References on Bowel Dysfunction – Interesting Articles and
Research
Faecal incontinence
Title: Management of Faecal Incontinence
Citation: Independent Nurse, March 2011, www.independentnurse.co.uk
Author(s): Ness, W
Abstract: Faecal incontinence is a distressing and socially debilitating problem Wendy Ness
discusses its prevalence and assessment, and simple conservative treatments
Title: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for patients with faecal incontinence.
Citation: Nursing Standard, February 2011, vol./is. 25/24(44-8), 0029-6570 (2011 16 Feb)
Author(s): Allison, M
Abstract: The use of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) as a non-invasive
treatment for faecal incontinence. The experience of using PTNS in a nurse-led clinic at the
Royal London Hospital, including an audit of treatment outcomes, is described. Its efficacy
and cost-effectiveness in the outpatient setting are considered. 19 refs.
Title: Management of faecal incontinence in acutely ill patients.
Citation: Nursing Standard, February 2011, vol./is. 25/22(48-58), 0029-6570 (2011 2 Feb)
Author(s): Hurnauth, C
Abstract: Continuing Professional Development, NS578. Use of drainage systems to manage
faecal incontinence in patients who are acutely ill. The process of defecation, causes and risk
factors in incontinence and assessment tools to measure severity are outlined. The physical,
financial and psychological effects are examined and indications or contraindications for
using conventional passive drainage methods or active drainage systems are listed. 26 refs.
Title: Incontinence after childbirth.
Citation: Practice Nurse, December 2010, vol./is. 40/10(41-4), 0953-6612 (2010 10 Dec)
Author(s): Mullins, E, Wales, N, Domoney, C
Abstract: Causes, prevalence and treatments for women with urinary or faecal incontinence
following childbirth. Reasons for delays and non-reporting of symptoms which impact upon
lifestyle are discussed, along with assessment of symptoms. A range of individualised
therapies, including pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, drug therapies or surgical
interventions are described. 30 refs.
Title: Solving soiling problems needs collaboration between family, health and
education services.
Citation: Nursing Times, November 2010, vol./is. 106/47(21), 0954-7762 (2010 30 Nov)
Author(s): Jacques, E
Abstract: Case study of a 5-year-old with episodes of faecal incontinence at school due to
faecal impaction. The involvement of parents and the school nurse in the management of the
child and the response of teachers are described. 1 ref.
Title: Faecal incontinence: assessment and conservative management.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, October 2010, vol./is. 8/8(18-22), 1479-5248 (2010 Oct)
Author(s): Apau, D
Abstract: Causes, assessment and non-surgical management of faecal incontinence,
including lifestyle change, bowel training, drug therapy and biofeedback. 18 refs.
1
Title: Anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence: experience from a tertiary care
centre.
Citation: Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, July 2010, vol./is. 29/4(162-5), 02548860;0975-0711 (2010 Jul)
Author(s): Chase S, Mittal R, Jesudason MR, Nayak S, Perakath B
Language: English
Abstract: AIM: Structural anal sphincter damage may be secondary to obstetric anal
sphincter injury, perineal trauma or anorectal surgery. We reviewed the spectrum of anal
sphincter injuries and their outcomes in a tertiary care colorectal unit.METHODS: Data of
patients who underwent anal sphincter repair between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed
retrospectively. Outcomes were compared with respect to etiology, type of repair, previous
attempts at repair and manometry findings. Outcomes were defined as good or poor based on
patient satisfaction as the primary criteria.RESULTS: Thirty-four patients underwent anal
sphincter repair. Twenty-two injuries were obstetric, eight traumatic, and four iatrogenic. All
patients underwent overlap sphincteroplasty with six additional anterior levatorplasty and
seven graciloplasty. Twenty-three (67.6%) patients had a good outcome while nine (26.4%)
had a poor outcome. All patients who had augmentation anterior levatorplasty had a good
outcome. Fifty percent of patients with a previous sphincter repair and 42.9% requiring
augmentation graciloplasty had a poor outcome. Median resting and squeeze anal pressures
increased from 57.5 to 70 cmH2O and 90.25 to 111 cmH2O in those with a good
outcome.CONCLUSIONS: Overlap sphincteroplasty has a good outcome in majority of the
patients with incontinence due to a structural sphincter defect. Additional anterior
levatorplasty may improve outcomes. Previous failed repairs or use of a gracilis muscle
augmentation may have a worse outcome secondary to poor native sphincter muscle.
Improvement in resting and squeeze pressures on anal manometry may be associated with a
good outcome.
Title: Using biofeedback to treat constipation, faecal incontinence and other bowel
disorders.
Citation: Nursing Times, September 2010, vol./is. 106/37(18-21), 0954-7762 (2010 21 Sep)
Author(s): Burch, J, Collins, B
Abstract: Definition and principles of biofeedback and its use in the management of
constipation and faecal incontinence. Services available and diagnostic tests used are
described and the components of education, bowel and muscle retraining, behavioural
therapy and psychological support are explained. 25 refs.
Title: Faecal incontinence in older people: delivering effective, dignified care.
Citation: Br J Community Nursing, August 2010, vol./is. 15/8(370-4), 1462-4753 (2010
Aug)
Author(s): Smith, B
Abstract: Risk factors and strategies for caring for elderly people with faecal incontinence
living in the community. Competencies for continence care identified from the Skills for
Health Framework (Department of Health, 2004), nutritional, bowel and constipation
interventions and conflict between health and social care concerning incontinence
management are discussed. 17 refs.
2
Title: The efficacy of external neuromyogenic stimulation on neuromuscular anorectal
incontinence.
Citation: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery, July 2010, vol./is. 20/4(230-3), 09397248;1439-359X (2010 Jul)
Author(s): Ergun O, Tatlisu R, Pehlivan M, Celik A
Abstract: AIM: This study reports on the preliminary results of external neuromyogenic
electrostimulation (ENS) for the treatment of anorectal continence problems.PATIENTS
AND METHODS: A total of seventeen patients with anorectal malformations (n=11),
Hirschsprung's disease (n=5) or pelvi-perineal trauma (n=1) were included in the study. All
patients were evaluated using clinical, radiological, and manometric methods prior to ENS.
The Holschneider Continence Scale and the Quality of Life (QOL) Score were used for
clinical assessment. The ENS stimulator is a two-channel ambulatory device providing a
pulse current. ENS was performed by parents in a home setting twice daily for 6 weeks using
skin electrodes attached to the sides of the anus. Three of the 11 preset programs were used
(lack of sensitivity, pelvic floor work out and building up endurance). Clinical and
manometric variables were reevaluated following completion of the 6-week
program.RESULTS: Mean age was 9.7 years (range 5-22 years). The Holschneider
Continence Score increased from a mean value of 5.3+/-3.2 to 12.4+/-1.7 (p=0.002) and
mean QOL scores increased from 5.6+/-2.3 to 11.6+/-1.8 (p=0.01) following ENS. Mean anal
canal resting pressures prior to ENS were 20.3+/-6 cmH (2)O and increased to 28.7+/-14.1
cmH (2)O after 6 weeks (p>0.05). Maximum voluntary squeeze pressures before and after
ENS were 56.1+/-16.7 cmH (2)O and 100.7+/-16.9 cmH (2)O respectively
(p=0.001).CONCLUSION: Preliminary results for ENS have shown that patients achieved
higher maximum voluntary squeeze pressures, and showed a marked improvement in their
continence and QOL scores. Given the advantage of ambulatory use in a home setting, the
ENS seems promising in terms of achieving improved anorectal continence in selected
patients.
Title: The management of faecal incontinence in acute settings.
Citation: Continence UK, June 2010, vol./is. 4/2(52-5), 1753-8890 (2010 Jun)
Author(s): Ousey, K, Gillibrand, W, York, L
Abstract: Research in an acute hospital in west Yorkshire among intensive therapy unit
patients experiencing faecal incontinence to examine the prevalence and management of the
condition and develop a guideline. Groups at risk of faecal incontinence are identified and
options including faecal management and collection devices are discussed. 22 refs.
Title: Goal setting for faecal incontinence: a patient-centred approach.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, April 2010, vol./is. 8/3(18-24), 1479-5248 (2010 Apr)
Author(s): Aston, B, Sheehan, L
Abstract: Literature review on the rationale for and use of a patient-centred approach to goal
setting in the treatment of faecal incontinence. A case study using a SMART (Specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic and timed) goal is included. 24 refs.
Title: Faecal incontinence: the final taboo.
Citation: Practice Nurse, April 2010, vol./is. 39/7(43-7), 0953-6612 (2010 9 Apr)
Author(s): Yates, A
Abstract: Advanced Practice series, module 10.03. Symptoms, prevalence, causes,
management and psychological impact of faecal incontinence. High risk groups, assessment
using detailed histories, food diaries, and bowel or stool diaries making reference to the
Bristol Stool Form Scale, and conservative treatments such as providing coping strategies are
3
described. Specialist management including electrical stimulation, bowel retraining,
biofeedback and surgical options are discussed. 16 refs.
Title: Being involved in an everlasting fight: a life with postnatal faecal incontinence: a
qualitative study.
Citation: Scandinavian J Caring Sciences, March 2010, vol./is. 24/1(108-15), 0283-9318
(2010 Mar)
Author(s): Rasmussen, J, Ringsberg, K
Abstract: Qualitative research in Denmark into the experience of living with faecal
incontinence caused by complications during childbirth. Interviews with participants affected
for at least 6 months after childbirth examined psychological and social aspects of living with
the condition and how they coped, including the effect on their self-perception as a woman
and the impact on family life and sexuality. 32 refs.
Title: Conservative management of faecal incontinence in adults.
Citation: Nursing Standard, March 2010, vol./is. 24/26(49-56), 0029-6570 (2010 3 Mar)
Author(s): Allison, M
Abstract: Continuing Professional Development, NS532 on the assessment and management
of patients with chronic faecal incontinence. The causes of incontinence are explored and a
faecal incontinence assessment tool is presented. The role of the clinical nurse specialist in
advising patients about diet, medication and in promoting bowel control is highlighted. 36
refs.
Title: Acquired fecal incontinence in community-dwelling adults.
Citation: Nurse Practitioner, January 2010, vol./is. 35/1(14-23), 0361-1817 (2010 Jan)
Author(s): Chien, D, Bradway, C
Abstract: Incidence, mechanisms, pathophysiology, diagnosis and assessment of faecal
incontinence. Conditions and patient characteristics associated with faecal incontinence,
including age, obstetric injury, the effects of surgery or radiotherapy and neurological
disorders, are identified. Biofeedback, pelvic muscles exercises, urge resistance education,
electrical stimulation, skin care and other management options are discussed. 52 refs.
Title: Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary
and faecal incontinence: six year follow up.
Citation: BMJ, February 2005, vol./is. 330/7487(337-9), 0959-8138
Author(s): Glazener, C, Herbison, P, McArthur, C
Abstract: Research by randomised controlled trial in Aberdeen, Birmingham and Dunedin to
examine the long-term effects of nurse-led conservative interventions for postnatal
incontinence. A 6-year follow-up of the interventions, in which nurses assessed urinary
incontinence and advised on pelvic floor exercises and bladder training at 5-9 months after
delivery, examined the long-term effects and continuation of pelvic floor exercising. 13 refs.
Constipation
Title: Clinical features, psychological issues and management of constipation in
childhood.
Citation: Nursing Children & Young People, April 2011, vol./is. 23/3(29-36), 2046-2344
(2011 Apr)
Author(s): Cohn, A
Abstract: Continuing Professional Development, article NCYP510. Causes and treatment of
constipation and stool withholding in children. Normal bowel function, the development of a
4
stool withholding habit and pain are described, together with the associated clinical features.
Case studies are presented, complications discussed and treatment using fluid, fibre and
laxatives is outlined. 23 refs.
Title: Not having the right bowel care is demeaning.
Citation: Nursing Times, March 2011, vol./is. 107/12(16), 0954-7762 (2011 29 Mar)
Author(s): Penn, R, Coggrave, J
Abstract: Personal account by a paraplegic patient of the lack of bowel care received during
a hospital admission when he developed faecal impaction and nurses refused to perform
manual evacuation. Comments are included from an expert nurse, highlighting the care
required by spinal cord injury patients.
Title: Does abdominal massage relieve constipation?
Citation: Nursing Times, March 2011, vol./is. 107/12(20-2), 0954-7762 (2011 29 Mar)
Author(s): McClurg, D, Lowe-Strong, A
Abstract: Literature review of research on the use of abdominal massage to relieve
constipation. Specific applications with older people, after colon surgery and in MS are
explained and the technique is described. 22 refs.
Title: Juvenile idiopathic constipation.
Citation: Nursing Times, March 2011, vol./is. 107/12(26-8), 0954-7762 (2011 29 Mar)
Author(s): Prynn, P
Abstract: Symptoms, causes and management of idiopathic constipation in children.
Assessment is discussed, including the use of the Bristol Stool Chart, modified for children. 8
refs.
Title: Giant faecoloma in young children: a case study.
Citation: Emergency Nurse, February 2011, vol./is. 18/9(32-4), 1354-5752 (2011 Feb)
Author(s): Rachamim, E
Abstract: Case study of a young child presenting at A&E with suspected gastroenteritis
which was later diagnosed by x-ray as impacted faeces. Interpretation of the x-ray results,
symptoms, assessment and management are described. 2 refs.
Title: Effectiveness and tolerability of amidotrizoate for the treatment of constipation
resistant to laxatives in advanced cancer patients.
Citation: J Pain & Symptom Management, February 2011, vol./is. 41/2(421-5), 0885-3924
(2011 Feb)
Author(s): Mercadante, S, Ferrera, P, Casuccio, A
Abstract: Quantitative prospective research in Italy evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of
amidotrizoate for constipation in advanced cancer patients unresponsive to common
laxatives. Adverse effects related to the medication, its impact on other symptoms and
associations with patient demographic and clinical characteristics are reported. 9 refs.
Title: Using massage to ease constipation.
Citation: Nursing Times, February 2011, vol./is. 107/4(26-7), 0954-7762 (2011 1 Feb)
Author(s): Lamas, K
Abstract: Research in Sweden examining the effectiveness of abdominal massage for
patients with constipation. Mainly older people living in communal or private
accommodation received 15 minutes abdominal and hand massage weekly in addition to
laxatives and the results were compared to a control group. 10 refs.
5
Title: An examination of the effect of castor oil packs on constipation in the elderly.
Citation: Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, February 2011, vol./is. 17/1(58-62),
1744-3881 (2011 Feb)
Author(s): Arslan, G, Eser, I
Abstract: Research in Turkey investigating the effect of castor oil packs on constipation in
elderly people residing in care homes. The packs were heated and administered to residents
with constipation and differences in symptoms were evaluated before, during and after
treatment. 52 refs.
Title: Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a
pilot study.
Citation: Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, February 2011, vol./is. 17/1(37-43),
1744-3881 (2011 Feb)
Author(s): Lai, T, Cheung, M, Lo, C
Abstract: Research in Hong Kong assessing the effects of aroma massage therapy on the
symptoms of constipation in advanced cancer patients. The McGill quality of life for Hong
Kong Chinese (MQOL-HK), and the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) were used to
measure the results. 27 refs.
Title: An examination of the effect of castor oil packs on constipation in the elderly.
Citation: Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, February 2011, vol./is. 17/1(58-62),
1744-3881 (2011 Feb)
Author(s): Arslan, G, Eser, I
Abstract: Research in Turkey investigating the effect of castor oil packs on constipation in
elderly people residing in care homes. The packs were heated and administered to residents
with constipation and differences in symptoms were evaluated before, during and after
treatment. 52 refs.
Title: Constipation in persons receiving hospice care.
Citation: J Pain & Symptom Management, December 2010, vol./is. 40/6(810-20), 0885-3924
(2010 Dec)
Author(s): Strassels, S, Maxwell, T, Iyer, S
Abstract: Retrospective research in the USA to estimate the prevalence and severity of
constipation among hospice patients. Primary diagnosis, demographic characteristics and
prescribing of laxatives and opioids are explored. Relationships between constipation and
patients' demographic and clinical characteristics are described. 20 refs.
Title: Investigating factors associated with functional constipation of primary school
children in Hong Kong.
Citation: J Clinical Nursing, December 2010, vol./is. 19/23-24(3390-400), 0962-1067 (2010
Dec)
Author(s): Chan, M, Chan, Y
Abstract: Survey research at a primary school in Hong Kong examining the prevalence of
functional constipation among children aged 8-10 years and exploring associated factors.
Participants completed questionnaires on their bowel habits, age, gender, intake of fluid, fruit
and vegetables and use/non-use of school toilets. The role of school nurses in helping
children and families avoid constipation is discussed. 44 refs.
6
Title: Management of constipation.
Citation: Br J Healthcare Assistants, December 2010, vol./is. 4/12(592-6), 1753-1586 (2010
Dec)
Author(s): Foxley, S, Vosloo, R
Abstract: The causes and management of constipation. Constipation, normal bowel function
and the process of rectal emptying are outlined and functional or anatomical causes
explained. Treatment involving lifestyle, exercise, regular eating and use of laxatives or
irrigation is described and the healthcare assistant's role in bowel care procedures is
considered. 33 refs.
Title: LIFELAX: diet and LIFEstyle versus LAXatives in the management of chronic
constipation in older people: randomised controlled trial.
Citation: Health Technology Assessment, November 2010, vol./is. 14/52(1-221), 1366-5278
(2010 Nov)
Author(s): Speed, C, Heaven, B, Adamson, A
Abstract: Research by randomised trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of
treatments for constipation in people aged 55 and over. Participating general practices offered
either use of laxatives, standardised dietary and lifestyle advice, or personalised dietary and
lifestyle advice. The effect of recruitment problems on the trial are reported. 233 refs.
Title: Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with
advanced, progressive illness.
Citation: J Pain & Symptom Management, November 2010, vol./is. 40/5(761-73), 08853924 (2010 Nov)
Author(s): Librach, S, Bouvette, M, De Angelis, C
Abstract: Consensus recommendations developed in Canada on constipation management in
palliative patients. The process of developing consensus recommendations is outlined. The
document's basis on available evidence and expert opinion derived from clinical practice is
highlighted, and its recommendations for assessment and management are described. 20 refs.
Title: NICE's first guideline on idiopathic childhood constipation aims to standardise
practice.
Citation: Nursing Times, November 2010, vol./is. 106/47(14), 0954-7762 (2010 30 Nov)
Author(s): Hooban, S
Abstract: Summary of NICE guidance on idiopathic constipation in children (2010). The
recommendations for management are reviewed, with reference to the nurse's role. 1 ref.
Title: Landmark guidance puts childhood continence firmly in the spotlight.
Citation: Nursing Times, November 2010, vol./is. 106/47(8), 0954-7762 (2010 30 Nov)
Author(s): Perez, J
Abstract: Comments on new NICE guidelines on childhood idiopathic constipation (2010)
and nocturnal enuresis (2010). The role of Education and Resources for Improving Childhood
Continence (ERIC) in supporting parents and professionals is discussed. 2 refs.
Title: Treatment of idiopathic constipation in children and young people.
Citation: Primary Health Care, September 2010, vol./is. 20/7(16-9), 0264-5033 (2010 Sep)
Author(s): Dobson, P, Blannin, J
Abstract: Discussion of the NICE guidelines 'Constipation in children and young people'
(2010) on the diagnosis and management of childhood constipation in primary and secondary
7
care. Definitions of associated terminology, the condition's prevalence, symptoms and causes
are outlined. The benefits of early identification and maintenance therapy are explored. 4 refs.
Title: Assessment and management of constipation in terminal disease.
Citation: End of Life Care, August 2010, vol./is. 4/3(56-63), 1754-1069 (2010 Aug)
Author(s): Nancekivell-Smith, R
Abstract: Causes, assessment and management of constipation in terminally ill patients, with
reference to a case scenario. Signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria of constipation are
discussed, including the Bristol Stool Form Scale, and common types of laxatives are
identified. Recommendations are made for monitoring bowel habits and reducing the adverse
effects of constipation. 51 refs.
Title: Abdominal massage for people with constipation: a cost utility analysis.
Citation: J Advanced Nursing, August 2010, vol./is. 66/8(1719-29), 0309-2402 (2010 Aug)
Author(s): Lamas, K, Lindholm, L, Engstrom, B
Abstract: Research by randomised controlled trial in Sweden into the benefits for quality of
life of abdominal massage for constipation. The study also investigated the cost-effectiveness
of abdominal massage when administered for 8 weeks by nursing staff for inpatients and
when carried out by patients themselves after instruction. Quality of life assessments at 3
points during the treatment are reported. 56 refs
Title: Assessing constipation and interventions.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2010, vol./is. 8/6(24-7), 1479-5248 (2010 Jul/Aug)
Author(s): Apau, D
Abstract: Causes, assessment and management of constipation, using both pharmacological
and non-pharmacological interventions. Bulk-forming agents, laxatives, stool softeners,
suppositories and enemas are discussed and other approaches are briefly identified. 14 refs.
Title: Functional constipation: implications for nursing interventions.
Citation: J Clinical Nursing, July 2010, vol./is. 19/13-14(1838-43), 0962-1067 (2010 Jul)
Author(s): Zhou, L, Lin, Z, Lin, L
Abstract: Quantitative research in China examining whether there is a causal relationship
between depression or anxiety and functional constipation. Results of an anorectal
manometry and anxiety and depression scores were measured in men and women diagnosed
with functional constipation and compared with those of healthy volunteers. The implications
for psychological nursing care of these patients are considered. 18 refs.
Title: Abdominal massage in the management of constipation.
Citation: Continence UK, June 2010, vol./is. 4/2(20-4), 1753-8890 (2010 Jun)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Literature review concerning the effectiveness of treating constipation using
abdominal massage. Assessment to establish if massage should be considered and guidelines
for health professionals on recommended procedures are described and illustrated. 18 refs.
8
Title: NICE provides a consistent and coordinated approach to managing childhood
constipation.
Citation: Nursing Times, June 2010, vol./is. 106/24(34), 0954-7762 (2010 22 Jun)
Author(s): Weaver, A
Abstract: Continence Journal supplement. Summary of NICE recommendations (2010) on
the management of idiopathic chronic constipation in children and the implications for
nurses. 3 refs.
Title: Comparison of two bowel treatments to prevent constipation in post-surgical
orthopaedic patients.
Citation: Int J Orthopaedic & Trauma Nursing, May 2010, vol./is. 14/2(75-81), 1878-1241
(2010 May)
Author(s): Madsen, L, Magor, C, Parker, B
Abstract: Research in Australia on the effectiveness of Macrogol 3350 with electrolytes
(Movicol) to standard bowel treatment for reducing constipation in postoperative orthopaedic
patients, compared to standard treatment using Coloxyl and senna. Patients having elective
total knee and hip replacement surgery were allocated to the intervention or control group and
bowel movements, abdominal symptoms, pain and nausea were recorded daily. 17 refs.
Title: Management of constipation.
Citation: Learning Disability Practice, May 2010, vol./is. 13/4(26-8), 1465-8712 (2010 May)
Author(s): Marsh, L, Caples, M, Dalton, C
Abstract: Overview of the prevalence, causes and non-pharmacological management of
constipation in people with learning disabilities. A case study is used to illustrate the benefits
of a nurse-led 2-hour workshop for patients and their carers to help them recognise causes
and symptoms and receive appropriate care. 21 refs.
Title: Constipation in people with learning disability.
Citation: BMJ, March 2010, vol./is. 340/7745(531-2), 0959-8138 (2010 6 Mar)
Author(s): Coleman, J, Spurling, G
Abstract: The incidence of constipation in people with learning disabilities and the problems
in its diagnosis. Management is outlined, along with the reasons why it is considered
significant in adults with learning disabilities. 15 refs.
Title: A pilot study of the effectiveness of reflexology in treating idiopathic constipation
in women.
Citation: Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, February 2010, vol./is. 16/1(41-6),
1744-3881 (2010 Feb)
Author(s): Woodward, S, Norton, C, Barriball, K
Abstract: Research evaluating the use of reflexology to treat idiopathic constipation in
women. Participants completed a 6-weeks course of reflexology and were assessed before
and after for symptoms of constipation, laxative use and perceived health and anxiety. 35
refs.
Title: The older person: management of constipation.
Citation: Br J Community Nursing, February 2010, vol./is. 15/2(58-64), 1462-4753 (2010
Feb)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Symptoms of constipation in older people and evidence-based and emerging
management options. Functional assessment, dietary factors associated with constipation and
9
types of laxatives are considered. 2 new treatments, the Peristeen trans-anal irrigation system
and Relistor for opioid-induced constipation, are described. 42 refs.
Title: Opioid induced constipation.
Citation: Independent Nurse, January 2010(18), 1747-9800 (2010 18 Jan)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Assessment and management of constipation caused by opioid drugs in palliative
care. 6 refs.
Title: The impact of opioid-induced constipation on patients near the end of life:
perspectives of patients, family caregivers and nurses.
Citation: J Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 2010, vol./is. 12/1(29-40), 1522-2179 (2010
Jan/Feb)
Author(s): Lentz, J, McMillan, S
Abstract: Qualitative research in the USA on the effect of opioid-induced constipation on
pain management and quality of life in cancer patients in end-of-life care. Hospice and
palliative care nurses, cancer patients and family carers completed a survey about the
perceived impact of constipation, frequency of pain, other adverse effects of opioids and time
spent by nurses dealing with constipation. 30 refs.
Title: Methylnaltrexone: a subcutaneous treatment for opioid-induced constipation in
palliative care patients.
Citation: Int J Palliative Nursing, November 2009, vol./is. 15/11(533-40), 1357-6321 (2009
Nov)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: The prevalence, causes and management of constipation in palliative care patients.
Guidance is provided on the assessment of constipation, and on its treatment options, which
include bulk-forming laxatives, stimulants, osmotics and iso-osmotics, and softeners. A case
study to illustrate the use of methylnaltrexone bromide in opioid-induced constipation is
included. 27 refs.
Title: Methylnaltrexone treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with
advanced illness.
Citation: J Pain & Symptom Management, November 2009, vol./is. 38/5(683-90), 08853924 (2009 Nov)
Author(s): Chamberlain, B, Cross, K, Winston, J
Abstract: Quantitative controlled research in the USA and Canada evaluating the safety and
efficacy of methylnaltrexone for managing opioid-induced constipation in terminally ill
patients in palliative care settings. The impact on bowel status, common laxative use and
patient comfort is reported. 21 refs.
Title: Reflexology in the management of encopresis and chronic constipation.
Citation: Paediatric Nursing, April 2003, vol./is. 15/3(20-1), 0962-9513 (2003 Apr)
Author(s): Bishop, E, McKinnon, E, Weir, E
Abstract: Research in children between 3 and 14 years of age in Scotland. 5 refs.
10
Pelvic floor
Title: How to teach pelvic floor muscle exercises.
Citation: Midwives, 2009, vol./is. 12/3(15), 1479-2915
Author(s): Tohill, S, Kettle, C
Abstract: How To...series. Teaching pelvic floor muscle exercises, including how to locate
pelvic floor muscles. Slow and fast contraction exercises are described, with advice and
information on how to perform exercises correctly. Advice on how to prevent urinary
incontinence is also outlined. 2 refs.
Title: The menopause: effects on the pelvic floor, symptoms and treatment options.
Citation: Nursing Times, December 2009, vol./is. 105/48(22-4), 0954-7762 (2009 8 Dec)
Author(s): Lee, J
Abstract: Physiological effects of ageing on the pelvic floor in postmenopausal women,
including the damage to muscles, connective tissue, and the urethra and the later effects of
damage during childbirth. The symptoms and management of stress urinary and faecal
incontinence are described and the role of pelvic floor dysfunction is discussed. 26 refs
Title: Role of the female pelvic floor muscles: a guide for gastrointestinal nurses.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, May 2009, vol./is. 7/4(12-7), 1479-5248
Author(s): Dorey, G
Abstract: Anatomy and function of the female pelvic floor muscles and their function in
preventing faecal and urinary incontinence. Guidance on controlling faeces and urine,
including practical advice on pelvic floor exercises, is given. Types, management and support
of vaginal prolapses are also discussed. 9 refs.
Title: Role of the male pelvic floor muscles: a guide for gastrointestinal nurses.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, April 2009, vol./is. 7/3(10-4), 1479-5248
Author(s): Dorey, G
Abstract: Overview of the anatomy and functions of the male pelvic floor muscles in
supporting abdominal contents, controlling urine flow and faecal incontinence, and achieving
penile erection. The teaching of pelvic floor exercises for men by qualified nurses is also
discussed. 6 refs.
Title: Pregnancy and childbirth: the effects on pelvic floor muscles.
Citation: Nursing Times, February 2009, vol./is. 105/7(38-41), 0954-7762
Author(s): Herbert, J
Abstract: Continence Journal supplement. Effects of pregnancy on the pelvic floor and the
development of continence problems. Causes, mechanisms and symptoms of pelvic floor
dysfunction are reviewed and risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries are identified.
Recommendations are made for improving pelvic floor management in pregnancy and after
delivery. 33 refs.
Title: Coping mechanisms in women living with pelvic floor dysfunction.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, April 2008, vol./is. 6/3(30-9), 1479-5248
Author(s): Porrett, T, Cox, C
Abstract: Ethnographic research with women with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) to
investigate their coping mechanisms and triggers which prompted them to seek help. Phase 1
of the research, which takes the form of a longitudinal life health history obtained from a
woman in her 30s with longstanding PFD, is summarised. 42 refs.
11
Title: Understanding pelvic floor dysfunction and its relevance to colorectal nursing.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing, April 2006, vol./is. 4/3(20-6), 1479-5248
Author(s): Porrett, T
Abstract: Overview of pelvic floor dysfunction in women including causes and treatments.
The current service provision is discussed and the role which colorectal nurse specialists may
play in holistic assessment of women with pelvic floor dysfunction and appropriate referral to
other specialists is explained. 35 refs.
Skin Care
Title: Evaluating a skin barrier film in faecal and urinary incontinence.
Citation: Wounds UK, June 2010, vol./is. 6/2(107-11), 1746-6814 (2010 Jun)
Author(s): Deakin, A, Stapleton, M, Chadwick, K
Abstract: Evaluation of the Sorbaderm(R) No-Sting Barrier Film (NSBF) in patients with
faecal and urinary incontinence, isolated due to infection with Norovirus or Clostridium
difficile. The moisture-related skin damage of patients using Sorbaderm was compared over a
5-day period with that of patients using the usual NSBF, and its effectiveness and ease of use
assessed. 5 refs.
Title: Prevention and management of incontinence-associated dermatitis.
Citation: Drugs & Aging, June 2010, vol./is. 27/6(491-6),1170-229X;1170-229X(2010, Jun)
Author(s): Nix D, Haugen V
Abstract: Perineal dermatitis, recently relabelled 'incontinence-associated dermatitis' (IAD),
is an inflammation of the skin that occurs when urine and/or stool comes into contact with the
skin. It can range in severity from erythema with or without loss of skin integrity to infection.
IAD affects as many as 41% of adults in long-term care; it is costly, painful and, for the most
part, preventable. An effective plan of care for individuals with IAD must include assessment
and management of incontinence aetiology, perineal skin and risk assessment, gentle
cleansing and moisturization, application of skin barriers and treatment of secondary
infection, and the use of containment devices if indicated.
General Bowel Dysfunction
Title: Assessing and treating people with bowel dysfunction.
Citation: Nursing Times, March 2011, vol./is. 107/12(24), 0954-7762 (2011 29 Mar)
Author(s): Ness, W
Abstract: 5 Minute Briefing series. Assessment and treatment of patients with faecal
incontinence and constipation in hospital and the community. Causes of bowel problems are
briefly discussed and simple strategies for management are suggested. Criteria for referral are
also identified. 4 refs.
Title: Why are nurses failing to carry out digital rectal examinations?
Citation: Nursing Times, December 2010, vol./is. 106/48(8), 0954-7762 (2010 7 Dec)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Suggestion that nurses are failing to perform digital rectal examinations on patients
with faecal incontinence, due to reluctance or ignorance. 2 refs.
Title: Ask the Board: what can nurses delegate to healthcare assistants?
Citation: Br J Healthcare Assistants, December 2010, vol./is. 4/12(616-7), 1753-1586
Abstract: Principles of accountability in delegation of tasks to healthcare assistants.
Particular reference to bowel irrigation procedures is included.
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Title: Incontinence in women prisoners: an exploration of the issues.
Citation: J Advanced Nursing, September 2010, vol./is. 66/9(1953-67), 0309-2402 (2010
Sep)
Author(s): Drennan, V, Goodman, C, Norton, C
Abstract: Research into the extent of incontinence and other urinary and bowel problems
among women in an English prison, in order to help devise policies and procedures for prison
health services. The results of the survey were analysed to compare prevalence with women
in the general population, to understand how the women coped and the help they received,
and education required by prison staff. 78 refs.
Title: The physical, social and emotional effects of bowel dysfunction in Parkinson's
disease.
Citation: Nursing Times, August 2010, vol./is. 106/33(20-2), 0954-7762 (2010 24 Aug)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Impact of bowel dysfunction on quality of life for people with Parkinson disease.
Causes of constipation and problems of dysphagia, gastroparesis and functional incontinence
are explained. Risk assessment and management strategies are discussed. 22 refs.
Title: Use of Peristeen anal irrigation.
Citation: Br J Neuroscience Nursing : Better Management of Neurogenic Bowel
Dysfunction Supplement, March 2010, vol./is. 6/3(13-5), 1747-0307 (2010 Mar)
Author(s): Flynn, D
Abstract: Evidence for the use of anal irrigation to manage faecal incontinence and
constipation in patients with neurogenic bowel disorder. The procedure for using Peristeen
anal irrigation is described and a case study is included. 12 refs.
Title: Guidelines for neurogenic bowel management after spinal injury.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing : Better Management of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction
Supplement, March 2010, vol./is. 8/2(7-9), 1479-5248 (2010 Mar)
Author(s): Coggrave, M
Abstract: Importance of guidelines for bowel management in patients with spinal cord
injury. The aims and content of the guidelines initiated by the Multidisciplinary Association
of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals (2009) for the management of neurogenic bowel are
summarised and discussed. 15 refs.
Title: Assessment of bowel dysfunction.
Citation: Gastrointestinal Nursing : Better Management of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction
Supplement, March 2010, vol./is. 8/2(10-2), 1479-5248 (2010 Mar)
Author(s): Kyle, G
Abstract: Importance of nurses undertaking a thorough assessment of patients with
constipation and faecal incontinence in order to plan appropriate care and improve quality of
life. Functional assessment, digital rectal examination and other investigations are explained.
18 refs.
Title: Rectal irrigation for patients with functional bowel disorders.
Citation: Nursing Standard, March 2010, vol./is. 24/26(42-7), 0029-6570 (2010 3 Mar)
Author(s): McWilliams, D
Abstract: Causes, effects on quality of life, and treatment options available for functional
bowel disorders such as faecal incontinence, evacuatory disorders, and constipation. The use
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of biofeedback as a conservative treatment is explored, and the indications and risk factors
for rectal irrigation are discussed. 31 refs.
Title: Health-related quality of life and symptom classification in patients with irritable
bowel syndrome.
Citation: J Nursing & Healthcare of Chronic Illness, March 2010, vol./is. 2/1(4-12), 17529816 (2010 Mar)
Author(s): Smith, G, Steinke, D, Penny, K
Abstract: Quantitative research examining the impact of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) on
patients' health-related quality of life (HRQol). Factors associated with poor HRQol among
the community-based participants, who were classified into 3 sub-types according to the
predominance of diarrhoea, constipation or mixed symptoms, are discussed. 43 refs.
Title: Bowel problems and coping strategies in people with multiple sclerosis.
Citation: Br J Nursing, February 2010, vol./is. 19/4(220-6), 0966-0461 (2010 25 Feb)
Author(s): Norton, C, Chelvanayagam, S
Abstract: Research among members of the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Society into the effects
of MS on bowel function. Questionnaire responses concerning the management of faecal
incontinence and constipation, together with their impact on quality of life are discussed. 20
refs.
Title: A systematic literature review of incontinence care for persons with dementia: the
research evidence.
Citation: J Clinical Nursing, February 2010, vol./is. 19/3-4(303-12), 0962-1067 (2010 Feb)
Author(s): Hagglund, D
Abstract: Systematic review of research examining the effectiveness of strategies used to
assess, manage and prevent urinary/faecal incontinence in people with dementia. The impact
of various management/prevention methods, including prompted/timed voiding,
bladder/bowel/pelvic floor muscle training, incontinence aids, catheterisation and laxative
use, was investigated. Challenges of maintaining dignity are considered. 54 refs.
Title: Bowel care for patients with long-term chronic conditions.
Citation: Continence UK, December 2009, vol./is. 3/4(22-9), 1753-8890 (2009 Dec)
Author(s): Foxley, S, Latham, J
Abstract: The nursing management of constipation in patients with long-term conditions.
Normal bowel function is described and functional or anatomical problems which may cause
constipation are outlined. Treatment options including lifestyle, exercise, diet and fluid
intake, medication, surgery and a bowel management programme are discussed. 39 refs
Title: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: physiology and treatment options.
Citation: Br J Nursing, November 2009, vol./is. 18/21(1312-5), 0966-0461 (2009 26 Nov)
Author(s): Swatton, A
Abstract: The causes and management of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Diagnosis and
association with constipation problems are described and treatment options including
medication, biofeedback therapy involving a nurse specialist and surgical procedures are
outlined and illustrated. 27 refs.
Title: The cost of containment.
Citation: Nursing Older People, April 2008, vol./is. 20/3(24-6), 1472-0795
Author(s): Davis, C
14
Abstract: Discussion of the report 'National Audit of Continence Care for Older People' by
the Royal College of Physicians of London (2008). Failures to comply with NICE guidelines
for continence care including history taking, checking for infection and treatment such as
pelvic floor exercises are highlighted. The consequences for patient dignity, psychosocial
effects, depression and moving to long term care are emphasised. 8 refs
15