
836
1,180
1
Building volume
(m3)
93,400
91,800
99,500
61,200
66,800
55,200
20,300
20,700
8,170
19,800
25,300
14,900
3,340
5,390
Table S2 a. Phthalate concentration (µg/g) in HVAC filter dust in retail stores.
Phthalates (µg/g)
Site
DMP
DEP
DBP
BBzP
DEHP
DnOP
HaP1
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
192
<d.l.
HaP2
<d.l.
6
16
35
65
22
HaT
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
128
39
MbT1
<d.l.
<d.l.
8
<d.l.
78
<d.l.
MbT2
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
52
<d.l.
MbT3
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
15
<d.l.
MbT4
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
MbP1
<d.l.
<d.l.
616
152
4187
231
MbP2
<d.l.
37
100
80
700
47
MbP3
<d.l.
25
347
343
2658
106
MbP4
<d.l.
49
172
450
1339
150
MiP
<d.l.
72
219
36
294
49
MiT*
<d.l.
152
57
543
166
38
EgP1
<d.l.
121
635
240
1101
323
EgP2
<d.l.
<d.l.
218
900
2283
343
OhT
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
57
<d.l.
FfP
<d.l.
591
574
178
655
156
FfT1
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
14
12
16
FfT2
<d.l.
36
297
52
20
151
GeP
<d.l.
<d.l.
441
145
792
128
GeT1
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
15
<d.l.
GeT2
<d.l.
85
366
80
287
63
ScP
<d.l.
77
961
3262
2377
248
SdT
<d.l.
<d.l.
72
21
41
<d.l.
2
Table S2 b. PBDE concentration (ng/g) in HVAC filter dust in retail stores.
PBDEs (ng/g)
Site
BDE-17
BDE-28
BDE-47
BDE-66
BDE-71
BDE-85
BDE-99
HaP1
124
79
765
104
<d.l.
<d.l.
708
HaP2
4
47
83
767
<d.l.
26
74
HaT
126
123
404
268
1195
336
638
MbT1
<d.l.
787
21
10
51
116
MbT2
<d.l.
167
77
79
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
MbT3
<d.l.
1534
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
43
MbT4
<d.l.
7925
<d.l.
205
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
MbP1
395
30987
<d.l.
32447
930
739
9259
MbP2
57
1458
<d.l.
287
100
61
436
MbP3
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
2982
2479
5274
923
MbP4
8322
<d.l.
316
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
MiP
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
5884
267
174
MiT*
26
299
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
2596
2555
EgP1
<d.l.
10552
<d.l.
3163
2082
969
1656
EgP2
1519
2951
<d.l.
425
167
342
1422
OhT
53
2496
<d.l.
963
406
167
981
FfP
<d.l.
<d.l.
280
471
59
9
26
FfT1
26
34
68
23
<d.l.
<d.l.
61
FfT2
161
7285
773
<d.l.
397
<d.l.
<d.l.
GeP
87
2280
<d.l.
799
359
149
853
GeT1
<d.l.
258
108
26
<d.l.
85
1179
GeT2
195
<d.l.
1559
1234
<d.l.
221
309
ScP
1619
<d.l.
6897
1927
<d.l.
2725
1433
SdT
<d.l.
<d.l.
537
264
<d.l.
284
399
BDE-100
BDE-138
BDE-153
BDE-154
BDE-183
BDE-190
BDE-209
HaP1
522
478
4050
175
86
150
335
HaP2
49
747
3001
24
115
32
915
HaT
105
508
202
125
47
819
847
MbT1
38
<d.l.
42
24
18
76
1138
3
MbT2
15
886
120
<d.l.
<d.l.
72
73
MbT3
57
1315
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
115
147
MbT4
202
539
26
<d.l.
<d.l.
782
<d.l.
MbP1
16854
57680
1197
<d.l.
<d.l.
715
34482
MbP2
<d.l.
<d.l.
60
47
77
83
170
MbP3
375
<d.l.
<d.l.
182
809
760
10326
MbP4
2840
39
60
<d.l.
79
134
3075
MiP
208
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
271
1284
MiT*
288
<d.l.
303
99
<d.l.
394
4857
EgP1
617
<d.l.
1117
<d.l.
<d.l.
932
35009
EgP2
162
257
696
<d.l.
282
119
2428
OhT
<d.l.
<d.l.
169
138
191
219
380
FfP
<d.l.
14
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
31
16
FfT1
25
85
116
<d.l.
<d.l.
19
147
FfT2
<d.l.
1256
2943
<d.l.
<d.l.
1423
3377
GeP
<d.l.
<d.l.
<d.l.
111
213
186
282
GeT1
48
101
43
149
96
250
3252
GeT2
<d.l.
53
1499
<d.l.
17
25
283
ScP
1007
2692
<d.l.
224
103
153
13799
SdT
57
<d.l.
37
100
31
114
2507
4
Table S3 a. Phthalate concentration (µg/g) in indoor dust as reported in relevant studies. All
values are medians unless stated otherwise. References are repeated due to different
sampling campaigns or building types.
Country
North America
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Canada
Canada
U.S.
Europe
Norway
Germany
Germany
Demark
Germany
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
U.K.
Germany
Germany
Sweden
Germany
Germany
Bulgaria
Germany
Denmark
Denmark
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Reference
N
Building type
DMP
DEP
DnBP
BBzP
DEHP
DnOP
Wilson et al. (2001)
Rudel et a l. (2003)
Wilson et al. (2003)
Wilson et al. (2003)
Hwang et al. (2008)
Guo and Kannan (2011)
Kubwabo et al. (2013)
Kubwabo et al. (2013)
Present study
29
120
4
9
10
33
126
38
14
Day care
Residence
Day care
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Retail store
–
–
–
–
–
0.1
0.12
0.14
<d.l.
–
–
–
–
–
2
2.0
1.9
<d.l.
18.4 a
20.1
1.9 a
1.2 a
–
13.1
16.8
44.1
86
67.7 a
45.4
3.7 a
5.9 a
–
21.1
42.3
49.6
44
–
340
–
–
386
304
462
347
179
–
–
–
–
–
0.4
–
–
43
Oie et al. (1997)
Butte et al. (2001)
Becker et al. (2002)
Clausen et al. (2003)
Kersten and Reich (2003)
Santillo et al. (2003)
Santillo et al. (2003)
Santillo et al. (2003)
Santillo et al. (2003)
Santillo et al. (2003)
Becker et al. (2004)
Fromme et al. (2004)
Bornehag et al. (2005)
Nagorka et al. (2005)
Butte et al. (2008)
Kolarik et al. (2008)
Abb et al. (2009)
Langer et al. (2010)
Langer et al. (2010)
Bergh et al. (2011)
Bergh et al. (2011)
Bergh et al. (2011)
372
286
199
15
65
31
5
5
22
29
252
59
346
278
29
177
30
497
151
10
10
10
Residence
Residence
Residence
School
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Day care
Residence
Office
Day care
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.42
–
–
–
–
1.5
–
–
–
260 b
–
–
–
0.04
0.2
0.1
10a
–
3.3
–
5
6.9
12.9
6.8
5.3
3.5
–
6.1
–
–
–
350 b
–
1.7
2.2
3.7
20
4.2
100 a
49
42
–
47
55.3
44.1
42.8
79.4
52.8
–
47
150
29
28
7860 b
87.4
15
38
130
100
150
110 a
49
15
–
19
28.2
82.2
23.6
4.5
24.5
–
29.7
135
13
51
320 b
15.2
3.7
17
17
8.8
31
640 a
740
416
3210 a
600
505
996
434
317
195
515
703
770
480
970
960 b
604
210
500
680
1100
1600
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
250 b
–
–
–
–
–
–
41
75
101
21
215
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
–
0.2
0.1
0.03
0.1
0.35
0.4
1
1.8
0.2
22.3
20.1
20.2
45
23.7
2.4
0.2
1
8.6
1.6
1200
228
753
2260
183
–
0.2
–
14
0.1
Asia
Japan
Kanazawa et al. (2010)
China
Guo and Kannan (2011)
Taiwan
Hsu et al. (2011)
Kuwait
Gevao et al. (2012)
China
Zhang et al. (2013)
a.
Mean value
b. Geometric mean
5
Table S3 b. PBDE concentration (ng/g) in indoor dust as reported in relevant studies. All
values are medians unless stated otherwise. References are repeated due to different
sampling campaigns or building types.
Country
Reference
N
Building
type
TriBDEsa
TetraBDEsb
PentaBDEsc
HexaBDEsd
HeptaBDEse
DecaBDEf
89
17
68
20
10
20
10
39
12
12
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
–
19
4
6.8g
4.1
14
–
–
40
–
–
658
305
345 g
140
410
430
3750
2110
40.1
304
828
520
633 g
395
980
1030
4590
5930
116
–
144
90.1
87.2 g
82
199
220
–
305
35.5
–
17.6
19
15.1 g
9
16
70
–
390
–
–
1350
630
1810 g
560
1300
2000
–
190
903
10
50
29
25
16
16
116
292
24
Office
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Retail
store
4
14.4
–
–
26
14
6
24
556
1110
398
3100
2780
2360
1020
297
1570
830
2210
552
6540
5500
2830
1410
434
2800
871
126
113
–
–
490
260
75.9
490
484
30
17.4
–
–
28
18
23.1
29.6
264
1
1480
–
–
1400
1200
1300
2300
1030
Karlssson et al. (2007)
Harrad et al. (2008)
Sjodin et al. (2008)
Sjodin et al. (2008)
Fromme et al. (2009)
Cunha et al. (2010)
D'Hollander et al. (2010)
D'Hollander et al. (2010)
Harrad et al. (2010)
Vorkamp et al. (2011)
Bjorklund et al. (2012)
Brommer et al. (2012)
Wit et al. (2012)
Wit et al. (2012)
Wit et al. (2012)
5
28
10
10
34
10
43
10
43
42
19
10
10
10
10
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Residence
Office
Day care
Residence
Residence
Offices
Residence
Office
Day care
0.71
0.53
–
–
0.25
–
0.4
2.1
–
0.4
0.8
–
1.3
1.2
2.8
26
13
–
22
9.3
25 h
8.1
21.1
26
17.2
39.4
1.9 h
42
52
120
65.9
27.2
10
32
15
13 h
10
52.2
43.7
16.6
31.3
7.7 h
52
92
110
9.3
8.5
–
8
4.3
6h
3.1
17.6
12.8
3.8
8.9
–
6.6
23
12
2.3
13
–
5
4.3
5.2 h
1.4
23.8
1.2
4.0
3
1.8 h
12
55
6.5
158
2800
63
10000
312
750 h
313
443
5000
332
520
120 h
320
780
580
Gevao et al. (2006)
Tan et al. (2007)
17
31
Residence
Residence
0.1
0.6
2.7
20
4.5
28.2
1.6
10.4
1.2
8.5
82.9
1000
Takigami et al. (2009)
Huang et al. (2010)
Huang et al. (2010)
Wu et al. (2010)
Kang et al. (2011)
Kang et al. (2011)
Ni et al. (2011)
Ni et al. (2012)
Lee et al. (2013)
2
76
12
13
55
23
56
56
46
Residence
Residence
Office
School
Office
Residence
Office
Residence
Residence
–
0.9
0.9
0.3
32.5
37.6
0.6
1.2 h
–
2.4 h
9.1
9.3
4.1
139
143
0.9
1.8 h
–
3.3 h
6.7
9.7
7.6
387
191
1.7
4.9 h
–
3h
4.9
4.6
5.7
46.6
19.3
1.3
1.8 h
–
–
6.1
6.8
13.3
27.8
77.7
0.4
0.7 h
–
390 h
1792
3103
1360
1400
975
258
618 h
1200
Residenc
e
Residenc
e
Residenc
e
Residenc
e
0.7
24
59.9
10.5
–
–
–
60
118
22
14
730
–
91 h
222 h
23 h
102 h
377 h
0.9
38.5
68
11.5
4.6
415
North America
U.S.
Rudel et al. (2003)
U.S.
Stapleton et al. (2005)
Canada
Wilford et al. (2005)
U.S.
Allen et al. (2008)
Canada
Harrad et al. (2008)
U.S.
Harrad et al. (2008)
U.S.
Sjodin et al. (2008)
U.S.
Zota et al. (2008)
U.S.
Batterman et al. (2009)
U.S.
Johnson-Restrepo and
Kannan (2009)
U.S.
Batterman et al. (2010)
U.S.
Johnson et al. (2010)
U.S.
Quiros-Alcala et al. (2011)
U.S.
Quiros-Alcala et al. (2011)
U.S.
Dodson et al. (2012)
U.S.
Dodson et al. (2012)
Canada
Shoeib et al. (2012)
U.S.
Whitehead et al. (2013)
U.S.
present study
Europe
Sweden
U.K.
Germany
U.K.
Germany
Portugal
Belgium
Belgium
U.K.
Denmark
Sweden
Germany
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Asia
Kuwait
Singapor
e
Japan
China
China
Korea
China
China
China
China
Korea
Australia and Oceania
New
Harrad et al. (2008)
Zealand
Australia
Sjodin et al. (2008)
20
Australia
Toms et al. (2009)
10
Australia
Stasinska et al. (2013)
30
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
10
Tri-BDEs consist of BDE-17 and BDE-28.
Tetra-BDEs consist of BDE-47, BDE-66 and BDE-71.
Penta-BDEs consist of BDE-85, BDE-99 and BDE-100.
Hexa-BDEs consist of BDE-138, BDE153 and BDE-154.
Hepta-BDEs consist of BDE-183 and BDE-190.
Deca-BDE consists of BDE-209.
Geometric mean
Mean value
6
5
Phthalate concentration (g/g)
10
Present study
Residence in literature
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
N=2077 N=3055 N=3055
S=25
S=19
S=25
DEP
DnBP
N=3308 N=521
S=5
S=26
BBzP DEHP DnOP Phthalates
Figure S1. Comparison of HVAC filter dust concentrations of phthalates with indoor dust
concentrations of residential houses in literature (N=number of spaces, S=number of studies).
6
PBDE concentration (ng/g)
10
5
10
Present study
Residence in literature
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
N=1101 N=1258 N=1357 N=1165 N=1131 N=1201
S=27 S=36 S=38 S=33 S=30 S=34
Tetra- Penta- Hexa- Hepta- Deca- BDEs
TriBDEs BDEs BDEs BDEs BDEs BDEs
Figure S2. Comparison of HVAC filter dust concentrations of PBDEs with indoor dust
concentrations of residential houses in literature (N=number of spaces, S=number of studies).
7
Phthalate concentrations
0.5
Indoor air
0.4
g/m
3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1500
g/g
HVAC filter dust
1000
500
0
DMP
DEP
BBzP
DnBP
DEHP
DnOP
Figure S3. Comparison of phthalate composition in air and HVAC filter dust.
PBDE concentrations
1.5
ng/m
3
Indoor air
1.0
0.5
0.0
HVAC filter dust
BDE-209
BDE-190
BDE-183
BDE-154
BDE-153
BDE-99
BDE-85
BDE-71
BDE-66
BDE-47
BDE-28
BDE-17
0
BDE-138
2000
BDE-100
ng/g
4000
Figure S4. Comparison of PBDE composition in air and HVAC filter dust.
8
Table S4 a. Results of Spearman’s Rank comparison of phthalate ranking between short-term
air sample and long-term HVAC filter dust sample based on 15 sites. Statistically significant
(p<0.05, no Bonferroni correction) shown in bold.
Phthalate
DMP
DEP
DBP
BBzP
DEHP
DoP
Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient ()
-0.09
0.63
0.02
0.63
0.06
0.46
p-value
0.76
0.01
0.95
0.01
0.83
0.08
Table S4 b. Results of Spearman’s Rank comparison of PBDE ranking between short-term
air sample and long-term HVAC filter dust sample based on nine sites.
BDE Category
Tri-BDEs
Tetra-BDEs
Penta-BDEs
Hexa-BDEs
Hepta-BDEs
Deca-BDEs
Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient ()
-0.57
0.13
0.34
0.06
-0.12
-0.30
p-value
0.11
0.73
0.37
0.87
0.75
0.44
Estimation of Cg using measured Cair
According to the sampling method of this study, the measured concentrations in the
indoor air “Cair” are actually the total airborne concentrations; that is, the sum of the gas
phase (Cg) and airborne particle concentration (Cp). As described by Weschler and Nazaroff
(2010), the following equation can be used to obtain Cg:
𝐶𝑔 =
𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟
1 + (𝑇𝑆𝑃 × 𝐾𝑝 )
(𝑆1)
where TSP is the average indoor mass concentration of airborne particles and Kp is the
partitioning coefficient of an SVOC between airborne particles and the gas phase. Kp can be
calculated as follows (Weschler and Nazaroff, 2010):
𝐾𝑝 =
𝑓𝑜𝑚_𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 × 𝐾𝑜𝑎
𝜌𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
(𝑆2)
In calculation of Kp, we assumed that the volume fraction of organic matter associated with
indoor airborne particles (fom_part) was 0.4 and that the density of airborne particles (ρpart) was
1×106 g/m3, which is consistent with the assumption made by Weschler and Nazaroff (2010).
The Koa values were estimated using EPI Suite 4.1. Indoor air SVOC concentrations (Cair)
and TSP values measured at each retail store were then employed to estimate Cg using
Equation (S1).
9
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