PLANT ADAPTATIONS ON CAMPUS INTRODUCTION The purpose
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PLANT ADAPTATIONS ON CAMPUS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this lab is not to be able to identify every plant you see. The purpose of this lab is to learn how to identify the different adaptations a plant may have evolved for survival in a particular environment. In this lab, you will be responsible for learning the names and adaptations of the plants discussed during the tour of the campus and Wildlife Sanctuary. Leave Types Simple: Compound: Singly: Doubly: Venation: Pinnate: Palmate: Parallel: Leaf Arrangement: Alternate: Opposite: Whorled: Plant Species: Species Characteristics Acacia (White) Common Name: Golden Wattle, “parallel veins” Tannins Evergreen Fruits: Legume Pinnately compound, opposite Fruits: Samaras Deciduous Bladderpod Compound Leaves – trifoliate, alternate, Ash Tree Fruit: capsule Brazilian Pepper Pinnately compound, alternating leaves Fruit: Drupe Black Sage Evergreen, Simple leaves, opposite Fruit: Schizocarp Family/Location Other Fabaceae Australia Phylloids – modified petioles to reduce water loss Oleaceae North America, Europe Asia Used for baseball bats, flooring, tool handles Capparaceae (caper family) SW U.S Inflated Seedpods Anacardiaceae Tropical and subtropical south america Lamiaceae Coastal Sage Scrub Not a true pepper Shallow roots Sap – skin reactions Used as a pain reliever, nectar made into a honey Bulrush Three sided Cyperaceae (Sedge) N and S America Indicator of fresh water Cactus Leaves – modified into spines from areoles Cactaceae Deserts Chladophylls Cohineal (scale) insect carmine dye California Buckeye Palmately compound Sapindaceae Seeds: poisonous Fruit: capsule Native to CA Aesculin: lyses RBC’s California Buckwheat Erosion control Polygonaceae Used as treatment for headached, diarrhea, wounds, good for heart California Redbud Deciduous, simple leaves SW U.S Fabeaceae Western US Used for wood veneer, Erosion control California Sagebrush Light in color, Fruit Achene Asteraceae Terpenes: odor and reduce competition, erosion control California Sweet bay Dioecious, Lauraceae Fruit: True Berry Mediterranean Spice, Cineole oil used as an astringent – Olympic wreaths Plant Species (cont) Species Characteristics Family Other Caster Bean Leaves palmate, alternate, reddish tinge Fruit: not a bean - Capsule Euphorbiaceae Mediterranean Ricin, protein a few grains of sand can kill an adult Catalina Cherry Simple, alternate leaves Rosaceae Evergreen Coastal CA Native americans fermented fruit Drupe Catalina Ironwood Compound leaves Roasaceae Seeds not very viable Fruit: Capsule Catalina Endemic Cattails Spike – wind dispersed Typhaceae Indicator of freshwater No. hemisphere Rhizomes are edible Ceanothus (Mt. Lilac) Simple, evergreen Leaves with 3 prominent veins Fruit: Capsule Rhamnaceae Endemic to Ca Chaparral Eaten by deer Coast Live Oak Evergreen, simple, convex with hair along veins Fruit: Nut Fagaceae Tannins – can’t metabolize proteins Coffee berry Evergreen Rhamnaceae Fruit: berry Chaparral Evergreen Asteraceae Fruit: achenes California Deciduous, pinnately compound leaves – Fruit: True Berry Adoxaceae White leaves- Geophyte (water storage) Fruit: achene Asteraceae U.S. Desert Uses as glue, sealer, gum, incense, treat toothaches Evergreen, oil glands simple Myrtaceae Insecticides Fruit: capsules Australia Peeling bark Simple 3-lobed leaf, fuzzy texture Malvaceae Fruit: capsule SW United States Modified hairs Trichomes Coyote Bush Elderberry Encelia Eucalyptus Flannel Bush CA Erosion control, hated by deer Secondary pioneer plant Make wine and syrup No. hemisphere Plant Species (cont) Species Characteristics Family Other Fremont Cottonwood Triangular Salicaceae Fruit: Achene SW U.S. Fringe Tree Deciduous – Oleaceae Fruit: Drupe Eastern U.S. Long petioles – wind adaptation Used for wounds and reduce inflammation Use for wounds and inflammation Fan shaped leaves Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Only males are planted China Horehound White - Candy Lamiaceae Fruit: Berry Europe, N. Africa, Asia Invasive Weed, brought in with cows, grasshopper repellent Incense Cedar Scale-like leaves Cupressaceae Snow adaptation Cones Western N. A. Jacaranda Doubly compound Sticky flowers Used for acoustic guitars Opposite, gray green simple Bignoniaceae Tropical and subtropical Central and South am Simmondsiaceae Fruit: Deserts of calif and mex Thick sap Laurel Sumac Reddish edges Anacardiaceae Simple leaves Fruit: Drupe Mediterranean climate Tea for dysentery Volatile compounds Crown sprouting Lemonade Berry Trifoliate, alternating Anacardiaceae Lemonade Fruit: berry Mediterranean climate Tannins Liquid Amber Palmate leaves Altingiaceae Fruit: woody capsule Southeastern U.S Named for the fragrant juice from the tree Manzanita Red Bark Ericaceae Furniture Fruit: berries Chaparral Fire adapted Fruit Capsule Jojoba Mesquite Deciduous, compound leaves, thorns Fabaceae Fruit: legume Mexico / deserts Upright leaves Long taproot (190 feet deep) Food, bees, clothing, tea, eye drops Plant Species (cont) Species Characteristics Family Other Mulefat Simple leaves Asteraceae False Willow Fruit: ribbed achene Southwest U.S. riparian area Annual Brassicaceae Fruit: Silique Disturbed areas Only native palm to CA Arecaceae Fruit: Drupe Oasis Mustard Palm, California Sign of disturbance Skirt Arecaceae Skirt Sheds leaves, green bark Spines Fruit: Legume Fabaceae Scarification Southwest U.S. Nurse plant for Saguaro Grass family Poaceae Leaves that cut Fruit: Grain Southern SA Needles Pinaceae Pine cones Taiga Sago Palm True secondary growth Cycadaceae Tropical and subtropical Southern Magnolia Thick waxy leaves – pubescence underneath Fruit: Follicle Magnoliaceae Palm, Mexican Palo Verde Pampas Grass Pine Tree Sugar Bush Toyon Tree Tobacco Toxic – Cycasin which causes liver failure SE U.S. Anacardiaceae Fruit: Drupes Chaparral Christmas berry Fruit: Pome Rosaceae Chaparral Solanaceae South america Fruit: Adaptation for snow tannins Jelly from fruit, tea for stomach ailments, contain glycocises Nicotine : treats bruises, cuts, sore Plant Species (cont) Species Characteristics Family Other Walnut Deciduous, compound Juglandinae Fruit: Drupe Endemic to CA Edible but we eat English Walnuts Western Sycamore Deciduous Platanaceae Fruit: achene California White Alder Simple, alternate Betulaceae Catkins W. U.S - riparian Stroboli White Lamiaceae Seeds made into Pinole Fruit: achene CSS, chaparral annual Brassicaceae fruit: silque - ribbed Disturbed habitats water Salicaceae White Sage Wild Radish Willow Fruit: capsule Disturbed areas Salicylic acid in sap (aspirin) Headaches, stomach Plant Families Mustard (Brassicaceae) Cactus (Cactaceae) Mint (Lamiaceae) Rose (Rosaceae) Pea (Fabaceae) Sumac (Anacardiaceae) Sunflower (Asteraceae) Grass (Poaceae) Plant Families When identifying flower parts, it is best to start on the outside of the flower and work towards the middle: Sepals: a modified leaf, part of the outermost of the four groups of flower parts. The sepals of a flower are collectively called the calyx and act as a protective covering of the inner flower parts in the bud. Sepals are usually green, but in some flowers (e.g., the lily and the orchid) they are the same color as the petals and may be confused with them, Petals: The whorl of petals is known collectively as the corolla [Lat.,=little crown]. The number of petals is usually constant within groups (e.g., five in the rose family), as are the numbers of the other organs. Stamens: The stamen (microsporophyll), is often called the flower's male reproductive organ. It is typically located between the central pistil and the surrounding petals. A stamen consists of a slender stalk (the filament) tipped by a usually bilobed sac (the anther) in which microspores develop as grains. Pistils: the female reproductive organ of flowering plants, consisting of an ovary, style (sometimes absent), and stigma. The carpels are separate or fused to form a single pistil Plant Family Mustard (Brassicaceae) Sepals 4 Petals Stamens 4 arranged in an 6 - 4 Tall & X or H 2 Short Pistils 1 5 United Petals – 2 lobes up, 3 down 5 forming Banner, Wings, and Keel 5 petals fused together 4 – 2 Long & 2 Short 2 United Usu. 10 (sometimes 5) 1 5 fused around pistil Stigmas Numerous Numerous Numerous Rose (Rosaceae) 5 5 Numerous 2 or more united carpels Numerous Sumac (Anacardiaceae) 5 5 5 or 10 1 Grass (Poaceae) Minimal Minimal 3 3 united carpels Mint (Lamiaceae) 5 United Pea (Fabaceae) 5 United Sunflower (Asteraceae) In a ring Cactus (Cactaceae) Others Seed pods - Radial pattern around the stalk called a raceme Stems are Square with opposite leaves, aromatic Pea-like pods and often pinnate leaves Composites with many small flowers in a disk Succulent plant with spines Oval, serated Leaves 3-lobed or pinnate leaves, single seeded red or white fruit Knee-like nodes on the flower stems Mustard (Brassicaceae) Mint (Lamiaceae) Pea (Fabaceae) Sunflower (Asteraceae) Rose (Rosaceae) Sumac (Anacardiaceae)
