Respiration Question
Booklet
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Unit 4- Woodford County High School
1.
The diagram shows the biochemical pathway involved when one molecule of glucose is
respired aerobically.
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP
2 reduced NAD
Pyruvate
2
Z
2 reduced NAD
Acetylcoenzyme A
Krebs
Cycle
2 reduced FAD
4
Z
2 ATP
6 reduced NAD
Each reduced NAD molecule leads to the production of 3 ATP molecules.
Each reduced FAD molecule leads to the production of 2 ATP molecules.
(a)
Identify the compound represented by the letter Z.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Using the information in the diagram, calculate the net number of ATP molecules
produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration.
Net number of ATP molecules............................
(1)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(c)
(i)
Describe the part played by oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration.
..........................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(ii)
In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs. In animals, this
involves the conversion of pyruvate into lactate without the production of
any more ATP molecules. How many molecules of ATP are produced from
each glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration ?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
2.
(a)
The diagram shows part of a cell.
Use a label line and the letter ‘K’ to indicate where Krebs cycle occurs, and
another
line with the letter ‘G’ to indicate the site of glycolysis.
Cell
surface
membrane
(2)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(b)
(i)
Name two substances for which there would be net movement into the
mitochondria.
1........................................................................................................................
.
2........................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(ii)
Name one substance for which there would be net movement out of the
mitochondria.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(1)
(c)
(i)
Glucose is oxidised to pyruvate during the process of glycolysis. Explain
why glycolysis is said to involve oxidation.
..........................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(1)
(ii)
Explain why ATP is necessary for glycolysis.
..........................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
3.
The diagram shows two stages occurring in aerobic respiration.
glucose
stage I
pyruvate
stage II
carbon dioxide
+ water
Each of the events or descriptions in the table applies to one or both of the stages.
Tick the appropriate boxes to show the stage or stages in which each is involved.
Event or description
Stage I
Stage II
Glycolysis
Takes place inside the
mitochondrion
Acetylcoenzyme A is
involved
ATP is synthesised
from ADP
Reduced NAD is
re-oxidised
(Total 5 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
4.
In an experiment, lactate containing radioactive carbon was added to a preparation of
muscle tissue in the presence of oxygen. The muscle preparation was able to respire
some of the lactate and this provided the energy needed to convert the remaining lactate
into glycogen. The diagram summarises the biochemical steps involved.
Glycogen
A
Glucose
B
C
D
Lactate
(a)
Pyruvate
Carbon dioxide
+ water
Which one of the labelled arrows shows a biochemical conversion in muscle that
can proceed only in the direction shown?
...................................................
(1)
(b)
Give the names of the stages in aerobic respiration in which energy is made
available from the respiration of lactate.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
The results from the experiment are shown in the table. The values have been rounded to
the nearest 100 counts per minute (cpm).
Total amount of radioactivity found in each substance / cpm
Substance
at the start of the experiment
Glycogen
Lactate
Carbon dioxide
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
at the end of the experiment
0
6200
8000
0
0
1200
(c)
Suggest a reason for the lower total amount of radioactivity found at the end of the
experiment.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Use values from the table to calculate the percentage of lactate that was respired to
provide the energy for glycogen synthesis. Show your working.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
5.
(a)
Describe how oxidation takes place in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle.
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(3)
(b)
Water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. Describe how water is formed at
the end of aerobic respiration.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
6.
(a)
Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells.
Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae.
................................................................................................................................….
....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Substance X enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. Each molecule of
substance X has three carbon atoms.
(i)
Name substance X.
......................................................................................................................…
.
(1)
(ii)
In the link reaction substance X is converted to a substance with molecules
effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in
this process.
......................................................................................................................…
......................................................................................................................…
......................................................................................................................…
......................................................................................................................…
(2)
(c)
The Krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix, releases hydrogen ions. These
hydrogen ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of ATP, using
coenzymes and carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
7.
The boxes in the diagram represent substances in glycolysis, the link reaction and the
Krebs cycle.
One molecule of a ............ C compound
Two molecules of a ............ C compound
glycolysis
Two molecules of a pyruvate
link reaction
............ C compound
............ C compound
Krebs cycle
............ C compound
............ C compound
CO 2
(a)
CO 2
Complete the diagram to show the number of carbon atoms present in one
molecule of each compound.
(2)
(b)
Other substances are produced in the Krebs cycle in addition to the carbon
compounds shown in the diagram. Name three of these other products.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
3 ..................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
8.
The diagram shows anaerobic respiration in yeast.
Glucose [6C]
2ATP
2ADP
Fructose bisphosphate
Triose phosphate [3C]
(Type 1)
Phosphate
[...... C]
Triose phosphate [3C]
(Type 2)
NAD
Reduced NAD
2ADP
2ATP
Pyruvate
[...... C]
Reduced NAD
NAD
CO 2
(a)
X: .................... [2C]
Complete the boxes in the diagram to show:
(i)
the number of carbon atoms in each molecule of fructose bisphosphate and
in each molecule of pyruvate;
(1)
(ii)
the name of compound X.
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(1)
(b)
Under anaerobic conditions, the oxidised form of NAD is regenerated.
Explain why this is essential.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
In the reactions shown in the diagram, what is the net gain of ATP molecules per
molecule of glucose? Explain how you worked out your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
9.
The diagram gives an outline of the process of aerobic respiration.
Glucose
2 ATP
Stage C
Stage A
2 reduced NAD
6 ATP
4 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 CO 2
2 reduced NAD
6 ATP
2 Acetylcoenzyme A
2 Coenzyme A
Stage B
6 reduced NAD
18 ATP
2 reduced NAD
4 ATP
2 ATP
4 CO 2
H + ions and electrons
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(a)
(i)
Complete the table by naming stages A and B and giving the location of
each stage in a cell such as a liver cell.
Stage
Name of stage
Location in cell
A
B
(2)
(ii)
How many carbon atoms are there in each pyruvate ion? ...............................
(1)
(iii)
What happens to the H+ ions and electrons released in stage C?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
In aerobic conditions, ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and by
oxidative phosphorylation. Use information in the diagram to find the net yield of
molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose by
(i)
substrate-level phosphorylation; .....................................................................
(ii)
oxidative phosphorylation. ..............................................................................
(2)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(c)
(i)
One mole of glucose releases 2880 kJ of energy when burned completely in
oxygen. Hydrolysis of one mole of ATP to ADP and phosphate releases 31
kJ of energy. Use your answers from part (b) to calculate the percentage
efficiency of energy transfer from glucose to ATP by aerobic respiration.
Show your working.
Percentage efficiency = .......................................%
(2)
(ii)
What happens to the energy which is not transferred to ATP?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Explain why ATP is better than glucose as an immediate energy source for
cell metabolism.
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..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Give three uses of energy from ATP in a liver cell.
1 ......................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
3........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
10.
The diagram gives an outline of the process of aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
Glucose
Triose phosphate
NAD
Reduced NAD
Pyruvate
NAD
Electrons
carriers
X
Reduced NAD
Y
Electrons
and hydrogen
ions (H + )
4-carbon acid
6-carbon acid
X
5-carbon acid
Oxygen
X
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Z
(a)
Name substances X, Y and Z.
X ................................................................................................................................
Y ................................................................................................................................
Z ................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Give the location of each of the following in a liver cell.
(i)
Glycolysis
...................................................................................................................
(ii)
The Krebs cycle
..........................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Write the letter A on the diagram to show one step where ATP is used.
(ii)
Write the letter B on the diagram at two steps where ATP is produced.
(3)
(d)
Apart from respiration, give three uses of ATP in a liver cell.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 ..................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
Human skeletal muscle can respire both aerobically and anaerobically. Describe
what happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions and explain why anaerobic
respiration is advantageous to human skeletal muscle.
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(4)(Total 15 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
11.
(a)
The main stages in anaerobic respiration in yeast are shown in the diagram.
Glucose (C6H12O6)
2ATP
2NAD
2ADP+P
X
2 reduced NAD
4ADP+P
4ATP
2 pyruvate (C3H6O3)
2 reduced NAD
2CO 2
2NAD
2 ethanol (C2H6O)
(i)
Name process X.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(1)
(ii)
Give one piece of evidence from the diagram which suggests that the
conversion of pyruvate to ethanol involves reduction.
..........................................................................................................................
.
..........................................................................................................................
.
(1)
(iii) Explain why converting pyruvate to ethanol is important in allowing the
continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................. (2)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(b)
Give two ways in which anaerobic respiration of glucose in yeast is
(i)
similar to anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell;
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(ii)
different from anaerobic respiration of glucose in a muscle cell.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
.
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(c)
Some students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast. The apparatus they used is shown in the diagram. The yeast
suspension was mixed with glucose solution and the volume of gas collected in
five minutes was recorded.
3–way tap
Gas syringe
Layer of oil to exclude air
Yeast suspension plus glucose solution
(i)
Each student repeated the experiment and the results were pooled. Explain
the advantages of collecting a large number of results.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
(ii)
At 30°C, one student obtained the following results.
Volume of gas collected
in 5 minutes / cm3
Result 1
Result 2
Result 3
38.3
27.6
29.4
Calculate the mean rate of gas production. Give your answer in cm3 s–1.
Answer ............................... cm3 s–1
(2)
(iii)
If aerobic respiration had been investigated rather than anaerobic
respiration, how would you expect the volumes of gas collected at 30°C to
differ from these results?
Explain your answer.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
Mark Scheme
1.
(a)
Carbon dioxide;
1
(b)
38;
1
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Terminal hydrogen / electron acceptor;
producing water/a safe end product;
2
2;
1
[5]
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
correct positions labelled;
2
e.g.
K-matrix of mitochondrion
G-cytoplasm
(i)
pyruvate;
ADP;
phosphate/Pi;
oxygen;
reduced NAD;
max. 2
(ii)
carbon dioxide / water / ATP / NAD;
1
(i)
oxidation involves the removal of hydrogen;
1
(ii)
activate / phosphorylate / raise energy level;
1
[7]
3.
Event or description
Occurs or applies to
Stage I
Stage II
Glycolysis
Takes place inside
the mitochondnon
Acetylcoenzyme A is
involved
ATP is synthesised
from ADP
Reduced NAD is reoxidised
Credit per row
5
[5]
4.
(a)
D;
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
1
(b)
(c)
(d)
Krebs cycle;electron transport/transfer chain/oxidative phosphorylation;
(glycolysis negates one point of credit)
(link reaction and glycogenesis etc. are ‘neutral’)
2
some radioactivity in intermediates/other compounds (e.g. glucose);
ACCEPT idea of less present because of radioactive decay;NOT
because of ‘rounding off’
1
(1200 / 8000) × 100;
15 (%);
(allow (1800 / 8000) × 100 = 22.5% for 1 mark)
(2 marks for the correct answer as 15% without working,
1 mark for 22.5%))
2
[6]
5.
(a)
(b)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation;
by enzymes/dehydrogenases;
H accepted by NAD/reduced NAD formed;
in Krebs cycle, FAD (used as well);
3 max
oxygen is terminal/final electron acceptor;
combines with electron and hydrogen (to form water);
2
(more cristae / larger surface area) for electron transport chain /
more enzymes for ATP production/oxidative phosphorylation;
muscle cells use more ATP (than skin cells)(not just more respiration);
2
(i)
pyruvate;
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide formed / decarboxylation;
hydrogen released / reduced NAD formed;
acetyl coenzyme A produced;
2 max
NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD/FAD;
H+ ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier /
series of redox reactions;
energy made available as electrons passed on;
energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate /
using ATPase;
H+ / protons passed into intermembrane space;
H+ / protons flow back through stalked particles/enzyme;
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
3 max
[8]
7.
(a)
6 carbon compound
3 carbon compound
(pyruvate)
2 carbon compound
4 carbon compound
6 carbon compound
5 carbon compound
(1 mark for three correct answers)
(2 marks for six correct answers)
2
reduced NAD/NADH/NADH2;
reduced FAD/FADH/FADH2;
ATP;
3
[5]
8.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Fructose bisphosphate = 6 and pyruvate = 3;
(ii)
Ethanol;
1
1
OR
Necessary to allow glycolysis/fermentation / production of pyruvate/ATP
formation to continue;
Needed to remove hydrogen/oxidise more substrate/to be reduced again;
OR
Does not mean NAD must be resynthesised;
(c)
2;
reference to 2 ATP used and 4 ATP produced/4 – 2;
1
2
[5]
9.
(a)
(i)
Stage
A
B
Name of stage
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle /
TCA cycle
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
Location in cell
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion (ignore
named part)
(b)
(c)
1 mark per row;;
2
(ii)
3;
1
(iii)
To oxygen;
Produce water;
2
(i)
4;
1
(ii)
34;
1
(i)
100;
Correct calculation - [answer from (b)(i)  (ii )] x 31]
2880
Answer correct from calculation;
OR
Correct answer from (b) / 41% (no working) = 2 marks;;
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
X = Carbon dioxide;
Y = Acetyl coenzyme A;
Z = Water;
(i)
Cytoplasm;
(ii)
Mitochondrion;
(ACCEPT Acetyl CoA)
3
1
(IGNORE named part)
On the diagram:
(i)
‘A’ (ATP used) – between glucose and triose phosphate;
(ii)
‘B’ Any two from:
(ATP produced) – between triose phosphate and pyruvate;
in Krebs cycle;
from electron carriers
(to right of bracket & not below grey box);
(d)
1
Any three from:
Source of energy/of phosphate;
Active transport;
Phagocytosis / endo- /exocytosis / pinocytosis;
Bile production;
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
1
max 2
Cell division / mitosis;
Synthesis of: glycogen;
protein / enzymes;
DNA / RNA;
lipid / cholesterol;
urea;
(e)
max 3
Any four from:
Forms lactate; [extras – C2H5OH / CO2 – CANCEL]
Use of reduced NAD / NADH;
Pyruvate
NADH
Regenerates NAD;
Lactate
NAD
= 3 marks
NAD can be re-used to oxidise more respiratory substrate / correct e.g.
/ allows glycolysis to continue;
Can still release energy/form ATP
when oxygen in short supply/when no oxygen;
max 4
[15]
11.
(a)
(i)
glycolysis;
(ii)
oxygen removed from pyruvate/ reduced NAD is oxidised/ donates
hydrogen/donates electrons;
1
allows NAD to be recycled/re-formed;
so that glycolysis/described/ candidates answer to (i) can proceed/
so that (more) glucose can be
converted to pyruvate/so that process X can continue;
2
ATP formed/used;
pyruvate formed/reduced;
NAD/reduced NAD;
glycolysis involved/two stage process;
2 max
(iii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
ethanol/alcohol formed by yeast, lactate (allow lactic acid)
by muscle cell; CO2 released by yeast but not by muscle cell;
(note: need both parts of the comparison for the mark)
allows anomalies to be identified/increases reliability (of means/
averages/results);
allows use of statistical test;
Unit 4- Woodford County High School
1
2
2
(ii)
38.3  27.6  29.4 = 31.8/ 31.76/ 31.77;×
3
(units not required)
÷ (5 × 60) = 0.106/ 0.11/ 0.1;
(correct answer scores two marks, however derived.)
(correct mean volume (31.8 cm3) however derived
scores 1 mark)
(iii)
Volume(s) less/ no gas evolved;
Glucose has RQ of 1.0;
So (volume) CO2 evolved = (volume of) O2 taken in;
2
3
[15]
Unit 4- Woodford County High School