On the Way to Finals……
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Parody – a humorous imitation of another work or of
a type of work
A parody is also called a spoof, and is used to make fun
or mock someone or something by imitating them in a
funny or satirical way. Parody is found in literature,
movies, and song.
I guess you would like an example – OK – Here we go…..
A good example or a parody is the song “Girls Just Want to Have Lunch” by Weird Al
Yankovic, which is a parody of the song “Girls Just Want to Have Fun” by Cyndi Lauper.
Following is an excerpt of Al’s song:
Some girls like to buy new shoes
And others like drivin' trucks and wearing tattoos
There's only one thing that they all like a bunch
Oh, girls, they want to have lunch...
I know how to keep a woman satisfied
When I whip out my Diner's Card their eyes get so wide
They're always in the mood for something to munch
Oh, girls, they want to have lunch...
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Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound/Complex Sentences
Independent and Subordinate clauses
Commas, Dashes, Semi-Colon, Colon,
Ellipsis Points - http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/ellipsis.htm
Paraphrase
Imagery
Figurative Language
What is Figurative
Language?
Whenever you describe something
by comparing it with something
else,
you are using figurative language.
Simile
A simile uses the words “like” or
“as”
to compare one object or idea with
another to suggest they are alike.
Example: busy as a bee
Metaphor
The metaphor states a fact or draws
a verbal picture by the use of
comparison.
A simile would say you are like
something; a metaphor is more
positive - it says you are
something.
Example: You are what you eat.
Personification
A figure of speech in which human
characteristics are given
to an animal or an object. Example:
My teddy bear gave me a hug.
Alliteration
The repetition of the same initial
letter, sound, or group of sounds in
a series of words.
Alliteration includes tongue
twisters. Example: She sells
seashells by the seashore.
Onomatopoeia
The use of a word to describe or
imitate a natural sound or the sound
made by an object or an action.
Example: snap crackle pop
Hyperbole
An exaggeration that is so dramatic
that no one would believe the
statement is true.
Tall tales are hyperboles.
Example: He was so hungry, he ate
that whole cornfield for lunch,
stalks and all.
Idioms
According to Webster's Dictionary,
an idiom is defined as: peculiar to
itself
either grammatically (as no, it
wasn't me) or in having a meaning
that cannot be derived from the
conjoined meanings of its elements
(as Monday week for "the Monday
a week after next Monday")
Clichés
A cliché is an expression that has
been used so often that it has
become trite
and sometimes boring. Example:
Many hands make light work.
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Diction/Syntax
Tone
Prepositions/Prepositional Phrases
Direct Object
Infinitives - http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verbs.htm
Lyric Poem - Lyric poetry is a form of poetry with rhyming schemes that express
personal and emotional feelings. In the ancient world, lyric poems were meant to be
played to the lyre. Lyric poems do not have to rhyme, and today do not need to be set
to music or a beat.
Tanka - The classical tanka contains 31 onji (sound-symbols, the smallest linguistic unit in
Japanese poetry). Early translators, assuming that onji correspond to English syllables
(they do not), decided that the English equivalent would be a poem of 31 syllables
divided into 5 lines of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables. This syllable requirement is still very popular in
English tanka, although frequent variations occur. Since we tend to think in accentualsyllabic terms, 5 lines containing 2-3-2-3-3 beats, respectively (regardless of the number
of unaccented syllables), is probably closer to the original Japanese intent. However, for
teaching purposes, the 31 syllable format is a reliable benchmark, so it is convenient to
employ it to begin.
Since I have loved you
I compare my former thoughts
To those I have now,
And realize that I then
Had no ideas at all.
...Atsutada, 10th century, tr. Frances Stillman -
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Compare and Contrast Characters
Blank Verse
External/Internal Conflict
Tragic Heroes
Participles/Gerunds
Absolutes and Absolute Phrases
Adverbial Clauses
Making Predictions
Cause and Effect
Theme
Plot and Foreshadowing
Author’s Perspective
Conflict and Resolution
Author’s Purpose
Irony
a dryly humorous or lightly sarcastic figure of speech in which the literal meaning of a
word or statement is the opposite of that intended. In literature, it is the technique of
indicating an intention or attitude opposed to what is actually stated. Often, only the
context of the statement leads the reader to understand it is ironic. Irony makes use of
hyperbole, sarcasm, satire, and understatement. There are four types of irony:
1. verbal irony as defined by Cicero (see below)
2. situational irony, such as when a pickpocket gets his own pockets picked
3. dramatic irony, such as when Oedipus unwittingly kills his own father
4. rhetorical irony, such as that of the innocent narrator in Twain’s Huckleberry Finn
The term is taken directly from the Greek eironeia, meaning “simulated ignorance.”
The term was first recorded in Plato’s Republic in the Fourth Century B.C. Aristotle
described it as “a dissembling toward the inner core of truth” while Cicero defined it by
saying, “Irony is the saying of one thing and meaning another.” Socratic irony is when
one adopts another’s point of view in order to reveal that person’s weaknesses and
eventually to ridicule him.
Alexander Pope made use of irony when writing in the Eighteenth Century periodical
The Guardian. Under a false name, Pope wrote an ironic review of rival poet Ambrose
Phillips, juxtaposing Phillip’s worst work with his own best verse - all the while effusively
maintaining the superiority of Phillips.
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Common and Proper Nouns
Abstract and Concrete Nouns
Possessive Nouns
Personal Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses:
Reference to
Function in
the sentence People
Things / concepts Place Time Explanation
Subject
who, that
which, that
Object
(that, who, whom)* (which, that)*
Possessive
whose
where when what/why
whose, of which
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Plot Devices
Character and Characterization
Theme
Symbolism
Allegory
allegory (AL-eh-GOR-ee): a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor.
Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost
any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that
has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal
and figurative meanings. The difference between an allegory and a symbol is
that an allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point
across, while a symbol is a representation of an idea or concept that can have a
different meaning throughout a literary work (A Handbook to Literature). One
well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy. In Inferno,
Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also
represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world (Merriam
Webster Encyclopedia of Literature). Although Virgil literally guides Dante on his
journey through the mystical inferno, he can also be seen as the reason and
human wisdom that Dante has been looking for in his life.
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Principal part of regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Action and Linking Verbs
Active and Passive Voice
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Subject-Verb Agreement
Character Analysis
Parallelism – http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/parallelism.htm
Indirect Objects
Subject Complements - http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/objects.htm
Rhetorical Mode
College Writing Skills calls them “9 Types of Essay Development.”
1. Description -- giving a verbal picture using space order
2. Narration -- telling about an event using time order
Expository writing -- explaining (used in an academic setting)
3. Cause/Result – explaining reasons and effects
4. Comparison/Contrast – showing similarities/differences
between two people, concepts, things
5. Definition -- explaining a term/concept using examples, etc.
6. Division/Classification – like comparison/contrast, but
considering more than two items (e.g. many types of cars)
7. Examples – illustrating (usually used within other essay types)
8. Process – explaining how to… (often chronological, like
narration; often used in science classes, e.g. for lab reports)
9. Argumentation – used most often in academic writing
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Degrees of Adverbs –
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm
Degrees of Adjectives - the 3 degrees of adjectives are:
-the positive
-the superlative and -the comparative...
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Denotation and Connotation
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Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For
example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one
of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes
venomous reptiles, having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most
tropical and temperate regions."
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to
a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The
connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings.
The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.
Connotative vs. Denotative Vocabulary
Words are not limited to one single meaning. Most words have multiple
meanings, which are categorized as either denotative or connotative. The
denotation of a word is its explicit definition as listed in a dictionary.
Let’s use the word “home” as an example. The denotative or literal
meaning of “home” is “a place where one lives; a residence.” Hint:
Denotation, denotative, definition, and dictionary all start with the letter
‘D.
The expressiveness of language, however, comes from the other type of
word meaning—connotation, or the association or set of associations that
a word usually brings to mind . The connotative meaning of “home” is a
place of security, comfort, and family. When Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz
says, “There’s no place like home,” she’s not referring to its denotation,
but the emotions “home” evokes for her and most people.