Group two
THEME: EMERGING HEALTH CHALLENGES
TITLE:
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN HUMANS
AND ANIMALS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS (PILOT PHASE)
1Rosine
Manishimwe., 1Sanctus Musafiri., 2Ahmed Zeynidin. and
3Robinson Mdegela
1: Rwanda; 2: Ethiopia; 3: Tanzania
INTRODUCTION
Antibiotic resistance in humans and animals is a growing public health
concern worldwide. There is widespread evidence of AMR, overuse and
inappropriate use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine.
Antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural
purposes (eg use of antibiotics in animal feeds). Residues from human
environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
genes that can contaminate natural environments. Resistance can also spread
from animals to humans through the food chain or direct contact. The
Irrational and imprudent use extend beyond national boundaries and
therefore, effective Strategies for controlling antibiotic use and AMR require a
regional and international coherence, and powerful corporations between the
medical and veterinary professions, farmers and communities. It also needs to
make appropriate gender integration in the process
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Irrational use and management of antibiotics in animals, humans and
environment
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i.
What are the sources and supply chains of antibiotics for humans
and animals
ii.
Where and how do the communities (end users) access the antibiotics
iii.
What are the factors contributing for irrational usage of antibiotics for
humans and animals
iv.
What are the patterns and magnitude of antibiotic resistance in
humans and animals
v.
What are the infection control practices to prevent emergence of
antibiotic resistance in humans and animals
vi. What are the existing regulations and policies regarding control of
emergence of antibiotic resistance
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To establish the baseline information for the rational use of antibiotics and
factors (and regulatory frameworks) contributing to emergence of resistance in
humans and animals using a One Health Approach.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To assess the accessibility and usage of antibiotics in humans and
animals
 To establish the magnitude and pattern of antibiotic resistance in
human and animals
 To assess the policy and regulatory environment regarding antibiotic
usage, disposal and control of emergency of antibiotic resistance
MATERIALS AND METHODS
-
Study location: Ethiopia, Rwanda and Tanzania
Study design: cross sectional study design
Data collection method: Questionnaire survey on accessibility and usage
of antibiotics; review of secondary data, policies, literature from
published papers and reports; interviews with key informants
Phases
 Pilot phase on situational analysis
 Epidemiological study
 Formulation/Customization and testing of the strategy
 Action research to combat emergence of antibiotic resistance
PROPOSED ACTORS

Medical professionals, Veterinarians, Public and environmental health,
Pharmacists, Policy makers and planners, Social scientists and
anthropologist, Communities, Civil organizations/societies
TEAM MEMBERS




Ahmed zeynidin
Robinson mdegela
Rosine manishimwe
Sanctus musafiri
LITERATURE
1. World Health Organization. 2001a. WHO Global strategy for containment
of antimicrobial resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/DRS/2001.2. WHO
Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
2. Hidron ai, edwards Jr, patel J, et al. antimicrobial-resistant pathogens
associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of
data reported to the national Healthcare Safety network at the canters
for disease control and prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol.2008;29(11)996-1011.
3. Alonso, A., Sánchez, P., and Martínez, J. L. Environmental selection of
antibiotic resistance genes. Environ. Microbiol.3, 1–91(2001)
4. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no
ESKAPE! An up-date from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1-12.
5. A de J. Sosal, D. K. Byarugabal, C. F. Ama´bile-Cuevasl, Po-Ren Hsuehl,
S. Kariukil, I. N. Okeke. (eds.), Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing
Countries, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_2,Springer Science
Business Media, LLC 2010
6. J.L. Martinez. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic
resistance determinants, Environmental Pollution 157 (2009) 2893–2902
7. Carlet J, Collignon P, Goldmann D, et al. Society’s failure to protect a
precious resource: antibiotics. Lancet. 2011;378:369-71.
8. Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food Animals and antimicrobials: impacts on
human health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:718-33.
9. Talbot GH, Bradley J, Edwards JE Jr, et al. Bad bugs need drugs: an
update on the development pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability
Task Force of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis.
2006;42:657-68.
10.
World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial
resistance – options for action. 2012.