1
Perspectives studies of android vs. CyanogenMod Operating system with
mobile and gadget
Jyoti D. Raut
Master In Computer Application,
A.C.Patil college of Engg., University of Mumbai, India
Jyotiraut_06@yahoo.com
support,
a
large
Access
Point
Name
list,an
OpenVPN client,PrivacyGuard(per-appilication
Abstract-Mobile/gadget devices have seen an extensive
amount of development in recent years, but one
question is still looming and nobody seems to have the
answer: what is ’standard’ for the mobile platform?
Many companies have already written their own inhouse operating systems for the devices they
manufacture such as Symbian or iPhone OS. However,
with the existence of so many closed-source operating
systems, no rational company would want to disclose
their secrets and lose their edge on the competition. This
presents a problem where software developers can’t
write their code to be generalized. The Android team
hopes to solve this on two levels. Firstly, it seeks to
arrive at a common open-source operating system that
any mobile device can run on. Secondly, it seeks to
make developing applications for these mobile phones
more general and hardware-agnostic.
Index Terms- CyanogenMod, AOSP ROM, Android,
Features, Linux.
I.INTRODUCTION
permissionmanagement
appilication),support
for
tethering over common interfaces,CPU overlocking
and other performance enhancements, unlockable
bootloader and root access, soft buttons and other
“tablet tweaks” toggles in the notification pull-down
(such as Wi-Fi,Bluetooth and GPS), and other
interface enhancements. CyanogenMod does not
contain spyware or bloatware,
according
to
its
developers. CyanogenMod is also stated to increase
performance and reliability compared with official
firmware releases. Although only a subset of total
CyanogenMod users elect to report their use of the
firmware, as of March 23, 2015, some reports
indicate
that
over
50
million
people
run
CyanogenMod on their phones.
In 2013, project founder Steve Kondik announced
CyanogenMod usually abbreviated to CM, is an
that venture funding had been obtained to establish
open-source operating system for smartphones and
Cyanogen Inc. as a commercial enterprise to develop
tablet computers, based on Android platform.. It is
and market the firmware more widely. This
developed as free and open source software based on
announcement has led to controversy within the
the official releases of Android by Google, with
community, with some developers asserting that
added original and third-party code. It is based on a
rights
rolling release development model.
acknowledging/compensating past developers and
CyanogenMod offers features and options
not found in the official firmware distributed by
and
licensing
issues,
honoring the original ethos of the community project,
are not being adequately addressed. These claims
were rejected by Kondik, who affirmed support for
the community and stated that most CyanogenMod
mobile device vendors. Features supported by
code, as with Android generally, is bound by a non-
CyanogenMod include native theming support,
restrictive Apache license.
FLAC(Free Lossless Audio Codec )audio codec
2
CyanogenMod, based on Android, is a full-fledged
Google backed financially and later bought in
operating system, just like Windows, OS X, or Linux
2005, Android was unveiled in 2007, along with the
are on laptop computers. In fact, Android runs on a
founding
version of the Linux kernel, and you can even run a
consortium
full Linux desktop on many Android devices just as
telecommunication
you would on a regular laptop.
advancing open standards for mobile devices.
Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on
Android is popular with technology companies which
the Linux kernel and currently developed by Google.
require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable
With a user interface based on direct manipulation,
operating
Android is designed primarily for
touchscreen
open nature has encouraged a large community of
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet
developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source
computers, with specialized user interfaces for
code as a foundation for community-driven projects,
televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and
which add new features for advanced users or bring
wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses touch
Android to devices which were officially released
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions,
running other operating systems. The operating
like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching
system's success has made it a target for patent
to manipulate on-screen objects, and a virtual
litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars"
keyboard. Despite being primarily designed for
between technology companies.
of
the Open
Handset
of hardware,
system
Alliance—a
software,
companies
devoted
and
to
forhigh-tech devices. Android's
touchscreen input, it also has been used in game
II.BACKGROUND
consoles, digital cameras, regular PCs (e.g. the HP
The Android OS for mobile devices (developed by
Slate 21) and other electronics.
Google) is growing fast in the market of mobile
As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over
one million Android applications ("apps") published,
operating systems. However, Google is not the only
developer for Android-based operating systems.
Short after the introduction of the HTC Dream
and over 50 billion applications downloaded. A
mobile phone in September 2008, the android
developer survey conducted in April–May 2013
community discovered that it was possible to ‘root’
found that 71% of mobile developers develop for
android devices, by which it was possible to attain
Android. At Google I/O 2014, the company revealed
privileged control within Android’s linux subsystem.
that there were over one billion active monthly
This discovery allowed the phone’s stock firmware to
Android users, up from 538 million in June 2013. As
be modified.
of 2015, Android has the largest installed base of all
general-purpose operating systems.
CyanogenMod (CM) is a well-known firmware,
developed within the Android ecosystem. It has a
very active community and has major releases about
Google
twice a year. CM aims to deliver the latest Android
under open source licenses, although most Android
technology as fast as possible, well before Google
devices ultimately ship with a combination of open
releases a new version of the Android OS with that
Android's source
source
and
code is
proprietary
released
software,
by
including
proprietary software developed and licensed by
Google. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which
technology. CM claims to increase performance and
reliability over official firmware releases by Google.
Besides a very active community of developers, CM
a large user base with about one thousand installs per
3
day since July 2010. For each mobile device, the
A. The kernel layer
firmware base needs to be adjusted for use on said
As previously mentioned the kernel layer is Linux.
devices[1].
Linux was chosen since it has a proven track record
Problem Statement:
in desktop systems and in many cases doesn’t
When looking at the CyanogenMod community, we
require drivers to be rewritten. Linux provides such
see that a lot of developers are developing for
things as virtual memory, networking, drivers, and
different devices. However, it is unclear what
power management. Upon examining the kernel
developers are working on generic components and
who are working on device-specific software.
Furthermore, it is unclear if developers tend to work
on different projects, both generic and devicespecific. When a new release is lauched for CM, all
shipped with the Android source code, there are not
any significant changes to the core functions of the
kernel.
B. Native libraries layer
devices are supported. This means that there needs to
be some kind of governance on the release scheme
The native libraries layer provides Android with the
capabilities for its core features. Android is shipped
for each device[1].
with SGL which acts as the primary 2D graphics
III. ANDROID OS ARCHITECTURE
renderer. Its counterpart is OpenGL ES which
Android can be subdivided into four main layers: the
provides 3D graphics support. Android comes
kernel,
and
packaged with SQLite which takes care of most data
applications. As previously mentioned the kernel is
storage. The WebKit web rendering engine is also
Linux. The libraries that
Android
shipped with Android and has been tailored to render
provide much of the graphics, data storage, and
web pages for smaller screen sizes. Of particular
media capabilities. Embedded within the libraries
interest is the Dalvik virtual machine which is a part
layer is the Android runtime which contains the
of this layer. The Dalvik virtual machine is a
Dalvik
the
bytecode interpreter which is highly optimized for
applications. The applications framework is the API
executing on the mobile platform. The bytecodes are
that all applications will use to access the lowest level
converted Java binaries that are very quick and
of the architecture. An Android system is a stack of
efficient to run on smaller processors. The core
software components. At the bottom of the stack is
libraries are written in Java and provide much of the
Linux (kernel version 2.6). This provides basic
core classes which would normally be available in a
system functionality like process and memory
Java virtual machine.
libraries,
virtual
applications
come
machine,
framework,
with
which
powers
management and security. Also, the kernel handles
C. Applications framework layer
all the things such as network interface and a vast
array of device drivers, which make it easy to
This layer and the layer above it are written
interface to peripheral hardware. On top of Linux is a
completely in Java. The applications framework
set of libraries, including bionic (the Google libc),
provides all of the major APIs that the applications
media support for audio and video, graphics
will use including things like sharing data, accessing
(OpenGL ES), support for browsers (Webkit), and a
the telephony system, and receiving notifications.
lightweight database, SQLite.
An important thing to note about Android OS is that
4
all applications use this same framework no matter
the author of the application. This is quite a
departure from what many other mobile OS
designers have chosen to do. For instance the iPhone
most certainly differentiates between Apple software
and third-party software down to the copy-and-paste
feature.
D. Applications layer
All of Android’s software is written in Java, which is
interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine. Even the
most core features such as the phone and the
contacts application reside in this layer. This layer
contains software written by the Android team as
well as any third-party software that is installed on
the device. An effect of allowing third-party
Fig. 1: Android OS Software Architecture
developers access to this layer is that the user
interface can be overhauled comparatively easily.

Cupcake (1.5)

Donut (1.6)

Eclair (2.0)

Frozen Yogurt ("Froyo") (2.2)
application, anyone could potentially write their

Ginger Bread (2.3)
own. Given this model we might expect that, as

Honeycomb (3.0)
Android becomes more robust, the user will be able

Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)
to specify what applications should handle which

Jelly Bean (4.1), (4.2), (4.3)
events.

KitKat (4.4)
Android's releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were

Lollipop (5.0),(5.1)
used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x
Most major mobile service providers carry an
releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also
Android device. Since HTC Dream was introduced,
some tablets. Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented
there has been an explosion in the number of devices
release and does not officially run on mobile phones.
that carry Android OS. From second quarter of 2009
The current Android version is 5.0.
to the second quarter of 2010, Android's worldwide
Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert
market share rose from 1.8% to 17.2%. On
items:
November 15, 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the
Third party applications can handle any event that
the Android team’s application could see (such as
the phone ringing). This means that so long as there
is
a
replacement
application
for
the
dialer
global smartphone market share. By the end of 2014,
Android's global market share rose to 81.5%.
5
The main difference between Cyanogenmod and
AOSP ROM as follows:
activating an equalizer, and selecting presets that
match the music you listen to.
1.Cyanogenmod provides inbuilt root support:
Thus enhanced features such as ad blocking, over
clocking and under clocking of CPU, moving apps to
external memory and many more are possible.
9. over clocking or under clocking of CPU:
Note - Overclocking and underclocking are (custom)
kernel features and aren't related to CyanogenMod
unless the custom kernel supports only
CyanogenMod
and
based
off
ROMs.
Cyanogenmod allows users to ether increase the CPU
frequency for more powerful performance or
decrease the CPU frequency for enhanced battery
life.
2. Minimum bloatware:
Company specific bloatware or useless apps which
are provided by the company by default are not
present in Cyanogenmod.
3.Availability of various themes and skin:
Cyanogenmod supports themes engine which enables
application of a large variety of themes which is not
possible on stock android.
4. Enhanced security:
Cyanogenmod is designed with highest security
norms.Thus a phone having official cyaogrenmod is
more secure than normal android.
5.Speed and performance:
Perhaps one major reason why you should shift to
CyanogenMod is the improvement in performance.
CyanogenMod is based on stock Android itself.
There are no OEM skins running on top of it, which
take up precious resources. Thus, you end up freeing
additional resources which help in improving
performance
6. Latest version of Android:
You can also use the latest version of Android within
days of the update being pushed by Google. As soon
as a new version of Android is released, the
CyanogenMod team merges the sources with their
CM branch, and then release a build. Depending on
how major or minor the Android OS update is, this
can take anywhere between a few hours to a few
days.
7.Interface Tweaks:
The Interface settings screen is packed with options.
You can tweak the status bar, quick settings panel,
notification drawer, and navigation bar. For example,
you could reorder the buttons on the navigation bar at
the bottom of your screen, or rearrange the order of
the tiles in the quick settings panel.
8.Equalizer:
The DSP Manager app provides system-wide
equalizer controls you can use to adjust the sound
coming from your device, enabling bass boost,
Above all Cyanogenmod makes the most out of your
devices capabilities.Whereas stock Android ROM
has only limited features made available to the user.
MiUi Vs CyanogenMod Vs Stock Android: Which
One To Pick And Why?
If you are planning to get a new Android phone or
something geekier to flash a custom Android ROM
on your phone, here we share some useful insights
into which of these three flavours, among stock
Android, CyanogenMod and MiUi, will suit you the
best.
Most of the Android Phones we buy these days ship
with some customizations on top of the core Android
system. Different brands customize look and feel as
well as features on their Android phones based on the
regions/ countries where these phones are sold. Over
the years, big players have made some of these skins
fairly popular like the TouchWiz from Samsung and
Sense UI from HTC. But there is a parallel
community based ecosystem of Android flavours,
which exists by the people and for the people rather
than
the
ones
developed
by
brands.
Two most popular flavours are CyanogenMod and
MiUi which can be used on almost any phone brand
and has support for custom ROMs. It is similar to
installing any OS on a PC.
These community developed flavours or skins of
Android variants are much more capable and useroriented. And interesting part about these flavours is
that they are free to use, more like an open source
community project. However, they have parallel
business models like selling premium themes and
6
customizations to support the developers and those
who are committed to these projects. Some of these
UIs are so popular that some brands ship their phones
with these software pre-installed, like the OnePlus
ships with CyanogenMod and recently, Indian mobile
phone giant Micromax also announced their parallel
brand Yu, which will sell phones with CyanogenMod
pre-installed. MiUi on the other hand was developed
by Xiaomi, thus all phones sold by Xiaomi are loaded
with MiUi. However, just like any other community
UI, MiUi can also be installed on on-Xiaomi phones
as
well.
If you a contemplating to buy a new Android phone
or flashing an existing phone with one of these
ROMs or UIs, we will help you make an informed
decision and help to pick one among these threestock Android (not-customized pure Android by
Google), MiUi and CyanogenMod.
Who Should Pick Stock Android And Why?
If you are a user who is very concerned about data
security, phone's stability and doesn't bother too
much about doing really complex tweaks to your
phone, you should pick stock Android. Stock
Android is tested by Google's Android team
rigorously before release and comes with stable,
smooth, well-tested and secure software with
minimal chances of your phone becoming unstable. It
gives you simple, easy and smoother user experience,
but at the same time, the level of customization in
terms of themes and skins is close to nil which is
deliberately done to prevent any external piece of
software breaching into the security and stability of
the stock Android system. It is highly smooth, comes
with almost all default Android's Google services,
and is fairly easy to use with much less options to
play with.
Who Should Pick MiUi And Why?
MiUi, on the other hand, is a very different ecosystem, which comes with fairly user friendly
features. But contrary to stock Android, the
development cycles of MiUi are much more frequent,
probably fastest among the three UIs we are
discussing. With such fast development cycles, these
UIs are always prone to some bugs and
vulnerabilities. Also with fast changing codes and
features, things change at a great pace and you need
to keep yourself abreast with these improvements to
make the best use of it.
So, if you are someone who is not bothered much by
some level of instability, and doesn't keep top-secret
information on your phone (as it may be affected
with security vulnerabilities more often than
competing UIs), MiUi is the ROM to go with. It is
rich in features and we have played with it on some
of the Xiaomi devices. It is a very intuitive UI, but as
I mentioned earlier, there are some trade-offs which
you have to live with.
Who Should Pick CyanogenMod And Why?
CyanogenMod is among the most capable and most
power-packed UI among these three as it gives user
more privileges and flexibility compared to the other
two UIs. Also the options of tweaking with settings
and capabilities, and advanced configurations of the
phone are much more doable on the CyanogenMod
compared to other two UIs. But with the strengths,
there are also some weak points which include: a
steeper learning curve and un-noticed features of the
CyanogenMod, which many users would never know
of.
CyanogenMod is not as intuitive and simple as MiUi,
which have more user-friendly interactions with the
users on visual and functional level. It best suits the
users who are power-users and thrive to do more
advanced changes and customizations to their
phones. It is more stable compared to the MiUi and
offers
much
more
advanced
controls.
Summing it up, I would say, go for stock Android for
performance, stability and simplicity; go for MiUi for
user-friendly features and intuitiveness; and go for
CyanogenMod if you want to control every aspect of
your phone and want more controls with high
stability.
IV. 5 Reasons to install CyanogenMod
CyanogenMod has long been the most popular
custom Android ROM around, and with good reason.
With a speedy stock-like experience and plenty of its
own tweaks and improvements, here are 5
reasons why you should try CyanogenMod.
7
1. Increase your handset’s lifespan
fortunate handset owners have even been found
still stuck with Gingerbread (Android 2.x), so don’t
OEMs can only usually support their handsets for a
finite amount of time, and, even then, they don’t
always update them in a timely fashion. If you’ve
ever found yourself irritated by the slow pace of
OEM updates, then a well supported custom ROM
like CyanogenMod might be just what you’re looking
for. Either that or buy a Nexus device, if you have the
spare funds.
have access to important new features like Google
Now, Project Butter, improved camera functionality,
or apps that require newer versions of Android to run.
CyanogenMod
has
a
huge
array
of officially
supported devices, and even more which are kept up
to date by developers porting CyanogenMod’s open
source
code
unofficially. Even
if
your
handset doesn’t have the latest CM11 version
available, there’s a good chance that an older version
is lurking around somewhere online. If you’re
looking for an AOSP-based ROM to run on an older
handset, CyanogenMod is probably the best place to
start.
2. Soup up your Android
Even if you’re the proud owner of a new flagship
handset, CyanogenMod can help speed up the feel of
your smartphone by shedding some of those useless
features and resource-hungry default apps. This isn’t
for you if you’re fond of OEM specific features, like
Samsung’s Air Gestures or LG’s Knock Code, but is
There is still a large percentage of Android handsets
definitely worth considering if you’re fed up of
running older versions of the operating system. If
bloated features that you never use. Gripes about
your handset has dropped off the update list, a
manufacturer and carrier installed apps are quite
custom ROM can give your old phone a new lease of
common, and although rooting is an alternative way
life.
For example, handsets like the Samsung Galaxy S2
have Android 4.4 CyanogenMod 11 ready for
download, while Samsung shows no signs of
officially updating the handset past Android 4.1. Less
to disable or remove this irritating software, you’re
still stuck with often sluggish and questionable
looking interfaces, like Touchwiz or LG’s UX. The
look of default Android is a preference like any other,
8
but the additional simplicity and speed can give an
CyanogenMod isn’t just a straight port of Google’s
older handset a much needed speed boost.
Android source code — the development team is
continually experimenting with and implementing its
For the really adventurous, CyanogenMod also
own software ideas to improve the default Android
features overclocking utilities to speed up your
experience. CyanogenMod has often been on the
handset or improve battery life by capping the
cutting edge of Android innovation and some of its
maximum CPU clock speeds. There are also
features have even made their way into official
selectable CPU governors, which can automatically
versions of Android.
adjust your device for improved performance or extra
long battery life. Caution is advised here though, as
CyanogenMod is a pretty customizable ROM, with
smartphones can be prone to overheating, as there is
enough options to tailor Android to just how you like
little ventilation for heat to escape through. Some CM
it. For the audio enthusiasts out there, the built-in
handsets also support display optimisation tweaks,
DSP Manager gives you plenty of control over your
such as an adjustable colour tint or gamma option.
sound. It even allows users to set up different profiles
based
on
whether
they’re
listening
headphones or the handset’s built-in speakers.
Combining CyanogenMod with the OnePlus One’s
high-end hardware results in a lightning fast Android
experience.
3. Additional features
Alright, so technically all of the above points could
apply to any of the “pure” Android ROMs out there.
So what makes CyanogenMod so special, besides the
superb levels of developer support?
through
9
Additionally, users can customize the shortcuts that
appear of the Quick Settings menu. Shortcuts can be
moved, deleted, or even replaced with entirely new
functions, such as toggling your camera’s flash on
and off to use as a flashlight or putting the device
straight to
sleep. The team has also
made
improvements to the default camera app, allowing
users to control it using voice commands, which
comes in particularly handy for taking pictures at a
distance rather than having to setup a timer and dash
into shot. There are also some more obviously
useful changes too, such as the ability to quickly
reply to SMS messages from the notification bar or
to record your screen as a video file. CyanogenMod
has also borrowed some open source features from
other ROMs. Paranoid Android’s PIE Controls allow
users to do away with the on-screen navigation bar. If
that isn’t enough to tempt you, CyanogenMod has a
customized
lockscreen
with
shortcuts,
a
user
configurable Navbar, it’s own File Manager and CM
Account software for remote finding or wiping if
your phone is stolen, Privacy Guard, and call
blacklist features. Under the hood, CyanogenMod
Of course, other ROMs have their own features, so
picking the right one for your will come down to
preference. In my opinion, CyanogenMod is an
excellent all-rounder, with plenty of extra options to
improve day to day usage, as well as under the hood
settings for those who like to tweak every inch of
their handset.
implements SELinux to improve the security of the
operating system. This works on the principle of
4. For the sake of vanity
using mandatory access controls, rather than root
permissions, in order to control which parts of the
If stock Android doesn’t quite appeal to your sense of
system apps can and cannot access.
style, CyanogenMod also incorporates a “Theme
Chooser”. This allows users to easily download and
install theme apk files or download themes directly
from the Google Play Store. There are a wide range
of themes available, from simple color changes to
10
unique designs that offer almost a complete overhaul
5. Stay secure with quicker updates
of your phone’s appearance.
The final point I’d like to make is that CyanogenMod
I know that many users install custom ROMs to
has an excellent track record of patching up bugs, and
escape the likes of Touchwiz, but if you’ve
the team is often far quicker than OEMs. The
developed some sort of Stockholm syndrome with an
consistent nightly builds carry general fixes and
OEM launcher you’ll even find themes that aim to
optimisations to keep everything running smoothly,
bring back the default look and feel to your
but also provide a quick and easy platform to rollout
handset, but without all that bloatware.
fixes for more severe problems, if any ever crop up.
It’s a very simple system to use – install the theme
Last year, the CyanogenMod team patched up a
and then apply it from the Theme Chooser app.
number of Android security exploits, including the
There’s no need to mess around with root folders and
infamous “Master Key” bug as well. Most OEMs
you don’t have to reboot your phone to apply the
have been much slower to address these problems,
theme either. You’ll never become bored with the
and older handsets that no longer receive updates are
choices out there.
technically still vulnerable to these, and similar,
exploits.
Developers even patches up older Gingerbread
releases from time to time, so consumers with aging
handsets still receive important security updates long
after the manufacturers have forgotten about them.
V. CONCLUSION
From above discussion it is clear that Android
Operating System follows a variety of security
mechanism. When a developer install an application
a new user profile with that application is created.
Each application run with its own instance of Dalvik
VM. So applications cannot access each other’s data.
If applications want to access shared data or
resources then they require permissions. All Android
There are plenty of different looks available with
applications are signed so users know that the
Theme Chooser. Take your pick.
application is authentic. The signing mechanism
11
allows developer to control which applications can
Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN :
grant access to other application on the system.
2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February
2014, pp.519-521
VI. REFERENCES
1]Research Proposal: A Developer’s Perspective –
The CyanogenMod Community within the Android
Ecosystem MAY 13, 2011 BY MDVANZETTEN
2]Ms.
Anuja
Jadhav,
Prof.
Arvind
Patil
/
International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications
(IJERA)
ISSN:
[7]Rajinder Singh Int. Journal of Engineering
[8]http://www.tkhts.com/android/android-archit
ecture.jsp
[9]http://www.tutorialspoint.com/android/andro
id_architecture.htm
[10]http://www.compiletimeerror.com/2012/12/ blogpost.html#.UuYiIGC6bIU
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pp.1126-1128
[3]gigaom.com/2015/01/12/cyanogenmod-brings-itscustom-software-to-android-one
[11]http://.android-appmarkwt.com/androidarchitecture.html
[12]
http://androidauthority.com/5-reason-install-
CyanogenMod-285490
[4]
International
Journal
of
Multimedia
and
Ubiquitous Engineering Vol.9, No.4 (2014), pp.187198
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.4.20(Researc
h and Development of Mobile Application for
Android platform.
[5]Block, Ryan (2007-08-28). "Google is working on
a mobile OS, and it’s due out shortly". Engadget.
http://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/googleisworking- on-a-mobile-os-and-its-due-out-shortly/.
Retrieved 2007-11-06.
[6]The International Journal Of Engineering And
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||2013|| ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805