Bachelor of Arts in English as an Additional Language (BA EAL) & Graduate Certificate in EAL (GCertEAL) Advanced Spoken English Course Number EAPL 7412 Course Information Booklet Two monologues do not make a dialogue. Jeff Daly I just wish my mouth had a backspace key. Author Unknown If you keep your mouth shut you will never put your foot in it. Austin O'Malley A: Welcome to Advanced Spoken English (ASE) Level and credits This course is placed at NZQA Level 7 (3rd year of a bachelor’s degree). It is worth 15 credits. Course aim: To develop students’ proficiency in spoken English, both productive and receptive, for academic, professional and social/community purposes. This will equip them for employment, leadership, life-long learning and personal development. Learning outcomes: By the end of this course students will be able to: 1) Speak confidently and appropriately in a range of frequently used genre, including prepared and unprepared speech on a variety of topics. 2) Apply a wide range of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions in own speaking. 3) Identify and critically examine phonological features of own and others’ speech, both native and non-native speakers, and apply pronunciation skills to communicate orally at an advanced level. 4) Critically examine genres of speaking and the role of context and audience. 5) Perform discourse and conversation analysis on a wide range of spoken genres, examining schematic structure, turn-taking, discourse marking, role of context and audience and lexico-grammatical patterning. 6) Carry out small-scale enquiry-led research, applying critical and independent thinking to speaking. Course co-ordinator and lecturer: Steve Varley Email: svarley@unitec.ac.nz Phone: 815 4321 ex 8851 Course content Theory without practice is empty; practice without theory is blind. Theory: The theoretical aspects of the ASE course include concepts and readings about discourse analysis, conversational analysis and pragmatics. Understanding how language is constructed in different contexts and from different linguistic perspectives will contribute to your production of language. As well, we look at practical and linguistic theories that underpin speech acts, utterances and more formal spoken genres such as presentations and speeches. ASE is about your application of these theories to your own speaking and listening. Phonology: In order to be an effective speaker, you need to be aware of your own voice, accent and pronunciation. Voice and accent are a part of you, and contribute to your identity. We aim to make you more aware of phonology (the study of spoken 1 sounds) so that you can speak as intelligibly as possible. We look at how such phonological features as linking, pitch and intonation affect your speaking, your ‘understandability’ and more specifically the functions of what you say. The weekly phonology sessions in the computer lab will help you to develop your phonological knowledge through increased ‘noticing’. You will need to apply your understanding of phonetic aspects in all spoken assessments. Leadership: The ASE course has a theme of Leadership. Because you are Third Year BA EAL students or Graduate Certificate students operating at the same level, you may well be tomorrow’s leaders. Leadership is always in the media with elections, sporting heroes, political and economic crises and many other examples. Our exploration of Leadership helps to provide subject content for some of our work and also allows you to consider critically the aspects of leadership needed in your current or future field. Set Texts All students should purchase Paltridge, B. (2004). Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Gold Coast: Antipodean Educational Enterprises As this book is currently out of print, copies of this text are available to buy from the Unitec Copy Centre. Give the Copy Centre staff the name of your course and the name of the text. Other useful references, which you can find in the Unitec library include: Brown, A. (2005). Sounds, Symbols and Spellings. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (1997). Exploring Spoken English. Cambridge: CUP. De Silva Joyce, H. & Hilton, D. (2003). We are what we talk. Sydney: AMES. O'Dell, F., & McCarthy, M. (2008). English collocations in use Advanced. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paltridge, B. (2006). Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum. Paterson, K., Caygill, C., & Sewell, R. (2011). A handbook of spoken grammar. Surrey: Delta Publishing. Thorne, S. (2008). Mastering Advanced English Language (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Note that the library also has a useful reference section, including various types of dictionaries. The Language Learning Centre is a great place to watch videos/DVDs to notice aspects of conversation and discourse for this course. As well, the Language Learning Centre is full of self-study resources. You will be expected to access material that will support your specific needs in relation to portfolio work. 2 Assessments Assessment One Two Three Type Weighting Speaking Portfolio Speaking tasks throughout the semester, both prepared and unprepared, and your reflections 50% on them. Final Theoretical Exam Applied Discourse Analysis tasks 25% Final speaking examination (Viva) An interactive interview with an examiner, where you are required to speak in three different 25% genres Workload This is a 15 credit course. Each credit is worth ten learning hours. You are expected to do 150 hours of learning as follows: Classroom study: 14 weeks x 5 hrs = 70 hrs Self study: 14 weeks x 5.7hrs = 80 hrs Please consider when you will schedule self-study time each week. It can be used to prepare readings for class, to do vocabulary homework and to work on portfolio tasks. Reading There are readings associated with each topic in this course. You need to read on a regular basis, usually as a way of increasing your awareness of aspects of discourse analysis, semantics, pragmatics, phonology, leadership and other key components of this course. It is vital that you keep up with your readings. They are an essential part of your learning and of your workload. You will be expected to have done the reading for the week and come to class prepared to discuss your understanding of the excerpt/chapter. Online component ASE uses Moodle to complement the face-to-face part of the class. Many of our course materials are on Moodle, and your speaking portfolio will be hosted online. Student Support Te Puna Ako is a student support centre located near the library. You are encouraged to make use of the expertise that is available in this unit at no charge. Your BA EAL/GCert handbook will give you additional information about support services and counselling. Working Outside the Classroom and Contact with Fluent Speakers Speaking is a skill that you apply in the real world. We hope that your increased awareness about speaking can be transferred into your own life. Remember to maximise conversations with native and non-native speakers in English. As you do this, become more conscious of your own speaking. This process of becoming more ‘conscious’ supports your learning. 3 B: Lecture, Assessment and Readings Schedule Wk Session 1, 3 hours, Classroom Session 2, 2 hours, computer lab Assessment Events 1 Introduction to the course Phonology 1 - overview Forum 1 (Introduction) 2 Lexico-Grammatical Analysis 1 Phonology 2 – weak forms Speaking task 1 (Weak forms practice) 3 Conversational Analysis 1 Phonology 3 - linking Speaking task 2 (linking practice) 4 Conversational Analysis 2 Conversational Analysis 3 Forum 2 (Telling a story)) 5 Lexico-Grammatical Analysis 2 Phonology 4 - intonation Speaking task 3 (Intonation practice) 6 Leadership 1 Lexico-grammatical Analysis 3 Forum 3 (Analysing a TV programme) 7 Leadership 2 Leadership 3 Speaking task 4 (Speech openings and closings) Leadership 5 Speaking task 5 (Prepared speech) 8 Leadership 4 Prepared Speeches given Mid-semester break (Semester One) 9 Lexico-Grammatical Analysis 4 Phonology 5 – review and revision Speaking task 5 (cont) (Prepared speech) Mid-semester break (Semester Two) 10 Pragmatics 1 Extended discourses – exam requirements 11 Pragmatics 2 Pragmatics 3 12 Lexico-Grammatical Analysis 5 Phonology 6 – putting it all together 13 Revision 1 (VIVA) Revision 2 (Discourse Analysis) 14 Study week Study week 15 Study/exam week Study/exam week Forum 4 (Giving your opinion) Speaking task 6 Overall Pronunciation Task VIVA assessment Discourse Analysis Exam 4 Detailed Lecture Content Introduction Associated Readings Paltridge (2004), ch 1 Introduction to the course Overview of discourse analysis & genre Introduction to collocations Phonology Brown (2005), ch 2 2 Overview of English phonology Intro to recording process Intro to speaking portfolio Stressed syllables, weak forms 3 Linking 4 Intonation & emphatic stress 5 Review and revision 6 Putting it all together – analysis of a text (news item) 1 Lexico-Grammatical Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 Differences between speaking and writing Grammatical features of spoken language Lexical features of spoken language Register: How we say it Analysis of TV talent show Goh and Burns (2012), ch 4 More lexical features of spoken language Analysis of social conversation Putting it all together – analysis of a text Thornbury and Slade (2006), Ch 2 continued Carter & McCarthy (1997) Introduction Thornbury and Slade (2006), Ch 2 Thorne (2008), ch 18 Conversational Analysis 2 Introduction to conversational structure: Turn-taking, backchannelling, adjacency pairs, insertions, topic changes, openings and closings Schematic structure of different genres 3 Putting it all together – analysis of a text (anecdote) 1 Paltridge (2004), ch 5 Paltridge (2004), ch 6 Pragmatics 2 Speech Acts: inviting, requesting, instructing, announcing Direct & Indirect acts – illocutionary meanings Politeness maxims, conversational implicature 3 Putting it all together – analysis of a text (TV advertisement) 1 Paltridge (2004), ch 2 Paltridge (2004), ch 3 Leadership 1 Introduction – vocabulary, leadership styles, types of leaders Bollard & Deal (2010), ch 17 2 Political leadership – analysis of formal leadership address King (1963) speech 3 Analysis of TED talks 4 Persuasive language 5 Presentations: Group analysis of leadership addresses Thorne (2008), ch 17 5 C: Description of Summative Assessments 1, 2 and 3. Summative Assessment 1: Speaking Portfolio Weighting: Date: Location: 50% Weeks 1-12 In class time Aim: To develop students' proficiency in spoken English for academic, professional and social/community purposes by focusing on form and function. Detailed Speaking Portfolio Description The speaking portfolio consists of 6 speaking tasks in your own portfolio forum and participation in 4 class forums over the semester. Many of these tasks will be done during class time, but you will need to spend some out-of-class time preparing, analysing your work, and responding to teacher feedback. You may be required to repeat a task until you are able to produce target feature(s) appropriately. Your postings on the forum, including your comments on your classmates work will contribute to your portfolio mark. It is important that you realise that you must take responsibility for your portfolio and for doing the different tasks. One important aspect in this respect is that the work must be ongoing. To assist in this, you should post the initial task within a week of it being allocated in the lab. If you post after this time, your teacher will not give feedback on that topic. This portfolio is an electronic portfolio. You will post each task online and along with each task, you will be required to post a reflection, answering certain questions (see below). Make sure your recording and your reflection are in the same posting rather than in separate postings. Your teacher will then respond to your task and your reflections, and you are required to respond to any further questions or requests for repetition of your teacher. For some of the tasks, there is a follow up task that you have to do. Often you are asked to find another example of spoken text to emulate. Such texts should be language in natural extended discourse, rather than an exercise from a textbook or online. You also need a recording so that you can hear the language and practice before you record it yourself. Finding a transcript for a TV show, film or TED talk is ideal. If you have difficulty finding material, go to the Language Learning Centre and ask for help. After four tasks have been completed, your teacher will give you an indication of how well you are doing on your portfolio. The final grade will be awarded after all speaking tasks and forums have been completed. 6 Speaking portfolio outline Forum 1: Introduction See Moodle for task details. You must post your own contribution and then respond to two other students. Task One: Weak Forms Practice in Connected Speech You will record a text in which there are a lot of weak forms. You need to pronounce each of the instances of weak forms in a weak way. You also must ensure that you pronounce each polysyllabic word with the correct stress pattern. Reflection questions: Were you aware of weak forms in English before today’s lesson? During the noticing exercise, how easy or hard was it to hear the model speaker using weak forms? How easy or hard was it for you to make the weak forms in this text? Do you think you’d like to speak like this in your everyday speech? Follow up: After you have got the practice task right (teacher says it is OK), find another spoken text (about 30 seconds, with transcript), and mark in where all the weak forms occur. Then record yourself saying the text just like the model speaker does. Task Two: Linking practice You will record a text in which there are several examples of words that are linked together. You need to pronounce each of these correctly linked. Reflection questions: Were you aware of linking in English before today’s lesson? How easy or hard is it for you to understand words that are linked together? How easy or hard is it for you to link words together in your own speech? Do you think you’d like to speak like this in your everyday speech? Follow up: After you have got the practice task right (teacher says it is OK), find another spoken text (about 30 seconds, with transcript), and mark in where all the links occur. Then record yourself saying the text just like the model speaker does. 7 Forum 2: Telling a story See Moodle for task details. You must post your own contribution and then respond to two other students. Task Three: Intonation & Emphatic Stress practice You will record a text that conveys strong emotions by using a wide range of intonation patterns and emphatic stress. Try to mimic the speaker’s intonation patterns as best as you can. Reflection questions: How well were you able to mimic the model speaker’s intonation patterns? Do you usually speak with a wide range of intonation patterns? Follow up: After you have got the practice task right (teacher says it is OK), find another spoken text (about 30 seconds, with transcript), and mark on the transcript some of the intonation patterns. Then record yourself saying the text just like the model speaker does. Forum 3: Analysing a TV programme See Moodle for task details. You must post your own contribution and then respond to two other students. Task Four: Presentation openings and closings Watch 3 short TED talks, and post on your portfolio which talks you listened to. http://www.ted.com/talks This page gives you a chance to choose different events, lengths and topics. Choosing 3 minutes will give you short talks. However, if you wish, you can listen to 6 minute presentations or longer, particularly if you want to focus on specific subject areas. What did you enjoy about these 3 presentations? How did each speaker open and close the presentation? How do these speakers make use of accompanying material? What would you like to emulate in your own leadership presentation? If you wish, you can record yourself giving the introduction to your speech, or practising some of the linkers that you plan to use. Your teacher will give feedback on this. 8 Task Five: Prepared Speech You will record your speech and post the recording in your moodle forum. Your classmates and teacher will give you live feedback on the day. Reflection questions: Did your speech go as you had planned it? How did you feel when you spoke in front of the class? What were the most important pieces of feedback from your classmates and teacher? What will you do differently next time you give a speech? Forum 4: Giving your opinion See Moodle for task details. You must post your own contribution and then respond to two other students.. Task Six: Overall Pronunciation Task You will record a news item. This is an opportunity to practise all the features of English pronunciation that have been introduced throughout the semester. These are: Weak forms Contrastive and emphatic stress Word linking Mimicking accents Intonation Reflection questions: Which features of pronunciation do you think you performed well? Which features were difficult for you? After you finish this course, how are you planning to continue working on your pronunciation Remember that your contributions to the forum are an important part of your portfolio mark. Having access to what other students talk about can help your own understandings and developing knowledge. You must listen to other students and comment on their postings. 9 D. Summative Assessments Advanced Spoken English EAPL 7412 Assessment 1: Speaking Portfolio (50% weighting) Name: _____________________ Student ID ___________________ Total marks Criteria Task Fulfilment (25%) All recordings are done Work is submitted on time Interacts with classmates and gives thoughtful feedback to peers Peer/teacher comments are responded to Target Features (50%) Target features have been identified and practised, and improved as much as possible, such as Pronunciation features (stress, weak forms, linking, intonation, individual sounds) Spoken vocabulary range Spoken syntax Discourse/genre features (tone/register, structure) Content Fluency Reflections/Responses (25%) Reflections show depth of analysis & critical thinking Responses to feedback are appropriate and show ability to learn from others Any required continued work is identified, and a strategy is devised Excellent Good /100 Grade: A B C D Satisfactory Partially adequate or inadequate 25 - 20 19 - 17 16 - 13 12 - 0 50 - 40 39 - 33 32 - 25 24 - 0 25 - 20 19 - 17 16 - 13 12 - 0 Comments: 10 Summative Assessment 2: Discourse Analysis Exam Weighting: Date: 25% Week 15 Aim: To enable students to show their knowledge of discourse analysis, in an applied task. Students will analyse a video recording, and analyse features of speaking we have studied in the course. Analysis tasks include identifying genre, field, tenor and mode of text identifying specific phonological features such as linking, weak forms, different intonation patterns identifying lexico-grammatical features such as fillers, fixed expressions, repair, vague language, hedging, ellipsis identifying conversation features such as adjacency pairs and next speaker selection identifying pragmatic features such as speech acts Summative Assessment 3: Speaking Examination: Viva Weighting: Date: Location: Time Allocated: 25% Week 15 In class, by appointment 12 minutes per viva Task: You will participate in a three-stage speaking interview or “Viva” with two tutors. One tutor will be the interlocutor and the other the assessor. You will be required to give a variety of fluent and creative responses. Part 1: Description and Speculation (1-2 minutes) You will respond to visual stimulus material, such as a photograph, cartoon, advertisement or poster. You will describe the content of the stimulus material and assess its purpose and effectiveness. Part 2: Information Elicitation (2-3 minutes) You will take part in a role play with your interlocutor in which your purpose is to elicit as much information as possible. The role play will occur within an academic, professional or community context and will require appropriate functional language to suit the situation. The register of your language and your lexicogrammatical choices need to be appropriate. Part 3: Opinion and Argument (5 minutes) You will take part in a values-based discussion with your interlocutor. You will be given the chance to select from 1 of 3 cues. 11 Summative Assessment 3: Viva (25%) Marking Criteria Name: _________________ Total /100 Grade: A B C D Performance Performance in Part 1 (Description and Speculation) Responds to stimulus material naturally Produces language appropriate to the task fluently /10 Performance in Part 2 (Information Elicitation) Responds to stimulus material naturally Produces language appropriate to the task fluently /10 Performance in Part 3 (Opinion and Argument) Responds to stimulus material naturally Produces language appropriate to the task fluently /10 Native Speaker Features Native Speaker Features: Word Level Words are pronounced clearly with appropriate word stress and prominence Syllabification and stress-patterning are used correctly /10 Native Speaker Features: Sentence Level Speaker effectively uses a range of phonetic features such as sentence stress, intonation, pausing, pitch, elision and linking /10 Native Speaker Features: Discourse Level Utterances follow clear and appropriate schematic structures Appropriate discourse markers and connectives mark transitions between utterances and stages /10 Native Speaker Features: Fluency Speaking demonstrates skill in paraphrasing, ellipsis, selfclarification, repetition and backchannelling Tentative language, vague language and fillers are used appropriately Vocabulary, Grammar and Generic Application Lexicogrammatical and Idiomatic choices Words are well-chosen and precise Appropriate range of words, phrases and idioms Grammatical Accuracy Utterances are accurate in form Collocations and dependent prepositions used accurately Self-correction skills are used Generic Content of Spoken Texts Clear demonstration of understanding of the three genre tested Content of spoken texts is appropriate, authentic and natural Effective matching of function and form Creative, innovative responses 12 /10 /10 /10 /10 E. Vocabulary worksheets Fixed Expressions Exercise 1: Change Idioms to Plain English Read the expressions below through with your partner and discuss what they might mean. 1. A: I met your boss today. He’s a real jerk. B: You can say that again! 2. A: Keith, there’s something I need to get off my chest. B: What’s bothering you? Tell me. 3. A: The fight was horrible. One man kept punching the other again and again and again– B: OK. That’s enough. I get the picture. 4. A: You should get a girlfriend who’s beautiful AND kind. B: Easier said than done. 5. A: Doctor, what’s the bottom line? B: If you don’t quit smoking, you’ll die within a year. 6. A: Dad, can I have another ice cream cone? B: Don’t push your luck, kid. 7. A: Why are you hiding from your brother? B: He has it in for me. He knows I lost his football. 8. A: Can I invite my brother? B: Sure. The more the merrier. The examples above all come from http://www.englishcurrent.com/idioms/esl-idioms-intermediate-advanced/ 13 Fixed Expressions Exercise 2: Change Idioms to Plain English Read the expressions below through with your partner and discuss what they might mean. 1. A: Are you listening? B: I’m all ears. 2. A: He’s such a nice guy. B: I know – a real chip off the old block. 3. A: Shall we go out to dinner to celebrate? B: Actually I’m a bit hard up at the moment. A: That’s OK – my shout. 4. A: Shall we go out to dinner to celebrate? B: Actually I’m a bit hard up at the moment. A: Yeah, I’m in the same boat. 5. A: I’ve just lost all of my essay on my laptop. B: Oh no! Does that mean you have to start from scratch? 6. A: Do you remember Mrs White from when we were at school. B: Her name certainly rings a bell. 7. A: It might rain on the night of the party. And the venue is a bit out of the way. I don’t think many people will come. B: Don’t be such a wet blanket! 8. A: You really need to start pulling your weight in the team. B: I’m so sorry. I’ll put a lot more effort in from now on. 14 Fixed Expressions Exercise 3: Change Idioms to Plain English Read the expressions below and try to write them in an un-idiomatic way to show the meaning. 1. The opposition party dismissed the government's proposal out of hand. 2. What are you up to? 3. I take my hat off to all those people who worked hard to get the contract. 4. Charlie's in hot water again, he forgot to lock up last night. 5. Their big ambition in life was to choose the right moment to sell their shares and then make a killing. 6. The one thing a public figure hates is when he loses face in front of all his admirers. 7. I give you my word it will never happen again. 8. I wish you would stop talking and hear me out. 9. That little boy has ants in his pants. When you have thought about the meaning and tried to write it in ordinary English, then have a look at this website. http://www.english-test.net/esl/english-idiomaticexpressions.html There are lots of idiomatic expressions for you to practice and you will find an answer for each of the above under the different headings listed below. As well, there are more expressions round each of these ideas, if you would like to learn some more idioms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Hands on English Grammar Prepositions Call it a day Water expressions Expressions with make Losing it Word of Mouth Idioms with prepositions Clothing Idioms 1 15 Fixed expressions exercise 4: Binomials Choose the appropriate 'pair phrase' to complete the sentence. ins and outs up and about collar and tie bits and bobs cloak and dagger ups and downs pins and needles high and low spick and span song and dance sick and tired 1. I love reading suspenseful _____________________ novels. 2. When I called the computer company all I got was a _________________________. The problem wasn't resolved. 3. She's __________________________ of her boss. I think she's looking for a new job. 4. As soon as you learn the ________________________ of the business, you'll be very successful. 5. I keep all the _________________________ in that drawer over there. 6. Don't worry, you'll be _________________________ within 10 days. 7. It's a formal dinner, very much a _______________________ affair. 8. He likes to keep his house _______________________. 9. Of course all marriages have their _____________________, but they are worth the effort. 10. I've got _______________________ in my legs from sitting for so long. 11. I’ve been hunting _____________________ for my book. Where is it? 16 Fixed Expressions exercise 5: Kiwi slang Put the kiwi-isms in the box into the gaps in the following sentences. Note synonyms in standard English under the sentence. a bit of a dag sparkie capping uni Wally OE rellies tea 1. Alistair’s off on his big _______________ in January. He’ll be away for a couple of years, I think. 2. I’ve got _______________ coming to stay this weekend – need to give the house a big clean. 3. We’re supposed to be going out after _______________ this evening. 4. Do you know a good _______________ ? I need to get some new lights put in. 5. Let’s invite Bob round for dinner. He’s _______________ - everyone’ll like him. 6. The next _______________ for Unitec graduates is on September 17 at the Town Hall. 7. He never went to _______________ but he still ended up with a good job. 8. She’s such a _______________ - always saying the wrong thing and getting into trouble. Two websites for NZ colloquial vocab and idioms are given below. Remember that fashions change however. Use these websites as a reference, rather than as a list of expressions you should learn! http://www.nz-immigration.co.nz/lifestyle/slang-words.html http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm#faggedout Also, check out the following resources at the library: Kiwi conversation the 'Shortland Street' way : a video/workbook resource for teachers and students / Lynn E. Grant & Gaylene A. Devlin. [Auckland, N.Z.] : School of Languages, Auckland Institute of Technology, 1996. 427.993 GRA Listening to New Zealand : Advanced / Deborah Corbett with Pornsawan Brawn. Surry Hills, N.S.W. : NSW AMES, 2003. "The texts include casual conversations as well as interviews, oral presentations and complex transactions. They are based on authentic discourse offering highly realistic New Zealand language"--Back cover. "New Zild" - a documentary about New Zealand English 427.993 NEW 17 F. Questions to help reflect on pictures Choose 3 appropriate questions for your picture. What kind of language will they elicit? 1. What can you see in the picture? 2. What do you think is happening in the picture? 3. What do you think happened before this picture was taken? 4. What do you think is going to happen next? 5. What kind of mood does the picture create? How does it do this? 6. What is the purpose of the photo? 7. How effective is the photo? 18 G. ASE student profile (Detach and give to tutor, week 1) Family Name First Name Preferred Name NZ Resident or International Student Suburb you live in Phone Number E-mail Country of Origin First Language Other Language(s) (Highest) Education including BA Work Experience Previous Study in NZ Previous Study at Unitec/ in the BA IELTS Results? Mobile tools you own eg. iPad Future Plans eg. stay in NZ, work choices, return to own country 19