Junior Model United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization 2016
Executive Board 1: Human Rights
BLIS
CEM EGE KARACA
BERFİN MACCUDDEN
Table of Contents
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 2
2. History………………………………………………………………………………. 2
3. Gender Inequality in our Lives……………………………………………………. 7
3.1 Gender Inequality in Education ……………………....………………..... 7
3.2 Gender Inequality in Economy ………………………………………….. 8
4. Major Parties Involved………………………………………………………..……. 9
4.1 Pakistan ………………………………………………………………….. 9
4.2 Yemen ………………………………………………………………..… 11
4.3 Iceland ………………………………………………………………..… 12
4.4 Finland ………………………………………………………………….. 13
4.5 United Kingdom…………………………………………………………14
5. Key Words …………………………………………………………………………. 15
5.1 Gender Gap……………………………………………………………... 15
5.2 CEDAW……………………………………………………………….... 15
5.3 BLS………………………………………………………………........... 15
5.4 DOC……………………………………………………………….......... 15
5.5 NGO……………………………………………………………….......... 15
5.6 All India Muslim League……………………………………………...... 16
5.7 GEM…………………………………………………………………….. 16
5.8 GDI…………………………………………………………………….... 16
5.9 HDI…………………………………………………………………..........16
5.10 GNP………………………………………………………………….. 17
5.11 UNDP………………………………………………………………... 17
6. Works Cited………………………………………………………………………… 18
1
1.1 Introduction
Behind every successful man, there is a strong, wise and hardworking woman.- Unknown
Gender inequality is a global phenomenon, also deeply rooted in many Asian societies,
resulting in discrimination of women and girls and indistinguishably linked to gender-based
violence with following serious mental and physical health effects.
The status of woman in Eastern Countries are sharply different from the Western
Countries. Women have been oppressed and have been considered as the weaker and vulnerable
part of the society in terms of education, health, employment and business opportunities,
livelihood conditions, legislation, decision making, media and communication. In the past few
decades the status of a woman’s relations with men has become an important issue at the
political and social levels. “According to UNDP’s Human Development Report, the 165
countries the Gender Equality Measure (GEM) for South Asia shows the lowest value (0,235)
among all the regions in the world.” Furthermore, as per Gender Development Index (GDI),
Pakistan has been rated among the poorest (0,179) South Asian countries where the average
index is (0,226). Gender is a central concept in modern societies. The promotion of gender
equality and women’s empowerment is key for policymakers, and it is receiving a growing
attention in business agendas. However, gender gaps are still a wide occurrence. While gender
gaps in education and health have been decreasing remarkably over time and their differences
across countries have been narrowing, gender gaps in the labor market and in politics are more
persistent and still vary largely across countries This chair report will be touching on how gender
inequality effects the community in terms of education, social life, cultural, demographic, and
economical ways.
2.1 History
When the Europeans were dressed in animal skins and the USA was known only to the
native Indian tribes, the men and women who lived on the land that is now Pakistan were part of
one of the most sophisticated societies on earth. The ancient Egyptians, who lived around the
same time, may have been better at building pyramids, but when it came to constructing cities,
the Indus people were well ahead. Prior to independence in 1947, the territory of modern
Pakistan was a part of the British Indian Empire. Prior to that it was ruled in different periods by
local kings and numerous imperial powers. The ancient history of the region comprising presentday Pakistan also includes some of the oldest of the names of empires of South Asia and some of
its major civilizations. By the 18th century the land was incorporated into British India.
Pakistan's political history began with the birth of the All India Muslim League (Muslim League,
is the political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League
by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.
An early leader in the League, Muhammad Iqbal, was one of the first to propose (1930) the
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creation of a separate Muslim India.) in 1906 to protect "Muslim interests, amid neglect and
under-representation" and to oppose Congress and growing Hindu nationalism in return the
British Raj would decide to grant local self-rule. The Pakistani public, familiar with military rule
for 25 of the nation's 52-year history, generally viewed the coup as a positive step and hoped it
would bring a badly needed economic upswing. In May 1998 two new nuclear powers emerged
when India, followed by Pakistan just weeks later, conducted nuclear tests. Fighting with India
again broke out in the disputed territory of Kashmir in May 1999. Close ties with Afghanistan's
Taliban government thrust Pakistan into a difficult position following the September 11 terrorist
attacks. Under U.S. pressure, Pakistan broke with its neighbor to become the United States' chief
ally in the region. In return, President Bush ended sanctions (instituted after Pakistan's testing of
nuclear weapons in 1998), rescheduled its debt, and helped to bolster the legitimacy of the rule of
Pervez Musharraf, who appointed himself president in 2001. On December 13, 2001, suicide
bombers attacked the Indian parliament, killing 14 people. Indian officials blamed the attack on
Islamic militants supported by Pakistan. Both sides assembled hundreds of thousands of troops
along their common border, bringing the two nuclear powers to the brink of war. In 2002, voters
overwhelmingly approved a referendum to extend Musharraf's presidency another five years.
The vote, however, outraged opposing political parties and human rights groups who said the
process was rigged. In August, Musharraf unveiled 29 constitutional amendments that
strengthened his grip on the country. Pakistani officials dealt a heavy blow to al-Qaeda in March
2003, arresting Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the top aide to Osama bin Laden, who organized the
2001 terrorist attacks against the U.S. The search for bin Laden intensified in northern Pakistan
following Mohammed's arrest. In November 2003, Pakistan and India declared the first formal
cease-fire in Kashmir in 14 years. In April 2005, a bus service began between the two capitals of
Kashmir, Srinagar on the Indian side and Pakistan's Muzaffarabad, uniting families that had been
separated by the Line of Control since 1947. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's nuclear
bomb, was exposed in February 2004 for having sold nuclear secrets to North Korea, Iran, and
Libya. Musharraf had him apologize publicly, and then pardoned him. While much of the world
reviled him for this unconscionable act of nuclear proliferation, the scientist remains a national
hero in Pakistan. Khan claimed that he alone and not Pakistan's military or government was
involved in the selling of these ultra classified secrets; few in the international community have
accepted this explanation. Pakistan has launched major efforts to combat al-Qaeda and Taliban
militants, deploying 80,000 troops to its remote and mountainous border with Afghanistan, a
haven for terrorist groups. More than 800 soldiers have died in these campaigns. Yet the country
remains a breeding ground for Islamic militancy, with its estimated 10,000–40,000 religious
schools, or madrassas. In late 2006 and into 2007, members of the Taliban crossed into eastern
Afghanistan from Pakistan's tribal areas. The Pakistani government denied that its intelligence
agency has supported the Islamic militants, despite contradictory reports from Western diplomats
and the media. In September 2006, President Musharraf signed a controversial peace agreement
with seven militant groups, who call themselves the “Pakistan Taliban.” Pakistan's army agreed
to withdraw from the area and allow the Taliban to govern themselves, as long as they promise
3
no incursions into Afghanistan or against Pakistani troops. Critics said the deal hands terrorists a
secure base of operations; supporters counter that a military solution against the Taliban is futile
and will only spawn more militants, contending that containment is the only practical policy. In
November 2013 The U.S. assinated of Hakimullah Mehsud, the leader of the Taliban in Pakistan.
He died in a CIA drone strike in Danday Darpa Khel, a militant stronghold in North Waziristan.
While the government expressed outrage that the U.S. overstepped its boundaries, many citizens
indicated they were relieved about the death of a man whose group has destabilized and
terrorized the country. Days after Mehsud's death, the Taliban selected Mullah Fazlullah as their
new leader. Fazlullah, known for his brutal tactics and as an ideologue, organized the attack on
14-year-old peace activist Malala Yousafzai.
Women's rights in the world is an important indicator to understand global well-being.
Aristotle the father of political science had said that the state is a "union of families and
villages". Family plays a very important role in society, and makes the foundation of the state
.Happy families build healthy societies and healthy societies are prerequisites of strong political
order in democratic societies. A woman is an architect of society. She forms the institution of
family life, takes care of the home, brings up the children and tries to make them good citizens.
Her role in totality contributes to the building of an ideal family, ideal society and an ideal state.
In order to build the prosperous and healthy society both men and women demand for equal
rights. About half the mankind consists of women and they are treated as second-class citizens
all over the world, but especially in developing states they are oppressed in different sectors of
life. In these developing countries one of the living examples is Pakistan, which has been coming
across this issue since it got its independence in 1947.
Women's lives are controlled and shaped by various gender discriminatory structures in
Pakistan. Their contribution to the production and physical hardships are not acknowledged. A
woman suffers in education, health and gender biased feeding and recreation practices. As a
human being she is denied from her own identity. In some parts a women is considered as
commodity owned by her brother and father before marriage and then owned by her husband.
She does not have the power to make a decision for her life. Someone else takes decisions on
behalf of herself about marriage, education or giving birth to a child. Pakistan, the sixth most
populous country on earth is the least gender equitable in the Asia and Pacific region, as ranked
by The World Economic Forum. The 2012 annual report from the Human Rights Commission of
Pakistan details many challenges women there face, including being “attacked and killed on
account of asserting their rights to education, work and generally for choosing to have a say in
key decisions in their lives.” In 2012, UNESCO stated that Pakistan showed the least progress in
the region educating low-income girls: “The poorest girls in Pakistan are twice as likely to be out
of school as the poorest girls in India, almost three times as likely as the poorest girls in Nepal
and around six times as likely as the poorest girls in Bangladesh.” Even when there is the
possibility of enrolling in a school, actually doing so can be downright dangerous. In June 2013,
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militants blew up a bus carrying female university students in Quetta, the capital of Pakistan’s
southwestern Balochistan province, and the school has since been shuttered. Malala Yousafzai
adressed the United Nations in favor of free, mandatory education around the world, adding that
she was focusing on women “because they are suffering the most.” Pakistani women who want
to contribute to the economy face other barriers as well. A 2012 World Bank report details the
difficulties women in Pakistan face gaining access to capital due to social constraints, needing
permission from a male to even qualify for a loan, for example. According to the study, their
male relatives may actually use 50% to 70% of microloans given to women in Pakistan. And
even something as basic as using public transportation presents a challenge, according to the
International Labor Organization. Women from 48% of the inhabitants in Pakistan. A huge
number inhabits in countryside areas, where essential facilities are lacking and women's rights
are mistreated. In those areas they are kept away from education, don't have access to schools
and colleges and usually became victims of honor killings, rape, early marriages and gender
discrimination. In remote areas, women are treated as slaves and remains under their men only as
a labor force. Usually their fate will be decided by their husbands, fathers and brothers, which
are often called male dominating societies. In 1971 Pakistani military took action on the East
Pakistan now called Bangladesh in which serious crimes were committed against the civilians
and especially women. During 9 month operation Pakistani military raped 200,000-400,000
women and young girls. This violence against women begins in their childhood. They are not
allowed to play games like boys that can help in their speedy mental and physical development.
In Muslim societies Islam is deeply rooted and most people are influenced by it in their daily
lives. With the Islamic personal status laws, also called family laws, which is the foundation of
society where the government pursue authorization through Islam led many of the Muslim
countries to make a reservation especially with regards to CEDAW and even some countries
refused to become party at all. In the case of Pakistan there is no reservation at all but due to
Islamic culture and their own cultural values people ignores these international documents for
the reason that these documents, aims to change the traditional role of women as well as the men
and family in society. Because, the family relation is regulated by Islamic principles and both of
them are not equal due to their capabilities by their creator. There is no exact estimate about
crimes and violence against women but among all crimes the most particular ones are
discrimination, sexual harassment in workplaces and depriving them from education are on the
top in Pakistan. Women are most vulnerable in their lives they are less nourished and less
educated. Especially, lack of professional education and poor health, the international feminist
scholar should consult with women while making some policy regarding their lives, and
capabilities approaches should be adopted as building for women's development regardless of
culture. The central human capabilities are essential for a fully human life. Life only is lived
provided it has all universal values.
5
Gender Inequality in Our Lives
3.1 Gender Inequality in Education
Gender disparities can take many different forms across countries. Just as most countries
take steps to ensure that girls have access to school, they also need policies to address the
different disadvantages facing boys and girls that arise at different levels of schooling.
Economists see reducing sexual inequality in education as a vital part of promoting development.
The failure to educate girls limits economic growth in the developing world by wasting human
population. As a result, the UN set itself the target of eliminating gender disparity in education at
all levels by 2015, as one of its Millennium Development Goals. The UN have been working on
this issue since the past
Although places like China, Bangladesh and Indonesia look likely to achieve the target,
Africa, in particular, will not. For every 100 boys in secondary school on the continent in 2010,
there were only 82 girls. The most common response is to channel more money to girls’
education. UN schemes finance school places for girls in 15 sub-Saharan countries. Even though
the necessary actions were taken by NGOs the youth literacy rates have not changed over the
years. (See graph 1.1)
(Graph 1.2 [Youth Literacy Rates around the World])
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3.2 Gender Inequality in Economy
Women have been suppressed all over the world by their husbands, brothers or even their
fathers. The male population that has an active job and an active payroll is significantly higher
then the amount of female workers. Equality in pay has improved in the US since 1979 when
women earned about 62 percent as much as men. In 2010, American women on average earned
81 percent of what their male counterparts earned (BLS 2010; DOL 2011). Economic inequality
for women costs an estimated $9tn per year in the developing world. A combination of low pay,
low participation in the workforce and insecure employment not only drags down women’s
economic opportunities, but also the global economy as a whole. Women make up 60% of the
world’s working poor, and that only about half of them participate in the labor force. To
compound the problem, a 2014 World Bank report shows that, on average, women earn 10%30% less than men for comparable work. (See Graph 1.2)
(Graph 1.2 [Earnings around the world per person])
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Major Parties Involved
4.1 Pakistan
The status of women in Pakistan is one of systemic gender subordination even though it
varies considerably across classes, regions, and the rural/urban divide due to uneven
socioeconomic development and the impact of tribal, feudal, and capitalist social formations on
women's lives. The Pakistani women of today do, however, enjoy a better status than the past.
The stance of religious bodies has been mainly antagonistic towards women. Even rape victims
have not been allowed to use DNA evidence to prove their cases, however the All Pakistan
Ulema Council recently issued fatwas denouncing "honor" Other improvements are also being
made as Lahore has inaugurated its first service of lady traffic wardens to manage the traffic and
even the country's most conservative province is planning to increase the percentage of women
in the police force.
Even with these improvements the situation of women in Pakistan remains dire with
rampant domestic abuse, high rate of child marriages and forced marriages. Pakistan is currently
the third worst country in the world for women. According to reports by new economy "Many of
Pakistan’s cultural and religious practices pose a huge threat to women, particularly child and
forced marriage, acid attacks and punishment by stoning."
Pakistan ranks as the world’s second-worst country in terms of gender equality and
equitable division of resources and opportunities among men and women. The Global Gender
Gap Report 2013, published by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with faculty at
Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley, assesses 136 countries,
representing more than 93 per cent of the world’s population, on how well resources and
opportunities are divided among male and female populations. Pakistan comes down at 135,
followed only by Yemen, and its score has fallen three spots since the study was conducted last
year.
The comprehensive annual report measures the size of the gender inequality gap in four
areas, including economic participation and opportunity (salaries, participation and highly skilled
employment), educational attainment (access to basic and higher levels of education), political
empowerment (representation in decision-making structures), health and survival (life
expectancy and sex ratio).
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4.2 Yemen
Although the government of Yemen has made efforts that will improve the rights of
women in Yemen (including the formation of a Women's Development Strategy and a Women
Health Development Strategy), many cultural and religious norms, along with poor enforcement
of this legislation from the Yemeni government, have prevented Yemeni women from having
equal rights to men.
In 2015 Yemeni women do not hold many economic, social or cultural rights.
While suffrage was gained in 1967 and constitutional and legal protection was extended to
women during the first years of Yemen unity between 1990–1994, they continue to struggle “in
exercising their full political and civil rights”.] History shows that women have played major
roles in Yemeni society. Some women of pre-Islamic and early Islamic Yemen held elite status
in society. The Queen of Sheba, for example, “is a source of pride for the Yemeni nation”. In
addition, Queen Arwa has been noted for her attention to infrastructure, which added to a
documented time of prosperity under her rule. Modern day women of Yemen, however, are
subject to a society that reflects largely agrarian, tribal, and patriarchal traditions. This, combined
with illiteracy and economic issues has led women to continuously be deprived of their rights as
citizens of Yemen.
Yemen is ranked the least gender-equal of 142 countries for the ninth successive year,
Yemen fared worse than Pakistan, Chad, Syria and Mali, according to the Global Gender Gap
Report.
Yemen has no female members of parliament, and only one in ten ministerial positions
are held by women, while the gap between the literacy rate and enrolment in education of girls
compared to boys is among the widest in the world.
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4.3 Iceland
In the World Economic Forum´s Global Gender Gap Report for 2011, Iceland is ranked
number one. The report evaluated gender equality in different countries based on the gender
balance in the areas of politics, education, employment and health. Iceland´s performance was
very much based on its achievements in improving gender equality in the area of education,
political participation and women´s participation in the labor force. It was however pointed out
in the report that the gender pay gap was still a concern and that women still seem to have
limited representations in executive management positions.
Economic Participation and Opportunity
 In 2010 employed persons in Iceland were 167,300, thereof 87,100 men and 80,100
women.
 Iceland has the highest rate of women’s participation in the labour market amongst
ECD countries, 77.6%
 Women are 45.5% of the Icelandic labour force. On average, women work 35 hours a
week and men work 44 hours (2010).
 In 2010 governmental institutions totalled on average 17,400 fulltime positions
(Ministry of Finance).
 In 2010 municipalities employed 19,240 fulltime positions (The Association of Local
Authorities in Iceland).
 Unemployment has for a long time been very low and was less than 2% in 2008.
However, due to the economic crisis, in August 2011 unemployment was 6.7%, 6.5% amongst
men and 7.0% amongst women.
 In 2009, 65% of individuals working for governmental institutions were women,
however more women work part-time than men (Ministry of Finance).
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4.4 Finland
Finland is a pioneer in gender equality, and is the first country in the world to give
women both the right to vote and stand for election (1906). Strong female political participation,
reflected in the election of a female president in 2000 and again in 2006, is higher than EU and
OECD averages, and has helped earn Finland top rankings in the World Economic
Forum's Global Gender Gap Report; Finland was third in 2010 after Iceland and Norway.
Legislation tackling discrimination against women in employment have not managed to reduce
the significant pay gaps caused by the strong seclusion of the labor market.
The labor market participation rate of women (72%) is almost as high as that of men (76.2%).
Most women (83%), even mothers of small children, mainly work full time. One of the reasons
for this is the extensive system of public childcare and school meals that make it possible for
both parents to work full timeThe pay gap between men and women in Finland (20%) is, above
the OECD average. This is in part explained by the fact that more women work in the public
sector and more men in the private sector, where wages differ considerably, but discrimination is
the primary cause of the pay gap.
In 1906, Finland became the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote in national
elections and the first country in the world to give them right to be electoral candidates. In the
first elections in 1907, nineteen women were elected as Members of Parliament, 9.5 % of the
total 200 MPs.
In 2011, several political parties, such as the Social Democrats, the Greens, and the Christian
Party, have women leaders. Women's organizations of all political parties co-operate over party
lines, and with non-political women's organizations, in the organization NYTKIS, The Coalition
of Finnish Women's Associations, since the late 1980s.
The proportion of women members of Parliament has steadily increased in past decades,
reaching 40% in the 2007 elections. In Parliament, women have been particularly involved with
legislation concerning social issues, culture and education. In the national government they have
served as Ministers in these traditionally female fields but also as Ministers of Defense,
Environment, Traffic and Justice. Since June 2010, Finland has had a female Prime Minister,
Mari Kiviniemi (of the Center Party). Finland's first female President, Tarja Halonen, first won
office in 2000, and was voted into office for a second term in 2006.
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4.5 United Kingdom
Although a pioneer of women's suffrage and feminism, the United Kingdom still faces
considerable challenges before it attains gender equality. Discrimination against working women
because they are pregnant and domestic violence (almost 3 million women in the UK have
experienced some form of violence) remain significant problems in the UK. Improvements in
education attainment is undermined by gender disparities in salaries, which continues to increase.
The final report of the former Equal Opportunities Commission [replaced by the Equality and
Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in 2006] estimated that it would take at least 20 years
before gender equality in education and employment is a reality.
The Gender Equality Duty came into force on 6th April 2007 and applies to all public
authorities in England, Scotland and Wales. The Duty is a legal requirement on all public
authorities, when carrying out all their functions, to have due regard to the need:
1. To eliminate unlawful discrimination and harassment on the grounds of sex; and
2. To promote equality of opportunity between women and men.
The gender gap in salaries in the UK is one of the worst in Europe. Women working fulltime earn on average 17% less per hour than men working full-time. For ethnic minority women,
the gap is even higher at 20%. More women work part-time than men: almost half the women’s
jobs are part time compared with around one in six of the men’s. n 2006, female graduates
earned, on average, 15% less than their male counterparts at the age of 24, with this gender pay
gap widening with age (increasing to 40.5% for women graduates aged 41-45)
On the whole girls outperform boys at all levels of education in the UK. In 2005/06, 64
per cent of girls in their last year of compulsory education achieved five or more GCSE grades
A* to C, compared with 54 per cent of boys. At tertiary level, there are more women than men
entering full-time undergraduate courses: 54 per cent of new undergraduates in 2006 were
women. Among those awarded degrees, men and women were equally likely to gain a first class
degree, with a narrowing of the male/female gap.
The subjects selected for vocational qualifications differ between men and women. Men
are more likely to study vocational qualifications for construction, planning and the built
environment, or engineering and manufacturing technologies (89 per cent of all awards), whereas
women are more likely to study health, public services and care related vocational qualifications.
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Key Terms
5.1 Gender Gap:
The differences between women and men, especially as reflected insocial, political, intell
ectual, cultural, or economic attainments orattitudes.
5.2 CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women):
An international convention adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is often
described as an international bill of rights for women. Consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, it
defines what constitutes discrimination against women and sets up an agenda for national action
to end such discrimination. By accepting the Convention, States commit themselves to undertake
a series of measures to end discrimination against women in all forms, including:
• To incorporate the principle of equality of men and women in their legal system,
abolish all discriminatory laws and adopt appropriate ones prohibiting discrimination against
women;
• To establish tribunals and other public institutions to ensure the effective protection of
women against discrimination; and
• To ensure elimination of all acts of discrimination against women by persons,
organizations or enterprises.
5.3 BLS:
The Bureau of Labor Statistics is the principal fact-finding agency for the Federal
Government in the broad field of labor economics and statistics.
5. 4 DOL:
U.S Departmant of Labor
5.5 NGO:
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a
government nor a conventional for-profit business. Usually set up by ordinary citizens,
NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private persons.
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5.7 All India Muslim League:
The All-India Muslim League was a political party in British India. It was founded at
Dhaka, Bangladesh, in the Bengal Presidency, in 1906. This party played an important role
during the 1940s in the Indian independence movement. This party's most noticeable
achievement was mobilizing Muslim People for creation of Muslim dominated country,
Pakistan. It played role as driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state on
the Indian subcontinent.
After the independence of India and Pakistan, the Muslim League became split up into
several components. The major part went to Pakistan and continued politics as Muslim
League there.
5.8 GEM:
The Gender Empowerment Measure is an index designed to measure of gender equality.
GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender
inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income,
participations in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and
parliamentary positions.
5.9 GDI:
GDI together with the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) were introduced in 1995 in
the Human Development Report written by the United Nations Development Program. The aim
of these measurements was to add a gender-sensitive dimension to the Human Development
Index (HDI). The first measurement that they created as a result was the Gender-related
Development Index (GDI). The GDI is defined as a “distribution-sensitive measure that accounts
for the human development impact of existing gender gaps in the three components of the HDI”
(Klasen 243). Distribution sensitive means that the GDI takes into account not only the average
or general level of well-being and wealth within a given country, but focuses also on how this
wealth and well-being is distributed between different groups within society. The HDI and the
GDI (as well as the GEM) were created to rival the more traditional general income-based
measures of development such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National
Product (GNP).
5.10 HDI:
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life
expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into
four tiers of human development. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul
Haq, is anchored in the Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s work on human capabilities, often
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framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was
published by the United Nations Development Programme.
5.11 GNP:
Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services
produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country. Unlike gross
domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of
production, GNP allocates production based on location of ownership.
5.12 UNDP:
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global
development network. UNDP works with nations on their own solutions to global and national
development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and
its wide range of partners.
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