THE STUDY OF TURMERIC, GARLIC AND ZINC EFFECT ON THE VISCERAL
ORGANS WEIGHT PERCENTAGE, VILLOUS SURFACE AREA AND
MUCOSAL SURFACE AREA OF BROILER
(Pemberian Serbuk Kunyit, Serbuk Bawang Putih dan Mineral Zink Terhadap Bobot
Organ Dalam, Luas Permukaan Vili dan Luas Permukaan Mukosa Ayam Broiler)
Purwanti, S1, R.Mutia2, S.D. Widyhari3, W. Winarsih3
ABSTRAK
Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh dari pemberian kunyit (1,5%), bawang
putih (2,5%) dan mineral zink dalam bentuk ZnO (120 ppm) terhadap bobot organ dalam,
luas permukaan vili dan luas permukaan mukosa ayam broiler. Kunyit dan bawang putih
dibuat dalam bentuk serbuk. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis statistik dengan mengggunakan
Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan dan setiap perlakuan
terdiri atas 5 ekor. Pakan yang disusun mengandung 23,5% protein kasar dan 3.215,04
kkal/kg Energi Metabolisme. Ransum perlakuan R0 (ransum basal atau kontrol), R1 (ransum
basal + serbuk kunyit 1,5% + serbuk bawang putih 2,5%), R2 (ransum basal + serbuk bawang
putih 2,5% + mineral ZnO 120 ppm), R3 (ransum basal + serbuk kunyit 1,5% + mineral ZnO
120 ppm), dan R4 (ransum basal + serbuk kunyit 1,5% + serbuk bawang putih 2,5% +
mineral ZnO 120 ppm). Pakan dan air minum diberikan ad libitum. Pemeliharaan dilakukan
selama 35 hari untuk data bobot organ dalam, luas permukaan vili dan luas permukaan
mukosa. Untuk pengamatan diambil sebanyak 3 ekor untuk setiap unit percobaan. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua perlakuan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang
signifikan (P>0,05) terhadap bobot organ dalam (hati, jantung, rempela, pankreas, limpa,
empedu dan ginjal) kecuali pada usus dan seka (P<0,05), juga tidak signifikan (P>0,05)
terhadap luas permukaan vili dan luas permukaan mukosa ayam broiler. Kesimpulan
penelitian bahwa ayam broiler (0-35 hari) masih mampu mentoleransi pemberian kombinasi
kunyit (1,5%), bawang putih (2,5%) dengan mineral zink (120 ppm) terlihat pada bobot organ
dalam, luas permukaan villi dan luas permukaan mukosa yang masih dalam kondisi normal.
Kata kunci : kunyit, bawang putih, zink, organ dalam, luas permukaan vili, luas permukaan
mukosa
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to study of turmeric (1.5%), garlic (2.5%) and ZnO (120
ppm) effect in the diets on visceral organs weight percentage, villous surface area and
mucosal surface area of broiler. Turmeric and garlic were offered in powder form. The data
were analyzed by a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications and
5 chicks in each replicate. Diets were formulated to contain 23.5 % crude protein (CP) and 3
215.04 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. The treatments were R0 (basal diet as a control),
R1 (R0 + 1.5% turmeric powder + 2.5% garlic powder), R2 (R0 + 2.5% garlic powder + 120
ppm ZnO), R3 (R0 + 1.5% turmeric powder + 120 ppm ZnO) and R4 (R0 + 1.5% turmeric
powder + 2.5% garlic powder + 120 ppm ZnO). Diets and water were offered ad libitum.
Data were collected during 35 days to obtain the data visceral organs weight percentage,
1
Staf Pengajar Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar
Staf Pengajar Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor
3
Staf Pengajar Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor
2
villous surface area and mucosal surface area. Three chicks of each replicate were
slaughtered for visceral organs weight, villous and mucocal surface area parameters. The
results showed that all treatments showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) of visceral
organs
weight
percentage
(liver, heart, gizzard, pancreas, spleen, gall
bladder
and kidney) except in the total intestine and cecum (P < 0.05), also not significant (P > 0.05)
on the surface area of villi and mucosal surface area of broiler chickens. The conclusion that
the broiler chickens (0-35 days) are still able to tolerate a combination of turmeric (1.5%),
garlic (2.5%) with
the mineral zinc (120 ppm) seen in
the visceral
organs
weight
percentage, villous suface area and mucosal surface area that is still in normal condition.
Keywords : turmeric, garlic, zinc, visceral organ, villous surface area, mucosal surface area
INTRODUCTION
Growth of broiler chickens have a relatively fast in terms of prime characteristic aroma
and taste of meat, resulting in increased consumption of chicken meat so that consumer
demand is increasing. Problems in broiler chicken farm development effort is meeting the
needs of high-quality feed that is still dependent on imported feed ingredients and feed
additive use of antibiotics can lead to residues at the end of farm products. Relative to the
above it is necessary to find an alternative that can overcome the problems, one of which is
with the use of herbal ingredients in this case the use of turmeric and garlic. The use of herbs
as an alternative feed additives is expected to leave no residue and is safe for the health of
consumers, in addition to herbs are easily available and inexpensive.
Purwanti et al. (2009) reported that the use of a combination of garlic and minerals
ZnO tends to give better performance, lower cholesterol levels carcass, and can improve the
health status of broilers. Garlic research by Airola, managed to find and isolate a number of
the active component of garlic, among others allisin; active substance which has the power to
kill the bacteria and anti-inflammatory; alliin, an amino acid antibiotics, and lower blood
cholesterol and broiler meat (Jaya, 1997). Mineral zinc in the form of inorganic zinc has a
function to increase performance and imune response to the broiler (Ali et al., 2003).
Feed consumed affects the development and anatomy of the digestive tract and internal
organs of poultry. Puastuti (2001) reported that the use of herbs in a feed into one of the
alternatives in tackling the cholesterol that has been selected by many parties in a way to
manipulate the rations through the gastrointestinal system, which is trying to keep the body's
cholesterol is excreted in the feces of cattle by the mechanism of increased bile acid
excretion. Therefore, the effect of turmeric powder, garlic and zinc minerals against the
visceral organs weight percentage, villous surface area and mucosal surface area needs to be
investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals used in this study is the Ross broiler strain 1 Super Jumbo 747 aged one day as
many as 100 individuals purchased from PT. Cibadak Sukabumi Indah Sari Farm is
maintained until the age of 5 weeks. The cage was used with litter system with a size of 1 m x
1 m x 1 m (length x width x height) placed in four main cage space. Place a feed tray with the
size 15x20 cm and a size of 500 ml of drinking water used up to 1 week old chicken. Ration
of treatment given to broiler chickens from doc (day old chicken) until the age of 5 weeks
after randomization. Building blocks of rations consisting of rice bran, corn, oil, fish meal,
soybean meal, CaCO3, DCP, vitamins and minerals, lysin and methionin arranged by NRC
(1994) with 23.5% protein content and energy 3 215.04 kcal / kg. Ration treatments consisted
of basal diet added with turmeric powder, garlic powder and the mineral zinc (ZnO) as a feed
additive and is made in the form of crumble. Ration treatment consisted of 5 different diets,
namely: R0 (basal rations, R1 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + turmeric powder 1.5%), R2
(basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + ZnO 120 ppm), R3 (basal diet + 1.5% + turmeric powder
ZnO 120 ppm), R4 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + turmeric powder + 1.5% ZnO 120
ppm).
The experimental design used in this study was completely randomized design with 5
treatments and 4 replications. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (analyzes of Variance /
ANOVA) with the help of SPSS software version 13.0. Variables measured in this study
include the visceral organs weight (%), villi surface area (method Iji et al., 2001), and
mucosal surface area (method Drozdowski et al., 2005).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Giving Turmeric Powder, Garlic Powder and Mineral Zink on Organ Weights in
Broiler Chickens
Kabir et al. (2004) says that the calculation of relative weights of organs conducted to
determine the function of an organ. In this study is the organ in the liver, heart, gizzard,
pancreas, spleen, gall, kidneys, intestines and caecum. All converted in percent of live weight
and can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Percentage of visceral organs weight in broilers fed garlic, turmeric and
the minerals zinc for 35 days
Parameters
Treatments
R0
2,50
±0,52
R1
2,48
± 0,43
R2
2,24
 0,23
R3
1,99
 0,18
R4
2,64
 0,44
Heart(%)
0,51
 0,01
0,53
 0,04
0,51
 0,05
0,46
 0,05
0,49
 0,02
Gizzard (%)
1,29
 0,03
1,57
 0,19
1,33
 0,26
1,41
 0,15
1,54
 0,41
Pancreas (%)
0,24
 0,04
0,28
 0,04
0,26
 0,07
0,25
 0,04
0,26
 0,01
Spleen (%)
0,29
 0,05
0,28
 0,19
0,24
 0,01
0,17
 0,04
0,28
 0,11
Gall (%)
0,11
±0,05
0,09
± 0,04
0,11
±0,01
0,08
± 0,01
0,08
± 0,05
Kidney (%)
0,71
± 0,09
0,87
± 0,10
0,75
± 0,12
0,69
± 0,04
0,76
± 0,14
Total Intestine (%)
2,82
± 0,12cd
3,46
± 0,23b
3,12
± 0,34bc
2,93
± 0,25c
3,09
± 0,19ac
Caecum (%)
0,34
±0,03ab
0,42
± 0,03cd
0,38
± 0,05bc
0,33
± 0,04ab
0,47
± 0,06d
Liver (%)
Description: The different superscript on the same line of each variable, significantly different
P <0.05), R0 (basal diet without
the addition
of turmeric powder, garlic
powder andthe mineral zinc), R1 (basal diet + garlic powder white turmeric powder2.5
% + 1.5%), R2 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + 120 ppm ZnO), R3 (basal diet +1.5
% + turmeric powder ZnO 120 ppm), R4 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder +turmeric po
wder + 1.5% ZnO 120 ppm)
In table 1 it appears that from some combination of garlic, turmeric and zinc minerals
in the ration according to treatment did not affect the relative weights of internal
organs. Based on the weight of internal organs obtained showed that the weight of internal
organs are still in accordance with the weight of his life, without being affected by the ration
treatment. The weight of organs in each treatment as a whole is still within the limits of
normal weight. The weight of internal organs may vary and may be influenced by the type,
age, major and animal activity (Ressang, 1984).
The liver is the most important organs as filters for nutrients before the food is
channeled through the body and be reabsorbed by the blood, in addition to the liver as well as
a place of glycogen reserves, produces bile and filter out substances that are toxic. The
average liver weight ranges (1.99 to 2.64%) and not significantly different (P> 0.05), but
there is a tendency R3 treatment of liver weight was lower than from all treatments. Putnam
(1991) the percentage of chicken liver ranged between 1.7  2.8% of live weight. Liver
weight results are still in the range of normal heart weight, but the numeric treatment of R3
shows a slightly lower heart weight. The low weight of liver allegedly due to the R3
substances curcumin and essential oil compounds that speed up the liver to secrete bile, the
compound also can protect the liver to bakteriosida and bacteriostatic (Ressang, 1984;
Ganong, 1983).
Mean percentage of heart did not show significantly different results. The percentage
of heart weight ranged from 0.45 to 0.53% results of research and also still be in the range of
normal heart weight. Nickle et al. (1979) states that heart size varies among species of birds,
depending on body size. Average heart weight was 0.44% of live weight (Nabib,
1987). Ressang (1984) states that the heart has a big power in adjusting to the change in his
body, big heart is strongly influenced by the type, age, major and animal activity.
Gizzard weight results also showed no significantly different results (P> 0.05). Gizzard
weight ranged from 1.29 to 1.57% of body weight gain and under range, gizzard weight was
1.6 to 2.3% of live weight (Sturkie, 2000). The low weight of gizzard gizzard indicates that
the job is not too heavy to be able to digest the ration given to all treatments. Gizzard with a
heavier weight of work signifies a heavier gizzard for digesting the food can be given
(Sutardi, 1997).
Pancreas weight ranged from 0.24 to 0.28% results of live weight, and showed no
significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05). The weight of the pancreas is still in the
normal range of about 0.25 to 0.40% of body weight or 2.5 to 4.0 g (Sturkie, 2000). Although
not significant, but the numeric treatment of pancreatic weight R3 shows that tend to be low
compared with other treatment after the control. The function of the pancreas produces more
lipase to be involved in the hydrolysis of fat resulted in decreased weight of the pancreas
(Tillman et.al., 1986). Szabo (2004) in his research adds ZnO (1000, 2500, 5000 mg / kg diet)
in the rat diet can increase the enzyme activity of amylase, lipase, trypsin and protease in
pancreas and small intestine. The reduced weight of the pancreas in R3 indicated that
pancreatic lipase bile salts assist in emulsifying fat diet. Tillman (1986) states that pancreatic
lipase bile salts assist in emulsifying fat globule-shaped large and hydrolize fat globule
triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol so that the fat is more easily
absorbed by the villi in the small intestine. Turmeric powder has kolagoga activity of
curcuminoids which works to increase the production and secretion of bile acids are released
into the duodenum and activate the enzyme breaker so that the absorption of fat-reduced fat
(Purseglove et al., 1981).
Mean percentage of spleen weight ranged from 0.17 to 0.29% results from the weight
of life. The average spleen showed no significant differences in each treatment.Percentage of
normal chicken spleen weights ranged from 0.18  0.23% of live weight. Numerically lowest
spleen weight in the treatment R3 0.17 ± 0.04%. One function of the spleen which collect
antigen-sensitive cells that can boost immunity in cattle. Tizard (1994) reported that the
spleen is responsive to antigen stimulation thus less developed in animals that is free of pests
so that the resulting spleen weights tend to be smaller compared with controls. The function
of the active ingredient in turmeric protochatechuic acid, one of which is to stimulate the
immune system and the active substance ukanon A, B, C and D which serves to stimulate
endurance, stamina and immunity. Mineral zinc has also been reported to increase immune
system function (Desmukh, 2001). The combination of turmeric powder and the mineral zinc
that reduced the percentage of spleen weight function allegedly active substance contained in
both ingredients work in synergy.
The average percentage of weight also did not show the presence of bile significant
effect (P> 0.05) on each treatment. The average percentage of weight bile ranged from 0.08
to 0.11% of live weight. Although statistically not significant but numerically R3 treatment
showed the lowest average of 0.08 ± 0.01%. Treatment of R1 and R4 showed almost the
same average value of 0.09 ± 0.04% and 0.08 ± 0.05%. Turmeric has launched a
pharmacological effect of blood and vital energy, anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory),
antibacterial,
improving
expenditure
bile
(kolagogum),
and
moisturizers
(astringent). Rukmana (2004) suggested that turmeric also efficacious as a laxative bile
(kolagoga), a poison antidote (antidota), reinforcing the stomach and appetite enhancer.
The average percentage of kidney weight did not show any significant effect (P> 0.05)
on each treatment. The average percentage of kidney weights ranged from 0.69 to 0.87% of
average body weight. Although statistically not significant but numerically R3 treatment
showed the lowest average (0.69 ± 0.04%). Mineral zinc acting on the R3, especially as the
cofactor of more than 100 enzymes involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein
degradation and synthesis of nucleic acid synthesis, heme biosynthesis, transport of CO2,
DNA replication, RNA transcription, growth and cell activation.
All treatments have a significant influence (P <0.05) against the mean percentage of
broiler chicken intestine weight of research results. Weight was obtained at the lowest
intestinal R0 treatment (control) was 2.82 ± 0.12%, while the heaviest on the R1 treatment
(3.46 ± 0.23%). R0 treatment significantly lower (P <0.05) compared to treatment R1, then
R1 significantly (P <0.05) higher than the treatment of R3 and R4.Treatment R0 (control)
intestine more easily absorb the nutrients so that the intestines work more light in the
absorption compared to treatment with the addition of the two herbs (R1). Weighing the
intestine indicates that the colon work harder in absorbing nutrients. Treatment R3 shows the
percentage of intestinal weight of 2.93 ± 0.25%, lower than the treatment R4 is 3.09 ±
0.19%. The addition of turmeric powder, garlic powder and the mineral zinc in the treatment
of intestinal R4 resulting work harder to be able to absorb the garlic powder and turmeric
powder. Absorption of zinc occurs in the duodenum, ileum and yeyunum and few occur in
the colon or stomach, the largest absorption in ileum. The absorption of about 30-60%
mineral zinc is influenced by the number and proportion of other minerals and chemical
composition of rations and other forms of mineral zinc (Underwood, 1971). Given the variety
of interactions during transport through intestinal cells, the possibility of mineral zinc status
also regulate the amount of absorption, by changing levels of metallotionin.Induction
metallotionin is one of the factors regulating mineral zinc absorption in the intestine.
All treatments have a significant influence (P <0.05) against the mean percentage of
weight now. R4 treatment (0.47 ± 0.06%) were significantly (P <0.05) higher than the R3
(0.33 ± 0.04%), R2 (0.38 ± 0.05%) and R0 ( 0.34 ± 0.03%), and R1 treatment (0.42 ± 0.03%)
were also highly significant (P <0.05) higher than the R0 treatment (0.34 ± 0.03%) and
treatment R3 (0.33 ± 0.04%). According to Zubair et al. (1996) that now has diverse
functions including degradation of fiber (cellulose) with the help of microorganisms,
synthesis of vitamins with the help of microorganisms and increase the immunological
response of broilers resulting in an increased weight of these organs. Treatment R4 by the
addition of garlic powder and turmeric powder to add levels of crude fiber ration treatment
than treatment with the addition of only one type of herb, and also that without the addition of
R0 treatment herbal showed a lower percentage of weight now. R4 treatment consisting of a
combination of two herbs with a donation of crude fiber content is high enough from both of
these herbs showed higher weight than treatment now R2, R3 which consists of only one type
of herbal only and R0 which without the addition of herbs. Crude fiber content R4 treatment
by 2.08% higher than in treatment R2 (1.96%), R3 (2.04%) and treatment R0 (1.93%), crude
fiber content also treated R1 (2,08 %) is higher than R0 (1.93%) and R3 (2.04%).
Giving Turmeric Powder, Garlic Powder and Mineral Zinc on Villous Surface Area and
Mucosal Surface Area Broiler
Gastrointestinal tract is the interface between the internal and external environment
with its main function as the absorption of nutrients. Yamauchi and Isshiki (1991) express the
characteristic morphology of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine in
chickens, determine intestinal function in the growth of chickens. This research examined
morphometric intestinal villi to calculate the surface area per villi and intestinal mucosal
surface area at 1 mm villi. The surface area of villi and mucosal surface area can be seen in
Table 2.
Table 2. The surface area of villi and mucosal surface area of broilers fed garlic,
turmeric and the minerals zinc for 35 days
Treatments
Parameters
Villous surface area (mm2/villi)
Mucosal surface area (mm2/mm2)
R0
R1
R2
R3
R4
4.01 ±
0.40
57.14±
8.44
4.52±
0.71
58.74±
15.58
4.44±
1.07
51.81±
17.57
4.64±
0.37
55.38±
15.41
3.93±
0.55
41.16±
9.29
Description: R0 (basal diet without the addition of turmeric powder, garlic powder and the mineral zinc), R1
(basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + turmeric powder 1.5%), R2 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder +
120 ppm ZnO ), R3 (basal diet + 1.5% + turmeric powder ZnO 120 ppm), R4 (basal diet + 2.5%
garlic powder + turmeric powder + 1.5% ZnO 120 ppm).
Statistically giving turmeric powder and garlic powder did not affect significantly (P>
0.05) on the surface area of villi. Although not statistically significant influence but
numerically R3 treatment (basal diet + 1.5% + turmeric powder mineral zinc 120 ppm)
showed the surface area of villi which tends to be higher among all treatments followed by
the standard deviation is lower. The highest surface area of villi in a row R3 treatment (4.64 ±
0.37 mm2/villi), R1 (4.52 ± 0.71 mm2/villi), R2 (4.44 ± 1.07 mm2/villi) R0 (4.01 ± 0.40
mm2/villi) and R4 (3.93 ± 0.55 mm2/villi). Treatment R1, R2, R3 shows the trend of
increased villi surface area is higher than R0 treatment (control). This shows that the
combination of herbs added to the mineral zinc can improve the absorption of food. Iji et
al. (2001) suggest that the decrease in surface area of villi will limit the absorption of food
juices. Morphology of intestinal mucosa consists of villi that serves to expand the area the
absorption of nutrients. On the surface of the villi contained mikrovilli as penjuluran
cytoplasm that can increase the efficiency of absorption. The more surface area the greater
the chance of intestinal villi of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Silva et al. (2007)
states that the density and size of villi and mikrovilli the small intestine showed a relationship
with the absorption capacity of the poultry. Also Ferrer (1995) states that the height and
density microvilli is the best measurement to indicate changes in absorption on the surface
area of villi.
All treatments also do not have a significant influence (P> 0.05) on the mucosal surface
area. The addition of zinc minerals showed decreased mucosal surface area compared to
treatment without the addition of the mineral zinc is the treatment R0 and R1. One that
affects the small intestine is feed broilers, if the feed consumed have good quality and do not
contain toxins then the small intestine will be in reasonably good condition and can perform
their duties in digesting and absorbing food properly. However, if the feed is toxic, then the
damage to the villi, intestinal villi will occur as a whole, the gut will always respond to any
feed given.
CONCLUSION
The
broiler chickens (0-35 days) are
still
able
to
tolerate
a
combination
of turmeric (1.5%), garlic (2.5%) with the mineral zinc (120 ppm) seen in the visceral organs
weight percentage, villous suface area and mucosal surface area that is still in normal
condition.
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