Unit 1 Study Guide (Ch. 1-4)
Concepts
□ I can explain the one-way flow of energy through the biosphere and how
stored biological energy in the biosphere is eventually “lost” as thermal
energy
□ I can explain how biological energy in the biosphere can be perceived as a
balance between both photosynthetic and chemosynthetic, and cellular
respiratory activities
□ I can explain the structure of ecosystem trophic levels, using models such
as food chains and food webs
□ I can explain quantitatively, energy exchange in ecosystems, using models
such as pyramids of energy , biomass, and numbers
□ I can explain the interrelationship of energy, matter and ecosystem
productivity (biomass production)
□ I can explain how the equilibrium between gas exchanges in photosynthesis
and cellular respiration influences atmospheric composition
□ I can explain and summarize the cycling of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus and relate it to the reuse of all matter in the biosphere
□ I can explain water’s role in the matter cycles, using its chemical and
physical properties
□ I can explain how the equilibrium between gas exchanges in photosynthesis
and cellular respiration influences atmospheric conditions
□ I can define and explain the interrelationship among species, population,
community, and ecosystem.
□ I can explain how a terrestrial or an aquatic ecosystem supports a diversity
of organisms through a variety of habitats and niches.
□ I can identify biotic and abiotic characteristics and explain their influence in
an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystem in a local region
□ I can explain how limiting factors influence organism distribution and
range.
Vocabulary
Dynamic Equilibrium
Food Web
Abiotic Factor
Biosphere
Chemosynthesis
Biotic Factor
Biotic
Chemoautotroph
Ecotone
Abiotic
Thermodynamics
Artificial Ecosystem
Population
Ecological Pyramid
Natural Ecosystem
Community
Monoculture
Ecological Niche
Ecosystem
Polar Molecule
Biome
Biodiversity
Hydrogen Bond
Canopy
Food Chain
Hydrological Cycle
Permafrost
Producer
Transpiration
Muskeg
Consumer
Percolation
Understorey
Indicator Species
Water Table
Littoral Zone
Herbivore
Leaching
Limnetic Zone
Carnivore
Carbon Cycle
Plankton
Omnivore
Combustion
Profundal Zone
Detritus
Peat
Litter
Decomposer
Albedo
Topsoil
Habitat
Stromatolite
Humus
UV Radiation
Nitrogen Cycle
Subsoil
Ozone
Nitrogen Fixation
Bedrock
Trophic Level
Denitrification
Groundwater
Autotroph
Fertilizer
Oligotrophic
Primary Consumer
Phosphorus Cycle
Eutrophic
Secondary Consumer
Nutrient
Heterotroph
Ecology
Unit 2 Study Guide (Ch. 5)
Concepts
□ I can explain the fundamental principles of taxonomy ie: domains,
kingdoms, and binomial nomenclature (5.1)
□ I can explain that variability in a species results from heritable mutations
and that some mutations may have selective advantages ie: fossil record,
Earth’s history, embryology, biogeography, homologous and analogous
structures, and biochemistry (5.5)
□ I can discuss the significance of sexual reproduction to individual variation
in populations and to the process of evolution (5.5)
□ I can compare Lamarckian and Darwinian explanations of evolutionary
change (5.4)
□ I can summarize and describe lines of evidence to support the evolution of
modern species from ancestral forms (5.2, 5.3, 5.6)
□ I can explain speciation and the conditions required for this process (5.6)
□ I can describe modern evolutionary theories, ie: punctuated equilibrium vs.
gradualism (5.6)
Vocabulary
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Binomial Nomenclature
Dichotomous Key
Genus
Paleontology
Species
Radiometric Dating
Taxon
Biogeography
Protista
Homologous Features
Monera
Analogous Features
Archaebacteria
Vestigial Features
Eubacteria
Gene
Artificial Selection
Asexual Reproduction
Spontaneous Generation
Sexual Reproduction
Inheritance of Acquired
Gene Pool
Characteristics
Speciation
Natural Selection
Allopatric Speciation
Mutation
Theory of Gradualism
Neutral Mutation
Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium
Fitness
Divergent Evolution
Harmful Mutation
Beneficial Mutation
Unit 3 Study Guide (Ch. 6&7)
Concepts
□ I can explain how pigments absorb light and transfer that energy as
reducing power in NADP+, NADPH, and finally into chemical potential in
ATP by chemiosmosis.
□ I can explain how the products of the light-dependent reactions, NADPH
and ATP, are used to reduce carbon in the light-independent reactions for
the production of glucose.
□ I can describe where the two cycles occur in the chloroplast.
□ I can explain how glucose is oxidized during glycolysis and the Krebs
Cycle to produce reducing power in NADH and FADH
□ I can explain how chemiosmosis converts the reducing power of NADH
and FADH to store chemical potential energy as ATP
□ I can describe where in the cell these processes take place
□ I can distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and
fermentation in plants, animals and yeast
□ I can summarize and explain the role of ATP in cellular metabolism
Vocabulary
Photon
Carbon Fixation
NAD+
Chlorophyll
Calvin Cycle
FADH
Chloroplast
Light-Independent
FAD+
Stroma
Reactions
Active transport
Thylakoid
Photosystem
Aerobic
Grana
Electron Transport
Anaerobic
Thylakoid Membrane
Chain
Glycolysis
Thylakoid Lumen
Photolysis
Mitochondrion
ATP
Oxidation
Mitochondrial matrix
ADP
Reduction
Intermembrane space
NADP+
ATP Synthase
Krebs cycle
NADPH
Complex
Alcohol fermentation
Light-Dependent
Chemiosmosis
Lactic acid
Reactions
NADH
fermentation
Chapter 8 (Digestion and Biochemistry) Study Guide
Concepts
□ I can describe the chemical nature of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and
their enzymes
□ I can explain enzyme action and factors influencing that action
o examples: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, feedback
inhibition, competitive inhibition
□ I can identify the principal structures of the digestive system
o examples: mouth, esophagus, stomach, sphincters, small and large
intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
Vocabulary
Carbohydrate
Denaturation
Microvilli
Polymer
Coagulation
Capillary
Monosaccharide
Catalyst
Lacteal
Isomer
Enzyme
Secretin
Disaccharide
Substrate
Enterokinase
Dehydration synthesis
Active Site
Trypsin
Hydrolysis
Cofactor
Erepsin
Polysaccharide
Coenzyme
Chymotrypsin
Starch
Competitive Inhibitor
Lipase
Glycogen
Feedback Inhibition
Bile Salt
Cellulose
Precursor Activity
Cholecystokinin
Triglyceride
Allosteric Activity
(CCK)
Fat
Amylase
Detoxify
Oil
Peristalsis
Gallstone
Phospholipid
Sphincter
Jaundice
Wax
Mucus
Cirrhosis
Protein
Pepsin
Colon
Amino Acid
Ulcer
Gastrin
Peptide Bond
Duodenum
Polypeptide
Villi
Ch. 9 Respiration & Muscles Study Guide
Concepts
□ I can identify the principal structures of the respiratory systems.
- Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pleural membranes
□ I can explain how gases and heat are exchanged between the human
organism and its environment.
- Mechanism of breathing, gas exchange, removal of foreign material
□ I can explain how the motor system supports body functions referencing
smooth, cardiac, and striated muscle.
□ I can describe the action of actin and myosin in muscle contraction and heat
production
Vocabulary
Breathing
Buffer
Respiratory Membrane
Chemoreceptor
Respiration
Bronchitis
Trachea
Emphysema
Cilia
Bronchial Asthma
Epiglottis
Cardiac muscle
Larynx
Smooth Muscle
Bronchi
Skeletal (striated) muscle
Bronchiole
Antagonistic muscles
Alveoli
Flexor
Pleural Membrane
Extensor
Diaphragm
Sarcolemma
Intercostal Muscle
Myofilament
Hemoglobin
Myosin
Oxyhemoglobin
Actin
Carbonic Anhydrase
Ch. 10-12 Study Guide
Circulatory System, Blood and Immunity, &
Excretory System
Concepts
□ I can identify the principal structures of the heart and associated blood
vessels
o Atria, ventricles, septum, valves, aorta, vena cavae, pulmonary
arteries and veins, av node
□ I can describe the action of the heart, blood pressure, and the general
circulation of the blood through coronary, pulmonary, and systemic
pathways
□ I can describe the structure and function of blood vessels
o Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries
□ I can explain the role of the circulatory system at the capillary level in
aiding the digestive, excretory, and respiratory systems’ exchange of energy
and matter with the environment
□ I can explain the role of blood in regulating body temperature
□ I can explain how the motor system supports body functions.
□ I can describe and explain the function of the lymphatic system
□ I can describe the main components of blood and their role in transport,
blood clotting, and in resisting the influence of pathogens
o Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
□ I can describe the ABO and Rh blood groups on the basis of antigens and
antibodies
□ I can explain the sequence of the blood clotting process
□ I can list the main cellular and non-cellular components of the human
defense system and describe their role
o Skin, macrophage, helper T cell, B cell, killer T cell, suppressor T
cell, and memory B cell
□ I can identify the principal structures of the excretory system
o Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
□ I can explain the structure and function of the nephron
o glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule, tubules, loop of Henle, collecting
duct, afferent and efferent arterioles, and capillary net
□ I can explain the nephron’s function in maintaining plasma (blood)
compositions
o Water, pH, and ions
□ I can describe the function of the kidney in excreting metabolic wastes and
expelling them into the environment
□ I can identify the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in
water reabsorption and excretion
Vocabulary
Artery
Pulse
Autonomic Nervous
System
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Vein
Septum
Pulmonary Circulatory
System
Systemic Circulatory
System
Atrium
Ventricle
AV Valve
Semilunar Valves
Aorta
Coronary Artery
SA node
AV node
Sympathetic Nervous
System
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Diastole
Systole
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume
Sphygmomanometer
Hypothalamus
Extracellular Fluid
Filtration
Lymph
Lymph Node
Lymphocyte
Spleen
Thymus Gland
Plasma
Erythrocyte
Anemia
Leukocyte
Platelet
Antigen
Antibody
Agglutination
Phagocytosis
Macrophage
Pus
T cell
B cell
Receptor Sites
Helper T cell
Lymphokine
Killer T cell
Suppressor T cell
Memory B cell
Deamination
Urea
Uric Acid
Ureter
Urethra
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Pelvis
Nephron
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Threshold Level
Interstitial Fluid