Week 11: Higher Invertebrates
Reminders:
- Moodle Survey
Due Friday November 7th, at 11:59pm for Mon & Tues students
Due Saturday November 8th at 11:59pm for Wed, Thurs, & Fri students
- Moodle Critique
Due Friday October 31st at 11:59pm for Mon & Tues students
Due Saturday November 1st at 11:59pm for Wed, Thurs, & Fri students
Classification
Protostomia
Fate of the Blastopore:
- _____________________develops first from blastopore (anus second)
Cleavage:
- __________________________________
- Determinate
Body Cavity:
- Schizocoelous
Deuterostomia
Fate of the Bastopore:
- ____________________ develops first from blastopore (mouth second)
Cleavage:
- Radial
- Indeterminate
Body Cavity:
- _________________________________
Classification
Determinate
- Characteristic of Protostomes
- Developing embryonic cells have an early pre-determined fate (8 cell stage)
Indeterminate
- Characteristic of Deuterostomes
- Embryonic cells can develop into many different types much later in development.
- Stem cells and twins
Protostomia
Phylum ___________________________
- Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
- Subphylum Chelicerata
- Subphylum Crustacea
- Subphylum ______________________________
Class Chilopoda
Class ______________________________
Class Insecta
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class __________________________________
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Class _____________________________________
Class ___________________________________
Phylum Annelida
- “Segmented Worms”: Earthworms, Clamworms, Leeches
- First to show true segmentation (________________________)
- Coelomates: Body cavity completely lined by mesoderm
- _____________________________ for locomotion
Three different classes
1. Class Oligochaeta: Earthworms
2. Class ______________________: Clamworms
3. Class Hirudinea: Leeches
Phylum Arthropoda
-LARGEST Animal Phylum
Characteristics
- LARGEST! 2/3 of all species
- Organized into Sub-Phyla
- Try to list and describe them without looking….
- 3 Tagma: Head, ____________________, Abdomen
- Exoskeleton
- Several Respiratory Systems
- ______________________ Circulatory System
- “Degenerate” Coelom (reduced as development progresses)
Exoskeleton
- Cuticle composed mainly of ____________________.
- Cuticle hardened by calcium carbonate (crustaceans).
- Protection & attachment for muscles.
- Must undergo occasional “shedding” of exoskeleton to grow.
- MOLTING aka “______________________________”

Respiratory System
1. Gills
- Marine arthropods
- Series of tissue branches and folds to increase surface area
- Extracts oxygen from water and releases carbon dioxide
2. Book Lungs
- Terrestrial arthropods typically scorpions and spiders
- Situated on the ventral surface of the abdomen, with lung slits opening to the outside.
3. Tracheae w/ Spiracles
- A system of tubes called __________________________.
- Tracheae penetrate right through the insect’s exoskeleton
- Air enters the tracheae by pores called ___________________________.
Circulatory System
- OPEN Circulatory System
- Heart and short arteries (NO veins)!!!
- The “blood like” hemolymph is pumped into open spaces surrounding tissues and
organs called the __________________________ (NOT part of the coelom)!!!
- Hemolymph contains copper based hemocyanin making it green/blue while human
hemoglobin is iron based making it red.
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
 Trilobites
- Extinct
- 1 pair of Antennae
- ________________________ Appendages – Consists of 2 branches/extensions
Subphylum Chelicerata
 Spiders, Scorpions, Sea Spiders, Horseshoe Crabs
- Terrestrial or Marine
- ___________________________ – “clawlike” mouthpart
- Lack Antennae
- Appendages – ____ pairs
- _____ pairs of legs
- Chelicerae (poison glands/mastication)
- Pedipalps (move food into mouth)
Subphylum Crustacea
 Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimps, Barnacles
- Mostly Marine or Freshwater
- ______________________ appendages
- Cuticle hardened by calcium carbonate
- Dorsal carapace
*Note: Small organisms (Copepods) make up a large part of planktonic communities

Subphylum Uniramia
*Note: Contains MORE species than ALL other eukaryotic forms of life COMBINED!
- Terrestrial (almost all habitats) & Freshwater
- Wings – extension of cuticle
- 1 pair of Antenna
- 1 pair of Mandibles
- _______ pairs of walking legs
- 3 fused regions
- Head, Thorax, ____________________________
Uniramian Development
 _______________________________
- Complete Metamorphosis
- Four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
 _______________________________
- Incomplete Metamorphosis
- Three life stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult
- Nymph often resembles adult.
Subphylum Uniramia
 Myriapoda
CENTIPEDES
- Poison Glands
- Segments:
____ legs per segment
(Carnivores)
MILLIPEDES
- Fused Segments:
____ legs per fused segment
(Herbivores)
Deuterostomia
Phylum Echinodermata
- Class Crinoidea (Sea Lillies)
- Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins)
- Class _________________________________ (Sea Stars)
- Class Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)
- Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars)
Phylum Echinodermata
- Marine, spiny skin.
- Sessile or slow moving
- PRIMARY (larvae stage)  Bilateral Symmetry
- SECONDARY (developmental stage)  Radial Symmetry
- TERTIARY (adult stage)  Bilateral Symmetry
- Water Vascular System
- Tube feet called _______________________.
- Mostly predatory. Keystone species.
Water Vascular System
- Used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.
- In sea stars, water enters via the__________________________, then moves through
radial canals into each arm.
- Expands and contracts tube feet for movement.
Class Crinoidea
 Sea Lillies & Feather Stars
-Use arms for filter feeding
Class Asteroidea
 Sea Stars
- Multiple arms radiating from center
- Podia
- Ability to regenerate lost arms
Class Ophiuroidea
 Brittle Stars
- Central Disk
- Long flexible arms that break easily
- Ability to regenerate
Class Echinoidea

Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars
TERTIARY (adult stage)  Bilateral Symmetry
Class Holothuroidea

Sea Cucumbers
- ______________________________ (adult stage)  Bilateral Symmetry
- GI tract exhibits bilateral symmetry
- Spill out a part of their gut for predators to feed on as a defense mechanism