FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
Elevator Consulting
8752 Forrest Drive
Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80126
(720)-438-1540
LIFEBOAT ELEVATOR EVACUATION ARTICLE
“New Thoughts on Building Emergency Evacuations via Elevators After 9/11”
By James W. Fortune
The Problem
While it is virtually impractical to design elevator equipment to withstand bomb blasts,
airplane rammings, or other catastrophic terrorist acts, modern elevator dispatching technology
could be modified to make it possible to consider the use of the building’s elevators for tenant,
visitor or guest evacuations during or after such calamitous events.
Evacuation Problems in Mega High-Rise Buildings
1.
For the past 30 years, we have been advising building occupants to use the exit stairs,
not the elevators for evacuations during an “emergency”. While this strategy may be
valid for a fire or an earthquake, it can be the wrong approach for a bomb scare or
terrorist attack, when time is of the essence in trying to quickly evacuate the upper level
tenants.
2.
The fact is that emergency access/egress stairs can become quite crowded during a full
building evacuation, particularly in mega high-rise buildings.
3.
Just as building tenants are trying to escape (usually down) and out of the building,
emergency personnel are concurrently trying to access the same stairs from the ground
to go up. This can create incredible conflicts in traffic flows and stair usage. The
upward charge of rescue personnel can seriously impact the number of tenants that can
escape, while the tenant bottlenecks can seriously hamper any rescue and emergency
response efforts.
4.
In addition to ordering a building evacuation, emergency command personnel will often
try to direct evacuates to a “holding floor” and out of the emergency exit stairwells so
they can be utilized by rescue personnel. Newer U.S. Building Codes now require that
less than 1% of each high-rise building floor be set aside as an area of refuge (holding
area) for handicapped persons. In Hong Kong and China, all new high-rise buildings
must now have a completely vacant refuge floor located at each 15 floor vertical
“Experts in Supertalls”
www.FortuneShepler.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
segment within the office tower (20-25 floors for hotel or residential occupancies). The
thinking is that office tenants during an emergency can walk in the secure stairways up 5
floors and down 10 floors to reach a refuge floor. Once they reach these “holding”
areas, the evacuees are to wait quietly, (passively?) for further instructions from the
emergency responders.
5.
Wheelchair bound tenants and other physically challenged or aged people cannot be
expected to utilize exit stairs for evacuation. Under present building codes, they are now
encouraged to enter a holding area located on each floor (normally adjacent to or in the
building service/Firefighters’ elevator lobbies) and wait for rescue personnel and special
elevator evacuations.
6.
Once the building tenants enter the emergency stairwells at an upper floor, the doors will
automatically close behind them and they cannot usually exit until they reach the ground
level, a sky lobby or dedicated refuge floor.
7.
Stairwells can become quite crowded and tenants may hold the emergency stairwell
access doors open until they can enter the stairwell. Keeping the stairwell entry doors
open may allow smoke and fire to enter and contaminate the stairwell.
8.
In a crowded stairwell, it can take one minute or longer for a building tenant to transit
one level. At this rate it would have taken a person working on the 100th floor in the
World Trade Center Towers at least 100 minutes to escape. World Trade Center 1
(North Tower) reportedly collapsed at 102 minutes after the aircraft impact, while World
Trade Center 2 (South Tower) only lasted 56 minutes, hardly sufficient time for the upper
floor tenants to escape (presuming they could get past the impact floors) even during
ideal conditions.
9.
Under current designs, none of the building’s passenger elevators are normally available
for automatic, emergency evacuations because they would normally have been returned
to the bottom loading floor (designated level) on Phase 1 Firefighters’ service and then
shut down.
10.
Most European countries have adopted the EN81 Code, which requires that all
automatic passenger elevators return to the designated level and shut down. None of
these elevators can run during an emergency and the Firefighters’ are supposed to
access the upper floors and respond to emergencies via one or more dedicated
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
Firefighters’ lifts. These special lifts can be quite small (630KG [1390 lbs] minimum
size), usually cannot be used for service (goods lift) functions, (except in Asia) and could
not possibly be utilized for timely tenant evacuations. Many Middle Eastern and Asian
countries have similar dedicated, Firefighters’ lift requirements, although the units can
typically also be utilized for normal building service functions.
Elevator Emergency Operation Evolutions
Elevator installations have been continually upgraded and installed to be able to withstand
the effects of natural calamites such as typhoons, earthquakes and building fires. After major,
catastrophic events such as the 1973 Las Vegas MGM Grand fire, new Firefighters’ operations
Phase 1 (return) and Phase 2 (Firefighters’ attendant service) have been developed and
mandated in the North American ASME A17. 1 Elevator Code. After the 1971 California, San
Fernando Valley earthquake, new elevator seismic resistant equipment restraints, automatic
shutdowns and special clearing operations were developed and are now routinely included in
buildings located in strong earthquake zones. Similarly, the Asian market has developed
special, high wind elevator operations for use in Hong Kong, Taipei and Shanghai, where highrise buildings can be subjected to hurricane (typhoon) force winds. This strong wind force
sometimes results in excessive building displacements so special hoistway equipment snag
guards, rope followers and slow speed lift operations have been developed to minimize the
possibilities of elevator damage during such events. If the buildings’ sway increases past preset
thresholds, the tenants are advised to leave via the elevators. After the building is evacuated,
the elevators are then run to pre-selected floors (usually outside of the hoist/compensation and
governor rope sympathetic vibration nodes) and shut down.
What Do Elevators Presently Do During A Building Emergency?
1.
All modern passenger and service elevators installed in North America are presently
equipped with Phase 1 and Phase 2, Firefighters’ service, standby (emergency) power
switching and emergency communications capabilities.
2.
Firefighters’ emergency operation for automatic elevators requires that a signal, received
from a floor smoke detector or other fire alarm systems, shall cause the elevator(s) to
immediately return to the designated level (normally the ground floor) and shut down. If
the designated level smoke detector is activated, the elevator(s) then return to an
alternate level (normally the first floor located above the designated level) and shut
down. This emergency return operation is termed Phase 1, Firefighters’ Return
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
Operation and can also be activated by a Phase 1 return key operated switch normally
located in the main floor (designated level) lobby with a 2nd duplicate, switch located in
the building fire control (BMS) station.
Phase 1 Firefighters’ Operation was introduced in the early 1970’s. It particularly came
into vogue following the Las Vegas MGM Grand fire, in order to minimize the possibility
that persons riding on the elevators would be called to a fire involved floor and be killed
(or asphyxiated) when the elevator doors automatically opened. Reportedly, about
2/3rds of the hotel guests killed in the MGM Grand fire were on or about the elevators.
Unfortunately, the elevators continued to run on automatic operation and still responded
to registered car and hall calls during the fire.
3.
Phase 2 Firefighters’ Operation permits responding emergency personnel to
commandeer any recalled elevator by activating a special in-car key switch and then to
run it under their control until the building is cleared or the emergency is terminated.
Phase 2 Operation gives complete control of the elevator to the on-board operator so
that he selects the destination (car call) and has door buttons that manually controls the
door opening and closing operations and sequences. The elevator(s) will not respond to
registered hall calls under either Phase 1 or Phase 2 operating modes. Normally,
Phase 2 operations are utilized to move emergency personnel and their equipment up to
fire floor staging areas and are not usually engaged for building tenant evacuations
because:
a)
Each elevator would have to be run on Phase 2 independent service by an
onboard, trained rescue person.
b)
The elevators cannot respond to hall calls, as these calls cannot be registered
during Firefighters’ emergency operation.
c)
The “rescue” elevator operator would have no way of knowing where to pick up
waiting tenants to rescue, unless he was informed by other emergency personnel
through the emergency communication system or via radio. Waiting
handicapped persons, located in an upper floor “holding area”, are supposed to
contact the building fire operations center over the emergency communications
system, with their location then relayed to the “rescue” elevator operators.
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
d)
There is presently no way to interface individual “rescue” elevator operators
located on each individual elevator into “group dispatching” or to determine which
floors have been or are to be served, without group automatic operation.
e)
There is presently no accurate way of determining if the elevator machine room
and hoistway has been compromised or is still intact to permit emergency
elevator use.
f)
If a building power failure occurs during the emergency evacuations, the number
of elevators that can run on emergency (standby) power may be severely
restricted. Most U.S. building codes require at least one elevator/group to be
capable of running on standby power at one time.
g)
Most modern high-rise buildings now being constructed (particularly hotel and
residential towers) are completely equipped with fire sprinkler systems. These
applications sometimes include sprinkler heads located in the elevator pits,
elevator hoistway enclosure tops and even the machine rooms. By code, the
affected elevator must be stopped and electrical power removed from the hoist
machine via a transfer switch before the hoistway and/or machine room
sprinklers can be activated.
Proposed Elevator Evacuation Operations (“Life Boat” Operations)
1.
New high-rise buildings would be constructed with designated refuge/rescue floors (one
per each 15-20 floors or one per elevator zone) where the building tenants could be
directed to congregate and wait for evacuation. Alternately, the building sky lobbies or
interzone transfer floors (if any) could be utilized for this purpose.
2.
The Phase 3, “Life Boat”, rescue floor elevator operations would only be activated if the
elevators serving them were verified to be operational and electrical power to run them
was available (normal or standby power).
3.
European and Asian passenger elevators that are only designated for a 100% capacity
load and are equipped with load weighing/limiting devices would, 1) have these devices
rendered inoperative during Phase 3 Operation so they could move regardless of the car
load or, 2) would be required to be designed with 125% of capacity loads, like all U.S.
passenger elevators, so they could still move if they became “over” loaded.
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
4.
CCTV cameras, smoke detectors and other appropriate detectors would provide a
machine room and hoistway scan of the rescue elevators to ascertain that the lift
equipment areas (hoistways and machine rooms) had not been compromised. Each
rescue elevator could even be cycled one time to and from the rescue floor without
opening its doors to ascertain that the hoistway was indeed “clear” and that the elevator
could operate automatically between the floors.
5.
Upon receiving “all clear” operational status information, the fire command controls for
the selected rescue elevator group would then be switched to the “Life Boat” evacuation
mode. The elevators would then automatically serve express only between the
designated rescue floor and the designated (ground/exit) return floor. All other car calls
and hall calls would be inoperative during this special (Life Boat) evacuation service.
6.
Most office building passenger elevator groups are capable of moving up to +25% of the
zone tenants exiting during a heavy down-peak, 5 minute period. So with all elevators
operating in the evacuation mode, and assuming an orderly passenger loading process
(designated emergency human “Life Boat” monitors may be required to prevent crowd
overloading, door cycling problems and stop people from “rushing” an arriving elevator),
the complete assembled building/zone population could theoretically be emptied from
the refuge floor(s) within 20 minutes or less.
Conclusion
In this paper, I have tried to enunciate new evacuation methods that might be utilized so that
the existing passenger elevators may be used for “Life Boat” operations during or after bomb
hoaxes or terrorist attack emergencies.
The major life safety codes have continually evolved to make high-rise building occupants
safer from conventional hazards. However, they don’t presently address the realities and
threats of today’s terrorist attacks and how to rapidly evacuate high-rise buildings during such
events. New building tenant evacuation strategies and how to implement them are clearly
needed.
While the introduction of Phase 3, Elevator Life Boat Operations might be deemed to be
controversial, it may be an idea whose time has come in light of the recent 9/11 events. It could
certainly be applicable for use in most now mega high-rise buildings (75+ stories), which
normally are equipped with sky lobbies, and interzone transfer floors. In addition, “Life Boat”
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com
FORTUNE CONSULTANTS, LTD. (FCL)
emergency evacuations should probably be considered as a mandatory requirement for all new
high-rise residential and hotel towers and buildings that are to be equipped with designated,
intermediate refuge floors.
James W. Fortune is the President of Fortune Consultants, Ltd., a prominent elevatoring consulting firm
with offices in Colorado, Texas and Dubai, UAE. Fortune has more than 30 years experience in
analyzing and designing the elevators in the world’s tallest buildings, including the 508m high Taipei 101
(world’s tallest tower) and the 162 story, 700m high Burj Dubai Tower presently under construction. He
graduated from California State Polytechnic College in 1967 with a B.S. Degree in Industrial Technology
and obtained his M.B.A. from the University of Denver in 1989. He has written extensively on all aspects
of elevator designs, applications and technological changes and has had numerous articles published on
these subjects. He can be reached at e-mail: fortunesan@hotmail.com.
“Experts in Super Talls”
www.FortuneElevator.com