1.) *In order to address previously unexplained observations, Eudoxus created a model of the cosmos involving nested, homocentric spheres. What makes this a poor scientific model, and how is it limited by existing control beliefs?
2.) Aristotelian Physical Theory maintains a distinct separation between the terrestrial and celestial spheres of the universe. How did this aspect of Aristotle’s doctrine introduce strongly-held control beliefs, and therefore influence future cosmological understanding?
3.) *Elaborating upon an existing Aristotelian model of the cosmos, Ptolemy adds the equant and eccentric to create a better working model.
Why is it that his model works, yet remains incorrect, and how did this make heliocentrism even harder to prove in the future?
4.) Describe Aristarchus' model of the universe. Why was it significant?
5.) *What was significant about the Pythagorean model of the universe, particularly with regards to the motion of the earth?
Include a discussion about control beliefs in your answer.
6.) Describe the Aristotelian Physical Theory, including the composition and motion of the terrestrial and celestial realms.
7.) *For almost 2000 years, Aristotle and Ptolemy’s logic of a geocentric universe was held to be true. Briefly describe the reasons that this flawed system held sway.
8.) Explain Hipparchus’ theory of retrograde motions of the planets.
9.) Ptolemy perfected a system called epicycles to mathematically explain what cosmological phenomenon? Please briefly describe how
Ptolemy’s epicycles work.
10.) What first time achievement is Eratosthenes known for, and how did he achieve it?
11.) Discuss how the Ptolemaic system was flawed, even though it was functional.
12.) *What did aether account for in Aristotle's Universe?
13.) Name one person who was persuaded by Copernicus’s ideas and why was it such a big deal?
14.) How did Aristotle view the universe and what were the 5 elements?
15.) Describe two main ideas that Aristarchus had.
1.) *Ptolemy’s model was one of the first geocentric models of our universe. Hundreds of years later, scientists managed to make discoveries that brought them to a cosmological view which was now examined according to laws stated by scientists such as Isaac Newton. Briefly provide an explanation of three cosmological models that emerged in the period between these two astronomers.
2.) *It is no doubt that religion, has affected our view of the cosmos. Many would say that it has slowed the advancements of cosmology while others would argue that in some way it might had even encouraged new advancements. In your opinion has religion harmed or helped cosmology? Is there a middle-ground? Support your answer with examples.
3.) *Galileo Galilei had a very important impact in the course of cosmology. Describe three aspects that made him so important in the development of our modern cosmology.
4.) Give two reasons why Copernicus' model wasn't readily accepted and describe how these issues were fixed to help the model be accepted.
5.) How did Galileo's observation of sunspots go against the Aristotelian model?
6.) *Describe Tycho Brahe's model of the solar system. Which early cosmologist's model does his model imitate?
7.) Was the actual/final version of the Copernican Model significantly more elegant than the Ptolemaic Model? Why or why not?
8.) Regardless of whether or not the Copernican Model was more elegant than the Ptolemaic model, what main problem did the Copernican
Model solve? Explain what this main problem was?
9.) What was needed in order to make the Copernican Model work and who discovered this solution to the Copernican model? Finally, what did this solution fix in the Copernican Model?
10.) What role does technology play in cosmological discovery?
11.) How did Galileo claim that the "Book of God" and the "Book of Nature" couldn't be inconsistent with each other?
12.) *How did the invention of the telescope change our perspective on ourselves in the universe?
13.) Describe the Aristotelian physical theory and distinguish the two realms of the universe.
14.) In the Ptolemaic model, there are deferents and epicycles. What is the difference between the two?
15.) *What is the difference between: anthropomorphic, anthropocentric, and anthropometric?

1.) What is dark matter and dark energy? Furthermore, how does their relationship to each other effect the universe?
2.) *What three aspects of spectroscopy can aid scientists in divulging information about distant galaxies and stars? What famous scientists used these techniques to provide evidence for characteristics of nebulae, and how was this done?
3.) *What are the three types of geometry we have considered in class to explain the universe? From scientific evidence, what type of geometry is our universe and what evidence is there to prove this?
4.) What is Newton’s physical theory? Explain using his three laws.
5.) What is the late nineteenth century idea of “ether” and under what circumstances was it established?
6.) *How is the Big Bang theory supported by evidence and what are some of the issues that accompany it?
7.) *Considering black holes are exactly that, black, and therefore absent of any light waves; how is it that modern cosmologists can detect them?
8.) Given what is known today regarding the Big Bang theory, specifically the astronomically small chance of a universe like the one we live in being created, with stars, planets, and galaxies; what is the expansion phenomenon which began the formation of our universe today, and how did it do so?
9.) There are three possibilities of how the universe is expanding: the open, the closed, and the flat universe. Explain each of these three possibilities, and what the implications are for the universe in each scenario, both past and present.
10.) What did Einstein call Quantum Entanglement?
11.) What is the big crunch?
12.) What is relativity?
1.) *Discuss the implications of relativity. This means that you need to look at what relativity is and what parts of the knowledge that previous thinkers held must be changed or modified by the acceptance of relativity.
2.) Define and defend an early (pre-Copernican) thinker's conception of the cosmos. Give specific examples of their cosmos, parts and movements; talk about why they thought it; show why others would have or did accept. Compare it to another thinker's conception that either changes it or works to disprove it.
3.) Discuss the Copernican model of the universe. Why did he start it? What did he change (to answer this you must know whose model had been widely accepted)? What issues did he have? Is his model the model we have today?
4.) *What is the teleological question and why has it held such importance over the course of cosmological history?
5.) *Please compare two schools of cosmological thought in regards to the four cosmological questions.
6.) *How has technology aided cosmological study over the course of history? Name at least two major inventions and their effect of the study of the cosmos.
7.) *Name and describe four reasons why the Copernican Revolution was not accepted originally and the ways in which they were reconciled.
8.) *Name and describe the four cosmological principles.
9.) Draw the seven components of the electromagnetic spectrum. Describe the wavelengths and energy levels of each end of the spectrum. Name and describe the three types of spectra. Name three things determined by the line spectrum.
10.) What were the concepts of Aristotle's theory and why was it more widely accepted in comparison to other cosmological theories?
11.) *What were some main events/concepts that disproved and replaced Aristotle's theory?
12.) *Plato believed that our senses are a source of deception. What are some examples of human senses deceiving theorists and how did these affect early concepts of our universe?