ON FARM STUDY OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN LEMO DISTRICT
AND ITS ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO LIVER CONDEMNATION AT
HOSSANA MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
M.Sc. Thesis
BEKELE CHAKISO
October, 2012
Haramaya University
ON FARM STUDY OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN LEMO DISTRICT
AND ITS ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO LIVER CONDEMNATION AT
HOSSANA MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Biology, College of Natural and
Computational Science, School of Graduate Studies
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY
BY
Bekele Chakiso
October, 2012
Haramaya University
APPROVAL SHEET
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
As Thesis Research advisors, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluated this thesis
prepared, under our guidance, by Bekele Chakiso Gugero, entitled On Farm Study of
Bovine Fasciolosis in Lemo District and its Economic Loss due to Liver Condemnation
at Hossana Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia. We recommend that it be submitted as
fulfilling the Thesis requirement.
Dr. Sissay Menkir
Major Advisor
_________________
Signature
Dr. Desta Beyene
Co-advisor
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Date
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Date
As member of the Board of Examiners of the M.Sc Thesis Open Defense Examination, we
certify that we have read and evaluated the Thesis prepared by Bekele Chakiso Gugero and
examined the candidate. We recommend that the Thesis be accepted as fulfilling the Thesis
requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Microbiology.
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my most beloved wife W/O Marshet Mitiku for her great
contribution in all my achievements during my study and beloved baby Biniam Bekele.
ii
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
The author declares that this thesis work is his genuine work and that all sources of materials
used for the thesis have been dully acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for M.Sc degree at the Haramaya University and is deposited
at the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I
solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution any where for the
award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate.
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that
accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation
from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the
department or the dean of School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the
proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however,
permission must be obtained from the author.
Name: Bekele Chakiso
Signature: ---------------------
Place: Haramaya University, Haramaya
Date of submission: ----------------------------
iii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The author, Bekele Chakiso, was born in Shecha, Lemo district, Hadiya zone of the SNNPRS,
in, June 1981GC. He began his education at Lereba Elementary and Junior School, in Lemo
district. He completed his Secondary School in Yekatit 25/67 Secondary High School, in 2000
GC and joined Hawassa College of Teachers Education in 2001GC and graduated with
College Diploma in Biology in 2002 GC. Then, he was employed by Ministry of Education in
the same administrative zone Lemo district as a Primary and Junior School teacher.
After intensive study and hard working, he joined Addis Ababa University as advanced
standing (Regular) program in 2006 GC and graduated with a B.Ed Degree in Biology in July
2008 GC. After his graduation, he has been teaching Biology as a Secondary School teacher
in Anlemo district of Hadiya Zone. Then after serving for two years, he joined School of
Graduate Studies at Haramaya University in October 2010 GC to pursue his M.Sc. study in
Microbiology.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all, I thank the Almighty God for giving me health, strength and support for the
completion of the study. Next to this, the writer of this thesis would like to extend his deepest
gratitude to his major advisor, Dr. Sissay Menkir and Co-advisor, Dr. Desta Beyene for their
continuous and close assistance in giving constructive advices, comments and suggestions
without any reservation throughout the study period.
The author would also like to extend his heartfelt thanks to W/O Marshet Mitiku for her
material assistance, moral input and facilitation of any administrative issues without any ups
and downs that helped him complete his work with courage
I feel a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Bahiru Tamirat, who is the meat inspector in Hossana
municipal abattoir, and Gizaw Salo, who is the laboratory technician, for their unreserved
professional assistance they provided during the postmortem inspection and laboratory work,
respectively. The writer of this thesis would also like to express his deep appreciation to his
intimate friend Ato Kedir Dutamo, for his unreserved and uncountable support in material and
friendly encouragement of every aspect throughout his study.
Finally, the author wishes to thank farmers of peasant associations in Lemo district for their
interest to participate in the research work by providing their cattle in order to take a fecal
sample, which is the basic tool for the research work in the farm study.
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ALRCE
Andassa Livestock Research Center of Ethiopia
CDC
Center for Disease Control
CI
Confidence Interval
CSA
Central Statistical Agency
DPPC
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission
ETB
Ethiopian Birr
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organization
HZSA
Hadiya Zone Statistical Abstract
MAAF
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal husbandry and Fisheries
NCCLS
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
PAs
Peasant Associations
QC
Quality Control
SEM
Standard Error Mean
SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Science
SPNNRS
Southern People Nations, Nationalities and Regional State
TCBZ
Triclbendazole
WFP
World Food Program
WHO
World Health Organization
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ii
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
iii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF TABLE IN THE APPENDIX
xii
ABSTRACT
xiii
1. INTRODUCTION
1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1. Fasciola Species and its Morphology
4
2.2. Host Range
6
2.2.1. Final host
6
2.2.2. Intermediate hosts
7
2.3. Life Cycle
8
2.4. Epidemiology
10
2.4.1. Factors that affect the distribution of the fasciolosis in cattle
10
2.4.1.1. Climatic factors
10
2.4.1.2. Availability of suitable snail’s habitat
11
2.5. Pathogenesis
11
2.6. Clinical Signs
12
2.7. Diagnosis
13
2.8. Control and Treatment
13
2.8.1. Snail control
13
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
2.8.1.1. Chemical control of snails
14
2.8.1.2. Biological methods of snail control
14
2.8.2. Treatment
15
2.9. Importance of Bovine Fasciolosis
16
2.9.1. Economic importance
16
2.9.2. Public health significance
16
2.10. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Ethiopia
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
19
3.1. Description of the Study Area
19
3.2. Study Population
21
3.3. Study Design and Sampling Techniques
21
3.4. Sample Size Determination
21
3.5. Study Methodology
22
3.5.1. Coprological examination
22
3.5.2. Abattoir survey
23
3.5.2.1. Antemortem inspection
23
3.5.2.2. Postmortem examination
24
3.5.2.3. Estimation of direct economic loss due to liver condemnation
25
3.6. Data Analysis
25
3.7. Data Quality Control
26
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
27
4.1. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Lemo District, Southern Ethiopia
27
4.2. Association of Prevalence of Fasciola Species Infection and Body Condition
31
4.3. Prevalence of Fasciola Species Infection in Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana Abattoir 32
4.4. Association of Fasciolosis with Body Condition Scores
34
4.5. Major Fasciola Species Identified in Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana Abattoir
35
4.6. Liver Fluke Count from the Infected Liver of Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana
Municipal Abattoir
36
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
4.7. Association of Severity of Liver Pathological Lesion with Fluke Burden in Cattle
37
4.8. Direct economic Loss Assessment
38
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
40
5.1. Summary
40
5.2. Conclusion and Recommendations
41
6. REFERENCES
43
7. APPENDICES
53
7.1. Appendix I
54
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1. Anthelmintics against bovine fasciolosis .......................................................................... 15
2. Prevalence of fasciolosis by sex and age based on coprological examination of cattle
owned by smallholder farmers in Lemo district, southernEthiopia from February-April,
2012 ..................................................................................................................................... 28
3. Prevalence of Fasciola species infection by breed of cattle and study farms in Lemo
district, southern Ethiopia from February-April, 2012. ....................................................... 29
4. Association of Fasciola species infection on body condition of examined cattle in Lemo
district, southern Ethiopia from February- April, 2012. ...................................................... 31
5. Prevalence of fasciolosis by sex, age and breed of cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal
abattoir, southern Ethiopia from February-April, 2012 ....................................................... 33
6. Association of Fasciola species infection on body condition of examined cattle at Hossana
municipal abattoir from February-April, 2012............................................................
34
7. Types of Fasciola infection during postmortem examination of slaughtered animals at
Hossana municipal abattoir from February-April, 2012 ....................................................... 35
8. Fasciola species burden of cattle slaughtered at Hossana abattoir from February-April,
2012……………………………………………………………………………………… 36
9. Parasitic burden, types of infection and related liver condition. .......................................... 38
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1. Adult stage of Fasciola hepatica (left) and Fasciola gigantica (right). ................................ 4
2. Morphology of Paramphistomum (left) and Fasciola species eggs (right). .......................... 5
3. Lymnaea truncatula (left) and Lymnaea natalensis (right)................................................... 8
4. Life cycle of Fasciola species ................................................................................................ 9
5. Map of the study area……………………………………………………………………
xi
20
LIST OF TABLE IN THE APPENDIX
Appendix Table
Page
1. Body condition scores of examined cattle .......................................................................... 54
2. Field and laboratory data collection format ........................................................................ 55
3. Abattoir antmortem and postmortem inspection data collection format ............................. 56
xii
ON FARM STUDY OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN LEMO DISTRICT
AND ITS ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO LIVER CONDEMNATION AT
HOSSANA MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
ABSTRACT
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is a zoonotic helminth infection of
ruminants and causes of an important economic loss. The cross-sectional study was conducted from
February to April 2012 at Lemo district and Hossana municipal abattoir to determine the prevalence
of fasciolosis, identify the predominant Fasciola species and to determine fluke burden, severity of
liver pathological lesions of cattle slaughtered and assess the direct economic loss because of bovine
fasciolosis due to liver condemnation. In this study, the sample population of 384 cattle from the
Peasant Associations were randomly selected and coprologically examined by sedimentation
techniques and 384 cattle were selected by systematic sampling techniques for postmortem
examination at Hossana municipal abattoir. The overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis on farm and
abattoir study was 34.9% and 30.5%, respectively. The infection rate of bovine fasciolosis on farm
and abattoir study was significantly associated (p<0.05) with age, breed, body condition, origin of
study animals as well as the type of Fasciola species, liver pathology and worm burden. However,
there was no statistically significant association of bovine fasciolosis with sex of cattle (p>0.05).It was
noticed that a higher (37.5%) prevalence rate was identified in young than adult (33.3%) cattle and
higher (61.9%) in Holstein than cross (35.7%) or indigenous (33.1%) breed. Cattle with thin body
condition were higher in infection rate than average or fat. The predominant Fasciola species
identified was Fasciola hepatica (55.6%) followed by Fasciola gigantica (19.6%).The average mean
fluke burden was 27.48 flukes per affected liver. The mean fluke burden in mixed Fasciola species
(34.00 ± 6.255) was higher and least in Fasciola hepatica (27.85±3.620).The mean fluke burden that
contributed for the liver pathological lesion categories of moderately, severely and lightly affected
livers was (34.37±4.369), (26.76± 2.712) and (7± 0.513), respectively. A direct economic loss
identified in cattle due to liver condemnation by fasciolosis at Hossana municipal abattoir was
estimated 88,806.85 Ethiopian birr Per annum. Bovine fasciolosis was a prevalent parasitic disease
and cause a considerable economic loss in the study area. Therefore, the role of host factors (age, sex,
breed and body condition) and conducive environment for the development of intermediate host snails
should be clearly recognized by all stakeholders in order to understand their effects on the disease
occurrences as well as in control and prevention of fasciolosis in cattle.
Key words: Abattoir, Bovine, Economic loss, Fasciolosis, Hossana, Lemo, Prevalence
xiii
1. INTRODUCTION
Fasciolosis is an important parasitic disease of domestic ruminants caused by digenean
trematodes of the genus Fasciola commonly referred as liver flukes. The two species most
commonly implicated, as the etiological agents of fasciolosis are Fasciola hepatica and
Fasciola gigantica (Lotfy et al., 2002). It is a serious disease of herbivorous animals
(Torgerson and Claxton, 1999), leading to huge economic losses in livestock production,
while human infection has long been seemed to be accidentally (Mas-Coma et al., 2005).
The distribution of fasciolosis is worldwide.The distribution of Fasciola hepatica is limited to
temperate areas and high land of tropical and sub-tropical regions while Fasciola gigantica is
wide spread in most parts of tropical Africa. Thus, the distribution of two Fasciola species
overlap in many African and Asian countries and sometimes in the same country, although in
such cases the ecological requirements of the flukes and their snail intermediate host is
distinct (Mas-Coma et al.,2005; Walker et al.,2008).
The geographic distribution of Fasciola species is dependent on the distribution of suitable
species of snails such as Lymnae natalensis and Lymnae truncatula, the most common
intermediate hosts and usually associated with herds and flocks grazing wet marshy land area.
Both Lymnae species are needed for the parasite’s life cycle to be completed. According to
Thomas (1883) and Brown (2005), the distribution of fasciolosis is associated with the
favorable climatic and ecological conditions for development, spread and maturity of parasite
and it’s life cycle stages in various areas.
In view of the worldwide spread, occurrence and zoonotic nature, fasciolosis has emerged as a
major global and regional concern affecting all domestic animals and infection is most
prevalent in regions with intensive cattle production (WHO, 2008). From the many parasitic
problems of farm domestic animals, fasciolosis is the most important disease, which causes
direct and indirect economic loss on livestock production, particularly of sheep and cattle
(Keyyu et al., 2006).
1
The disease is the major cause for the considerable economic losses in the cattle industry,
mainly through mortality, liver condemnation, reduced production of milk, meat and
expenditures for anthelmintics (Hillyer and Apt, 1997).
Fasciolosis in cattle cause severe economic losses in Africa (Mungube et al. 2006) and caused
by the liver flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica, being the most important.
Fasciola hepatica was shown to be the most important fluke species in Ethiopian livestock
with distribution over three quarter of the nation except in the arid north-east and east of the
country, while Fasciola gigantica is mostly localized in the western humid zone of the
country and distributed approximately one-fourth of the nation (Malone et al., 1998).
Ethiopia has the largest livestock inventories in Africa, including about 50,888,005 cattle,
25,979,919 sheep, 21,960,706 goats, 456,910 camels, and 5,765,170 equines with livestock
ownership currently contributing to the livelihoods of an estimated 80% of the rural
population. The livestock sector in Ethiopia has substantial contribution to the economy;
however, parasitic diseases like fasciolosis cause a significant economic problem by lowering
the productivity of cattle in addition to losses from condemnation of affected organs (CSA,
2009).
The presence of bovine fasciolosis due to Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in
Ethiopia has long been known and its prevalence and economic loss has been reported by
several workers. However, Most of the published reports in Ethiopia are from the northern
parts of the country as 56.6% by Adem (1994); 14.4% by Daniel (1995); 33.42% by Yilma
and Mesfin (2000); 46.58% by Tadele and Worku (2007) and 24.32% by Gebretsadik et al.
(2009).
According to the study conducted by Abdul (1992); Daniel (1995) and Tadele and Worku
(2007), the total economic loss of about 154,188 Birr, 215,000 Birr and 6,300USD per annum
in cattle were reported due to fasciolosis at Soddo, Dire Dawa and Jimma municipal slaughter
houses, respectively due to liver condemnation of cattle. Prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle
2
was also reported by some researchers in southern part of the country as 14% by Fufa et al.
(2010); 29.75% by Rahel (2009) and 28.63% by Rahmeto et al. (2010) from Sodo, Alaba and
Hawassa municipal abattoirs, respectively.
Lemo district, where the present study was conducted, there is conducive condition/factors
such as favorable temperature, rainfall, altitude, poor management system of cattle, mixed
grazing system, flooded pastures, grazing cattle on water logged areas, slowly flowing water
ways and banks of rivers are available for the breeding and development of intermediate host,
snails to cause fasciolosis. However, on farm prevalence of Bovine fasciolosis in Lemo
district and its economic loss due to liver condemnation at Hossana municipal abattoir,
southern Ethiopia was not studied. Hence, the present study was designed to generate
epidemiological information and estimate economic significance fasciolosis in Lemo district
cattle population.
Therefore, the objectives of this study were:
General objective
 Assess the current on farm and abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and
associated economic loss in Lemo district.
Specific objectives
 To determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and examine its association with
host factors: age, sex, breed and body condition of cattle owned by smallholder
farmers in the study area.
 To identify the predominant Fasciola species, determine its burden and severity of
liver pathological lesions of cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal abattoir.
 To estimate direct economic loss of bovine fasciolosis due to liver condemnation at
Hossana municipal abattoir.
3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Fasciola Species and its Morphology
Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by digenean trematodes of the genus Fasciola. The
two most important Fasciola species (etiological agents) of this genus, that cause fasciolosis
in cattle are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Morphologically, parasites of
fasciolosis are leaf-shaped, dorso-ventrally flattened helminthes (Alison, 2011).
Figure 1: Adult stage of Fasciola hepatica (left) and Fasciola gigantica (right).
(Source: Kakar et al., 2011)
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are very similar to each other and the variation by
their length and width. Fasciola hepatica measures 25 to 30 mm and 8 to 15 mm in length and
width respectively, depending upon the species. The grayish brown flukes have flattened
body, showing dark contrast of the gut, which is normally filled with blood. The anterior part
has a conical projection that continues in a more pronounced shoulder like broading and
gradually narrows in to a pointed near and it possesses an oral and ventral sucker (Mufti,
2011).
Fasciola gigantica has a similar appearance, but it is typically longer, approximately 28 to 52
mm by15mm wide and has a narrower body. The shoulder like widening of the body is not
distinct and the tail end is rounded and the cephalic cone is proportionally shorter than that of
Fasciola hepatica, and its body even more leaf like in shape (Periago et al., 2006).
4
Fasciola eggs vary only slightly in size and hence, cannot be distinguished morphologically
(Valero et al., 2009). The eggs of Fasciola hepatica are operculated with feature of yellowish
brown color and they are not easily differentiated from eggs of Fasciola gigantica (Chen et
al., 1990). Eggs of Fasciola hepatica measures 120 to 164 μm and eggs of Fasciola
gigantica, which is the larger in size, measures 129 to 204 μm (Valero et al. 2009).
The eggs of Fasciola species has a distinguishable yellowish brown colour with an indistinct
operculum (Valero et al., 2009) where as Paramphistomum eggs are clear, transparent shell,
distinct operculum and measure 160 to 180 μm (Sanabria and Romero, 2008).
Figure 2: Morphology of Paramphistomum (left) and Fasciola species eggs (right).
Source: (Michael, 2004 and Goral et al., 2011)
5
Taxonomic classification of genus Fasciola represents as follows (Soulsby, 1982; Michael,
2004; Mufti, 2011)
Domain: Eukarya (woese et al., 1990),
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class:Trematoda
Subclass:Digenea
Order:Echinostomida
Superfamily:Fasciolide
Family:Fasciolidae
Genus: Fasciola
Species:Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus,1758)
Species: Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1855).
2.2. Host Range
2.2.1. Final host
Final hosts of liver flukes are generally ruminants, including cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.
Rabbits, mice, rats, and guinea pigs are all susceptible to infection. The rabbit has been
recognized as a natural reservoir host and occasionally affects humans, thus considered as a
zoonotic infection (Okewole et al., 2000).
It is responsible for the maturation and lying of a huge number of eggs. Most mammals are
host of Fasciola hepatica, and cattle and Sheep are most important. Fasciola gigantica affects
a wide range of domestic animals and is found in lowland areas replacing Fasciola hepatica.
In unusual hosts such as man, the fluke may be found in aberrant sites for example the lungs
(Urquhart et al., 1996).
6
2.2.2. Intermediate hosts
Generally, different lymnaeid snails are involved as an intermediate host for Fasciola species
in the life cycle of fasciolosis (Bargues et al., 2001). Lymnaea natalensis; which is an aquatic
snail, which is an important intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica in Africa. Lymnaea
trancatula; an amphibious snail with a wide distribution throughout the world, including
Europe, Asia and Africa, is the most common intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica where as
Lymnaea natalensis is the most important intermediate hosts for Fasciola gigantica (Dunn,
1978; Soulsby, 1982; Urquhart et al, 1996; Yilma and Malone, 1998).
Both Fasciola hepatica (the highland) and Fasciola gigantica (lowland) liver flukes cause
severe losses in parts of Ethiopia where suitable ecological condition for the growth and
multiplication of intermediate host snails are found. Areas with seasonally flooded pastures,
slowly flowing waterways, banks of rivers and grazing areas of lakeshores are among the
favorable environments for breeding of snail vectors of fasciolosis (Brown, 2005).
In Ethiopia, the presence of both Lymnaea truncatula and Lymnaea natalensis has been
reported, and overlap in distribution is because of either Lymnaea species overlap or
susceptible animals movements. Due to the fact that, both Fasciola species overlap in the
same environment or animal host (Mas-Coma et al., 2009).
The optimum temperature range for development of the snail is 15C0_26C0 and no
development and reproductive activities takes place at temperature below 0co (Taylor et al.,
2007).
7
Figure 3: Lymnaea truncatula (left) and Lymnaea natalensis (right)
Source: (Kerney, 1999).
2.3. Life Cycle
F.hepatica and F.gigantica have similar life-cycles but different transmission characteristics
involving an intermediate host (Charleston, 1997). The fluke then establishes and matures in
the major bile ducts of infected mammals. Eggs pass into the digestive tract via the bile from
bile ducts before being excreted with faeces. The eggs then, leave the host through the faeces.
At this stage, the eggs are still not embryonated, further development to maturation taking
approximately two weeks. Time taken for the eggs to embryonate in the external environment
is temperature dependent but in the tropics is likely to result in 2-3 generations of fluke per
year (Torgerson and Claxton 1999). The next part of the life cycle occurs in freshwater or the
favorable environment where snails are found. Then, the eggs hatch and producing a motile
miracidium, the miracidium enters the lymnaeid and loses its cilia and become of sporocyst
(Soulsby, 1982).
Sporocyst dividing (vegetative multiplication) and forming radiae and fully mature radiae
giving rise to multiple cercariae that leave the snail under the optimal conditions of 15 to 26co
and little development occurs when the temperature is below 10co (Urquhart et al., 1996).
The cercariae are then, shed in the water around the snail as motile forms, and lose their tails
when they encysted as metacercariae, which is infective form that infects a definitive
8
susceptible host and it is also called resistant cercariae that attaches to submerged blades of
grass or other vegetation like water plants (watercress). In contrast to cercariae, metacercariae
have a hard outer cyst (four layered cyst) wall and can survive for prolonged periods in wet
environments and mammals acquire the infection by eating vegetation (contaminated water
plants with metacercariae) containing metacercariae (Taylor et al., 2007).
The metacercariae excysts in the digestive tract and migrate to peritoneal cavity and the liver
where adults mature in the biliary ducts. Egg production starts in the bile ducts (20,000 and
50,000 eggs/day) after maturing in the fully adult parasite (Richter et al., 1999).
Figure 4: Life cycle of Fasciola species
Source: (Torgerson and Claxton, 1999).
9
2.4. Epidemiology
Epidemiology of fasciolosis highly depends on ingestion of metacercariae on herbage,
occurrence of intermediate hosts (lymnaeid mud snails), geographical distribution and
seasonality (Radostit et al., 2007)
Fasciola gigantica is the commonest liver fluke in Africa and is widely distributed, while F.
hepatica reported only from the highlands of Ethiopia (Goll and Scott, 1979) and Kenya
(Ogambo-Ongoma, 1969).
Fasciola hepatica is mostly encountered in temperate areas, and in cooler areas of high
altitude in the tropics and subtropics, whilst Fasciola gigantica predominates in tropical areas.
Moreover, Fasciola hepatica occur above 1200 m, Fasciola gigantica below 1800 m and both
parasites between 1200 m and 1800 m (Yilma and Malone, 1998).
The preferred snail host of Fasciola hepatica is Lymnaea truncatula, which is commonest in
the cooler areas of the eastern highlands, whereas Lymnaea natalensis is the host for Fasciola
gigantica and occurs throughout tropical and sub-tropical Africa (Ramajo et al., 2001).
2.4.1. Factors that affect the distribution of fasciolosis in cattle
There are two major factors affecting the occurrence of fasciolosis in cattle. Mainly climatic
factors and availability of suitable snail’s habitat.The climatic factors include temperature and
moisture (Torgerson and Claxton, 1999).
2.4.1.1. Climatic factors
Temperature: is one of the important determinant factors for the development of the snails.
Too low or high temperature will prevent parasite reproduction even if the snail host is
present. The temperature > 10oc (Fasciola hepatica) and > 16oc (Fasciola gigantica) is quiet
suitable for the development of snails. For Fasciola gigantica, a mean minimum temperature
10
of 16°C is needed for redia production within the snail, 20°C for cercariae (Malone et al.
1998). The development of Fasciola hepatica is limited by long term mean temperatures
above 23°C and the parasite develops optimally at 18°C (Armour, 1975).
Moisture: is one of the most critical factors determining the occurrence of an intermediate
host habitat. Breeding and developmental stages of Fasciola species within snails are favored
when the ideal moisture condition in the environment is suitable. When the rainfall exceeds,
transpiration and field saturation is attained, the condition is most important for the
development of flukes. Moreover its interaction with temperature determines the breeding rate
of snails and parasites in the area (Dunn, 1978).
2.4.1.2. Availability of suitable snail’s habitat
The most important intermediate hosts of Fasciola species are Lymnaea truncatula and
Lymnaea natalensis. Lymnaea truncatula is able to withstand dry periods by aestivation and is
generally found in marshy areas where small pools may dry up from time to time where as
Lymnaea natalensis prefers deeper and more permanent water bodies, such as rivers, streams
and ponds. Lymnaea truncatula is the potential for the disease to spread to new areas via
human and livestock movement. The characters may not occur in other snail vectors (MasComa et al., 2009).
2.5. Pathogenesis
Generally, the disease process comprises three stages, which in time may occur
simultaneously, depending on the duration of infection includes: pre-hepatic migration,
including intestinal penetration; hepatic migration and tissue destruction; bile duct
localization and egg production (Charleston, 1997).
The major pathological features in chronic fasciolosis is the development of hepatic fibrosis
(or cirrhosis) and thickening of the bile ducts. Adult flukes in the bile ducts are active blood
11
suckers and, if present in sufficient numbers (greater than 200), can cause severe anaemia.
Outbreaks of fasciolosis in cattle may be exacerbated by sudden deaths due to additional
complication of black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis), which results from the activation
and proliferation of the soil-borne toxigenic bacterium Clostridium novyi (which until then
had been dormant in the liver) in response to the anaerobic conditions produced by migrating
flukes. Sudden or rapid death is due to a generalized toxaemia, which may occur despite very
limited fluke damage to the liver (Radostits et al., 1994).
Light infections due to Fasciola hepatica may be asymptomatic. However, they may produce
stomach pain with coughing and vomiting; generalized abdominal rigidity, headache and
sweating, irregular fever, diarrhea and anemia (Behm and Sangster, 1999).
2.6. Clinical Signs
The clinical outcome of infection varies according to the type of animal, feeding activities,
and migration of the parasite to the animal’s liver. It is also dependent on the number of
metacercariae ingested and the climatic condition must favorable for snail reproduction and
survival.Categorized as acute, sub-acute and chronic forms (Behm and Sangster, 1999).
High intake of metacercariae (> 5000 metacercariae) over a short time will produce acute
fasciolosis and associated with mostly immature flukes and usually migrate through the liver
parenchyma and create liver damage and haemorrhage. Ingestion of a moderate number of
metacercariae (ingestion of 800-1000 metacercariae) and is characterized by anemia, jaundice
causes sub-acute (Urquhart et al., 1989).
Lower numbers of metacercariae ingested (200-800 metacercariae) over a long period of time
lead to chronic fasciolosis and does not have well defined symptoms except for gradual
weight loss (Behm and Sangster, 1999). This is due to adult flukes ingesting blood, damaging
biliary mucosa and causing calcification of the bile ducts. However, the degree to which,
12
immunity influences the course of infection differs with species (Urquhart et al., 1989;
Radostits et al., 2007).
2.7. Diagnosis
Includes demonstration of eggs in the feces and recovery of flukes at necropsy. A diagnosis of
fasciolosis may be established based on information on grazing history, prior knowledge of
the epidemiology of the disease in a given environment, observations of clinical signs and
seasonal occurrence (Torgerson and Claxton, 1999).
Definitive diagnosis, however, is based on postmortem examination of infected animals and
demonstration of adult flukes in the bile ducts; demonstration of Fasciola eggs through
standard examination of feces in the laboratory. For chronic fasciolosis, confirmatory
diagnosis could easily carried out by coproscopic examination employing sedimentation
technique (Taylor et al, 2007).
Sedimentation technique: is a qualitative method for detecting trematode eggs in the faeces.
Most trematode eggs are relatively large and heavy compared to nematode eggs. The
magnification levels for examining prepared fecal samples are using the magnification power
of (10 x 4) which, is according to Hansen and Perry (1994).
2.8. Control and Treatment
2.8.1. Snail control
The method should involve reduction of an intermediate host snail population and prevention
of cattle access to snail infested pasture by either chemical or biological control of snails
(Radostits et al., 2007).
13
2.8.1.1. Chemical control of snails
Mollusciciding can be an effective means of reducing snail populations, at least temporarily.
It is particularly well suited to small seasonal transmission sites in semi-arid areas. Special
problems are posed by rivers, man-made lakes, large irrigation schemes and dams. Yet
mollusciciding can be effective even in the largest water bodies, where transmission of
fasciolosis usually is focal rather than widespread (Fenwick, 1987).
In most endemic areas for fasciolosis, the use of molluscicides for the control of snail
intermediate hosts is a potential tool for the control of fluke infections. Before considering
chemical control of snails, it should be noted that many habitats are topographically
unsuitable for the use of molluscicides and it is often very difficult to apply them effectively.
They are toxic to the environment; cooperation between neighboring properties is required for
effective cover and regular application is required because rapid re-population of snails may
occur. Where as, they are not species-specific, may destroy edible snails highly valued as food
in some communities (Hansen and Perry, 1994).
Molluscicidal properties have been demonstrated in extracts from a variety of plants. A
substance ‘Endod’ is derived from the fruits of shrubs Phytolacca1 dodecandra. Substance
such as ‘Endod’ might provide means of snail control less costly to developing countries than
synthesized by molluscides. But the production naturally molluscides on a commercial scale
has yet to achieve from their finding (Akililu et al., 1984; Tadesse and Getachew, 2002).
2.8.1.2. Biological methods of snail control
Biological methods for the control of fresh water snails were ably reviewed as more emphasis
should be put on searching for pathogens or microparasites as agents for control. Biological
control is still largely at the experimental stage and so far most attention has been given to
trematode parasites. Other useful methods of fluke control include biological control of the
intermediate host, fencing the water logged area (Hansen and Perry, 1994)
14
2.8.2. Treatment
The treatment recommended will depend on the nature of the disease. Some of the available
anthelmintics are not effective against immature fluke and so are not recommended in acute
fluke outbreaks. Also, they are less efficient for the strategic control of fasciolosis. The best
prevention and control can be achieved with drugs such as triclabendazole, which are
effective against early immature and adult fluke. Chemotherapy with drugs remains the most
cost-effective way of treating parasitic diseases, and is usually at the heart of any major
control campaign. Compared to environmental engineering, drug treatment is very cheap
(Gaasenbeek et al., 2001).
The drugs of choice to be used against flukes should ideally destroy the migrating immature
flukes as well as adults in the bile ducts. Several drugs are now available for the treatment of
fasciolosis, which are against the adult flukes, and the immature stages. These include
Rafoxanide, Nitroxynil, Brotanide, Closantel and Albendazole and (TCBZ) is highly effective
against all stages of fluke ( Spithill and Dalton, 1998; Gaasenbeek et al., 2001).
Table 1: Anthelmintics against bovine fasciolosis
Anthelmintics
Stage of flukes
Dose
Nitrophenols
Oxyclozanide
Adult fluke
10mg/kg
Nitriixynil
Juvenile and adult fluke
10mg/kg
Triclabendazoles
Juvenile and Adult flukes
12mg/kg
Albendazole
Adult flukes
1omg/kg
Netobium
Adult flukes
20mg/kg
Benzimadazoles
Source: (Torgerson, 1999).
15
2.9. Importance of Bovine Fasciolosis
2.9.1. Economic importance
Fasciolosis is a disease responsible for considerable economic losses in the form of mortality,
reduced fertility, abortions, liver condemnation, reduced production of meat, slowing growth,
reduction of milk and wool, and expenditures for anthelmintics (Hillyer and Apt, 1997; Phiri
et al., 2006).).
The worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were estimated at US $200
million per annum, to rural agricultural communities and commercial producers (Boray 1985)
with over 600 million animals infected (Ramajo et al.,2001). Worldwide economic loss
(direct and indirect) due to fasciolosis was also reported up to approximately US$3.2 billion
per annum (Spithill et al., 1999).
According to Kithuka et al. (2002), 0.26 million USD annual losses attributable to
fasciolosis-associated liver condemnations alone in cattle slaughtered in Kenya. The direct
economic losses of 600,000 bovine livers due to fasciolosis represented approximately £1
million / $1.7 million U.S loss in England (Haseeb et al., 2002).
Apart from its veterinary and economic importance of fasciolosis throughout the world, it has
recently been shown to be a re-emerging and widespread zoonosis affecting a number of
human populations (Esteban et al., 2003)
2.9.2. Public health significance
The risk of infection in a population is depends on four factors these are: the presence of a
substantial reservoir host, the presence of the intermediate host, the opportunity for water
source contamination by human and non-human hosts and dietary practices that include the
consumption of raw, untreated aquatic vegetation (Esteban et al., 1998).
16
In the past, human fasciolosis was limited to populations within well-defined watershed
boundaries; however, recent environmental changes and modifications in human behavior are
defining new geographical limits and increasing the populations at risk of infection by eating
aquatic plants containing encysted organisms (metacercaria) or by drinking contaminated
water (Masahiko et al.,2005).
The disease is now recognized as an emerging food-borne zoonosis, with an estimated 17
million people infected with Fasciola world-wide, and 180 million at risk of such infection
(Mas-Coma et al.,1999).In the world, the Andean Region of South America is the most
affected by this parasitic infection. For example, up to 67% prevalence in the Bolivian
Altiplano (Parkinson et al., 2006) and 72% in the Peruvian Altiplano (Marcos et al., 2005).
In general, people become infected from eating raw vegetation contaminated with Fasciola
metacercariae. Watercress (e.g., Nasturtium officinale) is the most common source of
infections for people, although lettuce and wild watercress may also be contaminated with
metacercariae (WHO, 1995).
As the snails that act as the intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica are different from those
that carry Fasciola gigantica, and occupy different types of water habitat, the risk factors for
infection of the definitive host are likely to be different for the two species of trematode
(Esteban et al., 1998).
2.10. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is one of the countries where the suitable environment is available for the existence
of fasciolosis in general and bovine fasciolosis in particular. The most common species that
cause fasciolosis in Ethiopian livestock are Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica.Their
pathogenic importance relays on the availability of conducive climatic factors they live
(Graber, 1978). Both species of Fasciola are found either in the same or different localities of
the country depends on altitude and other important factors. Fasciola hepatica is highly
17
distributed in the areas with altitude of 1200 – 2560 meters above the sea level where as
Fasciola gigantica is distributed below 1800 m. Both species co-exists in the area where the
altitude ranging between 1200-1800 meters above sea level (Yilma and Malone,
1998). Prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle is identified as the number of positive individuals
divided by the number of individuals sampled and multiplied by hundred (Thrusfield, 2005).
18
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted at selected areas of Lemo district and Hossana municipal abattoir of
Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia (Figure 5). Hadiya Zone is one of the 13 Zones in the
southern Nation Nationalities of Ethiopia. The highest altitude in the Zone is 2970 m.a.s.l at
the Summit of Sengiya Mountain in the Duna district and the lowest is 800 m.a.s.l in Gibe
River valley. The zone is divided into ten districts and one city administration. Lemo district
is one of ten administrative districts found in Hadiya zone and located at a distance of 230 km
in the North East from Addis Ababa and 187 km from Hawassa, the capital city of the region.
According to the information obtained from Hadiya Zone Agricultural Office, mixed farming
system (livestock and crop production) is widely practiced. The district consists of 35 Peasant
Associations and has a total of 137, 889 cattle population of which 12,066 cattle are found in
the study areas of four selected Peasant Associations namely, Ambicho, Belessa, Shecha and
Lereba were selected purposively by considering their cattle populations, availability of
suitable breeding site for intermediate host and transport access. The study area located
approximately at an altitude of 2200 m.a.s.l with the mean annual rainfall of 1172.75 mm and
mean annual temperature of 18c0. Geographically, it is located between 70.42′-7.75′N latitude
and 370.80′-38.07′E longitude (HZSA, 2010).
19
Lemo district
Study area (Lemo district)
Figure 5: Map of the study area.
Figure 5: Map of the study area
Source: WFP and DPPC (2003)
20
3.2. Study Population
The study population included all cattle from the farms of selected peasant association of
Lemo district and also cattle purchased from different cattle markets of the study area and
brought to the Hossana municipal abattoir for slaughtering purpose. Most cattle slaughtered in
the abattoir were adult male indigenous.
Exclusion criteria: For farm study, those cattle that have taken antihelmenthic drugs for any
intestinal helminthes within three months before the study period were excluded. However,
this was difficult in abattoir study since, the owners of the cattle were not there.
3.3. Study Design and Sampling Techniques
A cross-sectional study was conducted from February-April 2012. Besides, simple random
and systematic sampling techniques were used to collect all the necessary data such as fecal
(Simple random technique) samples and abattoir (systematic sampling) survey of the study
animals. Accordingly, the study was conducted at selected area of smallholder farms of Lemo
district and Hossana municipal abattoir.
3.4. Sample Size Determination
Since there was no earlier work done on farm study of bovine fasciolosis and its economic
loss due to liver condemnation at the study area, the sample size was determined by taking the
prevalence of 50% fasciolosis using the formula given by Thrusfield (2005).
n = (Zα/2)2 Pexp (1-pexp)
d2
= 1.962 x Pexp (1-Pexp)
d2
21
Where n = required sample size; Pexp = expected prevalence (50%) =0.5; d = desired absolute
precision (5%) = 0.05; Zα/2 = critical value at 95% certainty (1.96).
Accordingly, 384 cattle were sampled from four selected peasant association of the study area
owned by smallholder farmers and additionally 384 cattle were systematically sampled from
the cattle brought to the Hossana municipal abattoir for slaughter during the study period.
3.5. Study Methodology
3.5.1. Coprological examination
Prior to collection of fecal samples, risk factors associated with the host were identified. Age
of the study animal was determined based on dentition. Those cattle were not erupted incisor
teeth were considered as young where as those cattle erupted one or more incisor teeth were
classified as adults (Yeate and Schmidt, 1974). Body condition of the cattle was classified as
emanciated (condition 1), thin (condition 2), average (condition 3), fat (condition 4) and obese
(condition 5) (Thompson and Meyer (1994).
Fecal sample collection and processing was done according to the procedures described by
MAAF (1988). Fecal samples were collected directly from rectum of randomly selected cattle
by hands protected by rubber gloves, using two fingers (i.e., middle and index fingers). Each
sample was clearly labeled with animal’s identification, date and place of collection
(location). Samples were packed and dispatched in cool box and then, transported to the Lemo
District Animal Health Laboratory by preserving with 5% formalin in the universal bottles to
avoid development of eggs and hatching. In the laboratory, coprological examination was
done to detect Fasciola species eggs using the standard sedimentation technique as described
by Hanson and Perry (1994).
22
The qualitative sedimentation technique was used for detecting trematode eggs in the fecal
samples. Since trematode eggs are relatively large and heavy when compared to nematode
eggs, this technique concentrates them in sediment.
For each study animal, 3g of fecal sample measured and placed it into a container 1. 40-50 ml
of tap water was poured into the same container and mixed thoroughly with an applicator
stick. The faecal suspension was filtered through double-layered cheesecloth and transferred
into Container 2 and then, a filtered material was poured into a test tube to allow it to
sediment for 5 minutes. The supernatant (decant) was removed and re-suspended in a 5 ml of
water very carefully and again allowed it to sediment for 5 minutes. After discarding the
supernatant very carefully, the sediment was stained by adding one drop of methylene blue.
Then, transferring the sediment to a microscopic slide and examined it under low power
objective. Finally, the presence and the absence of trematode eggs were registered according
to Hansen and Perry (1994).
Fasciola eggs were distinguished from the eggs of large sized Paramphistomum
species/rumen flukes/ by having yellowish brown shell due to the presence of tanned protein
shell with an indistinct operculum (Soulsby, 1982). Methylene blue in fecal suspension was
added to facilitate identification of Fasciola eggs from Paramphistomum eggs that provided a
blue contrasting microscopic field (Shimizu, 2007).
3.5.2. Abattoir survey
3.5.2.1. Antemortem inspection
Pre-slaughter examination was conducted in the lair by grouping the cattle based on sex, age,
breed and body condition. The age of the cattle was determined based on dentition. Those
cattle which have not erupted permanent incisor teeth were classified as young while those
with one pair or more permanent incisor teeth were classified as adults (Yeate and Schmidt,
1974; Gatenby, 1991; Steele, 1996). In the abattoir, the body condition of each cattle was
23
scored as emanciated (condition 1), thin (condition 2), average (condition 3), fat (condition 4)
and obese (condition 5) before slaughtering of the animal according to Thompson and Meyer
(1994).
3.5.2.2. Postmortem examination
A total of 384 cattle identified during antemortem inspection were examined through
inspection and systematic incision of bile duct to recover adult Fasciola species. A collection
of Fasciola species from each cattle was examined macroscopically using their morphological
features (Soulsby, 1982; Urquhart et al.,1996).
I. Fasciola species identification: After collecting the flukes in the universal bottle
containing 5% formalin as a preservative, Fasciola species were easily identified based on
morphological characters such as shape, size. They were classified as Fasciola hepatica
(relatively small sized), Fasciola gigantica (relatively large sized and more leaf like), mixed
forms (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) and un-differentiated or immature forms of
Fasciola species (Urquhart et al.,1996).
II. Types of infection: are classified as Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, mixed
Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica) and juveniles.
III. Severity of liver pathological lesions: Categorization of affected livers were classified as
lightly, moderately and severely affected liver based on the severity of pathological lesion.
Lightly affected: when a quarter of the liver was affected or if one bile duct was prominently
enlarged on the ventral surface of the liver; moderately affected: if half of the liver was
affected or the bile ducts were hyper plastic and severely affected: If the entire organ was
affected or if the liver is cirrhotic and triangular in outline according to Ogunrinade and
Adegoke (1982).
24
IV. Assessment of condition: The immediate decisions at postmortem inspection was
classified in to the following categories of judgment such as approved as fit (healthy liver) for
human consumption and totally condemned (infected liver by Fasciola species) as unfit for
human consumption (FAO, 1994; Herenda et al., 2000).
V. Fluke burden: The flukes recovered from the affected livers during postmortem
examination of cattle were made to determine the fluke burden in the study animal. The mean
fluke burden per affected liver was calculated from the total number of flukes counted divided
by total number of affected livers based on Hammond and Swell (1974).
3.5.2.3. Estimation of direct economic loss due to liver condemnation
The direct economic loss was analyzed on the bases of liver condemnation due to bovine
fasciolosis at Hossana municipal abattoir. It was analyzed by considering the average number
of annually slaughtered cattle in the abattoir from retrospective recorded data, the mean
selling price of one liver from at Hossana town and overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in
Hossana municipal abattoir from the present study. The information on the price of liver was
obtained from the butchers in the town. Hence, direct economic loss was calculated on annual
basis according to the formula adopted from Ogunrinade and Ogunrinade (1980).
ALC = MCS x MLC x P
Where ALC=Annual loss from Liver Condemnation
MCS= Mean annual Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana abattoir
MLC= Mean cost of one Liver in Hossana town and
P= Prevalence rate of the fasciolosis at Hossana municipal abattoir.
3.6. Data Analysis
Data obtained from coprological (384 samples) from the farm of selected peasant association
and postmortem examination (384 samples) in the abattoir was recorded, entered and
managed into MS Excel work sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 16. The prevalence of
25
fasciolosis was calculated using the number of infected individuals divided by the number of
cattle examined x 100 (Thrusfield, 2005). Chi-square (χ2) was used to evaluate the association
between fasciolosis with sex, age, breed, body condition, location (study farms) of the cattle.
parasitic burden with the type of Fasciola species and liver pathology were computed using
mean comparison to obtain mean fluke burden. In all statistical analysis, confidence level was
held at 95% and P-value is <0.05 (at 5% level of significance) was considered as significant.
Direct economic loss was computed using the formula adopted by Ogunrinade and
Ogunrinade (1980).
3.7. Data Quality Control
To ensure data quality control, all the libratory procedures including collection and handling
of specimens were carried out in accordance with standard protocols (NCCLS, 1997). To
ensure general safety, disposable gloves were worn and a universal biosafety precaution
(NCCLS, 2002) was followed all times.
26
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Lemo District, Southern Ethiopia
The finding of this study was based on fecal examination from the selected Peasant
Associations of smallholder farms in Lemo district to determine the infection rate of
fasciolosis in cattle. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and its association with the sex, age,
breeds, body condition and location of cattle owned by smallholder farmers were summarized
and presented in Tables 2-4.
A total of 384 cattle were coprologically examined from the selected areas of smallholder
farms in Lemo district for the occurrence of fasciolosis, of which, 134 were found infected
with fasciolosis, resulting in an overall prevalence of 34.9% (Table 2).The overall prevalence
of bovine fasciolosis (34.9%) in the present study was in agreement with the earlier findings
that was 34% by Rahmeto (1992) around Wolliso, 33.42% by Yilma and Mesfin (2000) from
northwestern part of Ethiopia (Gondar), 34% by Waruiru et al. (2000) from Central Kenya
and 27.69% by Kuchai (2011) from Egypt. However, the overall prevalence of bovine
fasciolosis in the present study was lower than the previous findings of 50.98% by Dejene
(2008) around Aresi, 50.26% by Abdu (2008) around Kombolcha, 51.56% by Awol (2010)
surrounding of Assela and 45.25% by Shiferaw et al. (2011) around Assela. This was
probably due to the present study period was too short and no rainfall during the study. The
present study also showed higher prevalence of bovine fasciolosis as compared to the 25.46%
by Khan et al.(2009) from Pakistan, 25.9% by Mungube et al. (2012) from Kenya, (23.96%)
reported by Asressa et al. (2012) from Andassa Livestock Research Center in North-West of
Ethiopia. The variation in overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis among different areas of
the study may depend on some factors such as, snail population, choice of diagnostic method,
livestock management system and suitability of the environment for survival and distribution
of the parasite as well as the intermediate host might have played their own role in such
differences (Thomas, 1883; Yildirim et al., 2007; Shiferaw et al., 2011).
27
Table 2: Prevalence of fasciolosis by sex and age based on coprological examination of cattle owned by smallholder farmers in
Lemo district, southern Ethiopia from February-April, 2012
№
Male
№
№
№
Total
№
Total
№
examined
Positive (%)
examined
Positive (%)
examined
Positive (%)
95% CI
Young
65
30 (46.2%)
79
24 (30.4%)
144
54 (37.5%)
29.6-45.9
Adult
87
33 (37.9%)
153
47(30.7%)
240
80 (33.3%)
27.4-39.6
Total
152
63 (41.4%)
232
71(30.6%)
384
134 (34.9%)
30.1-39.9
Age
group
Female
Sex: (χ2=0.688, P-value = 0.407), OR = 0.863
Male 95% CI = 33.5 - 49.7, Female 95% CI= 24.7- 37.0
28
OR
1.652
χ2 (P-value)
4.573 (0.029)
As the shown in Table 2, from the total of 152 male and 232 female cattle examined,
63(41.4%) and 71(30.6%) were positive for fasciolosis, respectively. Analysis indicated that,
there was no significant association (χ2=0.688, p=0.407) between prevalence of fasciolosis
and sex of study animals.
The result of the study (Table 2) indicated that, younger cattle (37.5%) were more affected as
compared to adults (33.3%). Statistical analysis of the data showed that the presence of
significant association (χ2 =4.573, P = 0.029) of Fasciola infections with age group. The
present finding was in line with previous studies by Shiferaw et al. (2011) around Assela,
Mufti (2011) from Pakistan region, Kiyyu et al. (2003) from southern highlands of Tanzania,
Nganga et al. (2004) from area of Kenya, who reported that there was an age difference in the
prevalence of fasciolosis. The possible explanation might be younger cattle were more
susceptible and less resistant to infection of fasciolosis than adults. Hence, young animals
with weak and less developed immunity were more likely to be affected by fasciolosis than
older animals in which acquired immunity was well developed through repeated challenge of
the disease (Ogunrinade and Adegoke, 1982; Kuchai et al., 2011; Mungube et al., 2012).
Table 3: Prevalence of Fasciola species infection by breed of cattle and study farms in Lemo
district, southern Ethiopia from February-April, 2012
№
examined
335
№
Positive (%)
111(33.1%)
95% CI
28.1-38.5
Holstein
21
13 (61.9%)
38.4-81.9
Cross breed
28
10 (35.7%)
18.6-55.9
Total
384
134 (34.9%)
30.1-39.9
Ambicho
77
28 (36.4%)
25.7-48.1
Belessa
87
26 (29.9%)
20.5-40.6
Shecha
119
54 (45.4%)
36.2-54.8
Lereba
101
26 (25.7%)
17.6-35.4
Total
384
134 (34.9%)
30.1-39.9
Variables
Breed
Location
Indigenous
29
OR
χ2
p-value
1.247
7.135
0.028
1.023
10.515
0.015
Out of the total 384 cattle examined, 335, 21 and 28 were Indigenous, Holstein and Crossbreed cattle, respectively (Table 3). The prevalence of fasciolosis was 33.1%, 61.9% and
35.7% for Indigenous, Holstein and Cross breed cattle, respectively. There was statistically
significant (χ2 = 7.135, P = 0.028) association of fasciolosis with breeds.
Regarding the effects of breed as showed in Table 3, the infection was breed dependent
(χ2=7.135, P = 0.028) and the highest infection rate was observed in Holstein breed (61.9%)
followed by Cross breed (35.7%) and Indigenous breed (33.1%). This was in agreement with
literature, which states that Holstein breed are most affected than cross-breed and Indigenous
cattle breed were less likely to be affected than both breeds (Castelino and Preston, 1979;
Mufti, 2011). This could be explained by the fact that, the higher prevalence rate in Holstein
breed and followed by cross-breed may be due to the less adaptively capacity with the
environment and Indigenous breeds are acquired a high degree of immunity as a result of
repeated natural exposure to parasitic infections (Cohen and Watten, 1967).
Out of 77, 87,119 and 101 cattle examined in Ambicho, Belessa, Shecha and Lereba Peasant
Associations, 28(36.4%), 26(29.9%), 54(45.4%) and lastly 26 (25.7%) were found to be
positive for fasciolosis, respectively. There was statistically significant (χ2 =10.515, P=0.015)
association in prevalence of fasciolosis among different study location (farms) of cattle
examined (Table 3).
The highest prevalence of fasciolosis was recorded in Shecha (45.4%) peasant associations
followed, in descending order, by Ambicho (36.4%), Belessa (29.9%) and Lereba (25.7%).
Statistical analysis of the prevalence among peasant associations indicated that, there was a
significant association (p< 0.05) of infection rate of disease with animal origin. Accordingly,
the occurrence of bovine fasciolosis in Shecha Peasant Association was the highest when
compared to Ambicho, Belessa and Lereba. Shecha has more appropriate environmental
conditions for the occurrence of intermediate hosts including flooded natural pastures,
watershed areas, slowly flowing waterways and rivers for the presence of relatively more
infection rate of fasciolosis in cattle. The finding of the present study was in agreement with
30
the earlier findings by Torgerson (1999), who reported that the interaction of various
environmental factors that increase the likelihood of fasciolosis in cattle and causes variation
of infection rate between the localities.
4.2. Association of Prevalence of Fasciola Species Infection and Body Condition
Table 4: Association of Fasciola species infection with body condition of examined cattle in
Lemo district, southern Ethiopia from February- April, 2012
Body
condition
score
Fasciola species infection
Frequency
№
Positive (%)
№
Thin
86
46 (53.5%)
40 (46.5%)
42.4-64.3
Average
255
81(31.8%)
174 (68.2%)
26.1-37.9
Fat
43
7 (16.3%)
36 (83.7%)
6.8-30.7
Total
384
134 (34.9%)
250 (65.1%)
30.1-39.9
Negative (%) 95% CI
χ2
P-value
20.746
0.000
As Table 4 shown, from a total of 86, 255 and 43 cattle examined, with body conditions of 46
(53.5%) thin, 81 (31.8%) average and 7(16.3%) fat, respectively were positive for Fasciola
species infection. A difference of prevalence in-relation to body condition of cattle was shown
to have statistically significant (χ2=20.746, P-value= 0.000).
The present study (Table 4) indicated that, the infection rate of fasciolosis in cattle with thin
(53.5%) body condition were significantly higher (p<0.05) than average (31.8%) or fat
(16.3%). This finding was in accordance with other researches reported by Awol (2010)
around Assela, Shiferaw et al. (2011) from Assela, Dechasa et al. (2012) from Jimma and
Abie et al. (2012) from Jimma. This finding was also seen to be higher than the reports of
Hagos (2007) who reported as 37.7%, 33.1%, and 29.1% in (poor), average (medium) and fat
(good) body condition animal, respectively and Abebe et al.(2011), who reported as 30.95%,
22.55% and 16.67% in poor, medium and good body condition animal, respectively. It was
seen to be lower than Abie et al. (2012), who reported as 85.9%, 55.1% and 34.5 % for thin,
average and fat body conditioned cattle, respectively. This variation of infection rate of
31
bovine fasciolosis at various study areas may be attributed to the variations in diagnostic
techniques and cattle management system.
Those cattle with thin body conditions may have less resistance to overcome infection than
average and fat due to the various reasons, such as scarcity of animal feed and co-infection
with the other parasites (Urquhart et al., 1996; Radostitis et al., 1994).
4.3. Prevalence of Fasciola Species Infection in Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana Municipal
Abattoir
The study was carried out at Hossana municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia, from February to
April, 2012 using postmortem examination to determine the prevalence of Fasciola species
infection, identify the major Fasciola species, determine fluke burden and Associate fluke
burden with liver pathological lesions were summarized and presented in Tables 5-9.
From the total of 384 cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal abattoir, 117 (30.5%) were
found positive for fasciolosis on postmortem examination. This study was comparable with
the previous findings of 30.43% by Hailu (1995) from Hawassa, 29.75% by Rahel (2009)
from Alaba, 31.5% by Wakuma (2009) from Bedele, 32.3% by Mihreteab et al. (2010) from
Adwa, 28.63% by Rahmeto et al. (2010) from Hawassa and 29.75% by Mulat et al. (2012)
from Gondar abattoirs. The finding of current study (30.5%) was relatively higher when
compared with the 14.4% overall prevalence reported by Daniel (1995) from Dire Dawa, 14%
by Fufa et al. (2010) from Soddo, 20.3% by Kassaye et al. (2012) from Addis Ababa abattoir,
and found to be lower than the prevalence of 46.58% by Tadela and Worku (2007) from
Jimma and 54.5% by Abie et al. (2012) from Jimma slaughter houses. The variation of
prevalence rate in different study areas were probably due to the ecological and climatic
difference between the localities and the characters of soils that is important for multiplication
of snail hosts (Abie et al., 2012).
32
Table 5: Prevalence of fasciolosis by sex, age and breed of cattle slaughtered at Hossana
municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia from February-April, 2012
№ of
Variables
Sex
positive
377
114 (30.2%)
25.4-35.1
7
3 (42.8%)
9.8-81.6
Total
384
117 (30.5%)
25.9-35.3
Young
24
14 (58.3%)
36.6-77.9
Adult
360
103 (28.6%)
23.9-33.6
Total
384
117 (30.5%)
25.9-35.3
Indigenous
343
97(28.3%)
23.5-33.4
Holstein
30
15 (50%)
31.3-68.7
Cross-breed
11
5 (45.5%)
16.7-76.6
Total
384
117 (30.5%)
25.9-35.3
Male
Breed
OR
χ2 (p-value)
0.869
0.517 (0.440*)
2.445
9.382 (0.002)
1.799
7.344 (0.005*)
95% CI
examined
Female
Age
№ of
*Fisher’s Exact Test
As shown in Table 5, from the total of 377 males and 7 females, 114 (30.2%) and 3 (42.8%),
respectively were positive for of fasciolosis. Among 24 young and 360 adult cattle examined
during study period, 14 (58.3%) and 103 (28.6%), respectively were positive for fasciolosis.
Out of 343 Indigenous, 30 Holstein and 11Cross-breed cattle examined, 97(28.3%), 15 (50%)
and 5 (45.5%), respectively were positive for Fasciola species infection.
This study revealed that there was no significant difference (χ2=0.517, P =0.440) in fasciolosis
infection on sex basis (Table 5). This finding was in agreement with the earlier records
reported by Opara (2005). The number of slaughtered males in the abattoir was higher than
females. Even if the number of female cattle that come to abattoir were fewer in number as
compared to males, the number of positive females was higher in proportion than males,
hence the sample size matters in this case.
As Table 5 shown, young cattle (58.3%) have significantly higher (χ2= 9.382, P=0.002) prevalence
rate of fasciolosis when compared to adult ones (28.6%).This may be attributed to the fact that the
33
immunity against disease increases with age (Dwinger, 1982; Yilma and Mesfin, 2000;
Shiferaw et al., 2011; Mufti, 2011) or it could also be (most probable) because of few number
of young animals presented for postmortem examination.
The prevalence of fasciolosis in Holstein breed were significantly (p<0.05) higher in
susceptibility than Cross-breed. Indigenous breeds are less vulnerable than both breeds (Table
5). The result of this study was in agreement with the findings of Kabir et al. (2010) from
Bangladesh. Higher infection rate of fasciolosis was recorded in holistein breed cattle in this
finding might be due to its few number as compare to cross or indigenous breeds that came to
postmortem examination. Hence, the sample size matters.
4.4. Association of Fasciolosis with Body Condition Scores
From the total of 6 thin, 287 average and 88 fat cattle examined at the Hossana municipal
abattoir, 7(77.8%), 85(29.6%) and 25(28.4%), respectively were harboring Fasciola parasite.
Which, was statistically significant (χ2= 9.783, P=0.008) indicating body condition was
inversely related to the disease (Table 6).
Table 6: Association of Fasciola species infection with body condition of examined cattle at
Hossana municipal abattoir from February-April, 2012
Body condition
score
Thin
Fasciola species infection
Frequency
№. Positive (%)
9
7 (77.8%)
95% CI
39.9-97.2
Average
287
85 (29.6%)
24.4-35.3
Fat
88
25 (28.4%)
19.3-39.0
Total
384
117 (30.5%)
25.9-35.3
χ2 (P-value)
9.783 (0.008)
Highest prevalence of fasciolosis was recorded in cattle with thin body condition than either
average or fat. The result of this study was seen to be similar with the findings of Yemisrach
and Mekonnen (2012) from Debre Zeit, Dechasa et al. (2012) from Jimma municipal abattoirs
and who suggested that, cattle with thin\poor\ body condition were acquired infection more
34
than cattle with average or fat body condition. This is due to the fact that, cattle with thin
body condition have extremely reduced body weight as well as body resistance to overcome
the exposure of high parasitic infection (Urquhart et al., 1996; Radostitis et al., 1994).
Overall prevalence (34.9%) due to fasciolosis in cattle recorded at Lemo district of farm study
was approximated with the overall prevalence of 30.5% at Hossana municipal abattoir of the
present study. This might be due to the reason of similarity in study period (dry season for
both studies). As the result, overall prevalence rate of fasciolosis was closely related on farm
and abattoir studies. In other words, the slight difference in overall prevalences on farm
(34.9%) and abattoir (30.5%) studies may be due to the difference in the animals origins and
deworming of animals (deworming some but not the others) to protect parasitic disease
including fasciolosis.
4.5. Major Fasciola Species Identified in Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana Municipal
Abattoir
Of the total 117 affected livers by fasciolosis, 65 (55.6%), 23 (19.6%), 20 (17.1%) and 9
(7.7%), respectively were Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, mixed infection (Fasciola
hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) and immature Fasciola species (Table 7).
Table 7: Types of Fasciola infection during postmortem examination of slaughtered animals
(N=384) at Hossana municipal abattoir from February-April, 2012
Types of infections
No. of liver affected
Percentage (%)
Fasciola hepatica
65
55.6%
Fasciola gigantica
23
19.6%
Mixed Fasciola species
20
17.1%
Immature species
9
7.7%
117
100%
Total
35
The results of this study (Table 7) indicated that, Fasciola heaptica (55.6%) was more
predominant Fasciola species as compared to Fasciola gigantica (19.6%), mixed Fasciola
infection (17.1%) and immature flukes (7.7%). The finding of this study was in consistence
with the earlier investigation by Adem (1994) from Ziway, Gebretsadik et al. (2009) from
Mekelle, Wakuma (2009) from Bedele, Rahmeto et al. (2010) from Hawasa, Mihreteab et al.
(2010) from Adwa, Mulugeta et al. (2011) from Assela, Mulat et al. (2012) from Gondar and
Abie et al. (2012) from Jimma, who reported that, Fasciola hepatica was predominant
Fasciola species. The high proportion of Fasciola hepatica in the study area than the others
may be due to the availability of appropriate environmental conditions such as small ponds,
marshy areas and topography (highland) for the existence of intermediate host known as
Lymnaea truncatula.
4.6. Liver Fluke Count from the Infected Liver of Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana
Municipal Abattoir
Table 8: Fasciola species burden of cattle (Mean±SEM) slaughtered at Hossana municipal
abattoir
Fasciola species
№ of fluke
№ of liver affected
Mean parasitic burden
Fasciola hepatica
1810 (56.3%)
65
27.85 ± 3.620
Fasciola gigantica
674(20.9%)
23
29.30 ± 6.240
Mixed species
680(21.2%)
20
34.00 ±6.255
51(1.6%)
9
5.67 ± 0.527
3215(100%)
117
27.48 ± 2.636
Juvenile
Total
Fluke count during postmortem inspection of present study ranged between 3 and 170 with a
average mean fluke burden count of 27.48 per affected liver (Table 8). The average mean
fluke burden of the present study was in agreement with the findings of Vercruysse and
Claerebout (2001), who reported that significant production losses occur in infections with the
mean fluke burden of 30 per affected liver. This result was also lower than previously
reported by Yilma and Mesfin (2000) from Gondar, Rahmeto et al. (2010) from Hawassa and
36
Kassaye et al. (2012) from Addis Ababa abattoir, who reported that 66.2, 55 and 73.5 per
affected liver, respectively. The variation in average mean fluke burden per affected liver of
different study areas may be due to the variation in the level of resistance in study animals,
season of the year and number of metacercariae ingested.
The result of the present study indicated that, there was higher mean fluke burden identified in
mixed form (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) of Fasciola species (34.00± 6.255).
The finding of this study was in agreement with the previous investigation by Kassaye et al.
(2012) from Addis Ababa abattoir, who reported that, mean fluke count in affected liver was
higher in cattle with mixed Fasciola species infection. The finding of higher mean fluke count
in mixed Fasciola species infection of the present study may be indicated that
those
cattle
slaughtered in the abattoir came from the boundary of high and low lands, which is
contributing to the occurrence of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in the same
susceptible host. The mean fluke burden of Fasciola gigantica (29.30± 6.240) in this finding
was relatively higher as compare to Fasciola hepatica (27.85±3.620). This may be due to less
number of flukes counted (n=674) from all affected livers (n=23) by Fasciola gigantica than
Fasciola hepatica, which was harbored the highest number of flukes (n=1810) that was
divided by total number of affected livers (n=65) by it. Due to this reason, the mean fluke
burden recorded in Fasciola hepatica may be less than from Fasciola gigantica.
4.7. Association of Severity of Liver Pathological Lesion with Fluke Burden in Cattle
There was a statistically significant variation (F =171.47, P=0.000) of mean fluke count
between the levels of severity of liver lesions (Table 9). The average mean fluke count
encountered during the study was 27.48 flukes per affected liver and it was lower as
compared to the report by Dechasa et al. (2012), who reported 50 flukes per affected liver.
The possible reason of being less in average mean flukes count may be due to the lack of
rainfall and moisture at a point of study period for the replication of snails as well as Fasciola
species (Brown, 2005).
37
Table 9: Parasitic burden, types of infection and related liver condition
Infection
type
Liver pathological state
Light
Moderate
Severe
(Mean±SEM) (Mean±SEM) (Mean±SEM)
Total
F-test(P-value)
(Mean±SEM)
F. h
9.00 ±0.966
32.46±5.897
25.23±3.318
27.85±3.620
F. g
7.00±0.775
37.80± 8.715
24.00±3.786
29.30±6.240
Mixed
0
36.09±10.424
31.44±6.245
34.00±6.255
Juvenile
5.67±0.527
0
0
5.67±0.527
Total
7.00±0.513
34.37± 4.369
26.76±2.712
27.48±2.636
171.47(0.000)
F. h = Fasciola hepatica, F. g = Fasciola gigantica
Mixed Fasciola species = Fasciola hepatica + Fasciola gigantic
The mean fluke burden in lightly, moderately and severely affected livers was found to be
7.00±0.513, 34.37±4.369 and 26.76±2.712, respectively. It was higher in moderately affected
livers and followed by severely affected livers. The result of this study was in agreement with
the works by Dwinger et al. (1982) from Argentina, Mihreteab et al. (2010) from Adwa,
Rahmeto et al. (2010) from Hawassa, Dechasa et al. (2012) from Jimma municipal abattoirs.
The mean fluke burden in moderately affected livers was higher than severely affected livers.
This may be attributed to the fact that, the bile ducts of severely affected livers become
calcified, fibrosed and having acquired resistance and that leads to block the further passage
of undefined immature flukes in severely affected livers (Ramato, 1992; Yilma and Mesfin,
2000; Dechasa et al., 2012).
4.8. Direct economic Loss Assessment
A direct economic loss as a result of fasciolosis in cattle was estimated on liver condemnation
at Hossana Municipal abattoir. The calculation on direct economic loss of bovine fasciolosis
was based on the average number of cattle slaughtered per year, mean selling price of the
cattle livers at Hossana town and the prevalence of fasciolosis in the present study (30.5%).
The average market price of 1Kg of meat and one liver at Hossana town was taken as 120 and
38
55 Ethiopian birr, respectively. The mean number of cattle slaughtered in this municipal
abattoir was 5294 per year depends on two years recorded data.
The direct economic loss was calculated according to the mathematical formula derived by
Ogunrinade and Ogunrinade (1980) as follows:
ALC = MCS x MLC x P
Where ALC=Annual loss from Liver Condemnation
MCS= Mean annual Cattle Slaughtered at Hossana abattoir
MLC= Mean cost of one liver in Hossana town and
P= Prevalence rate of the fasciolosis at the present study.
ALC = MCS x MLC x P
= 5294 x 55ETB X 30.5%
= 88,806.85 Ethiopian birr (ETB)
Therefore, the direct economic loss that may result due to liver condemnation by Fasciola
species in cattle was estimated to be 88,806.85 Ethiopian birr (5,045.8 USD) per annum
(1USD~ 17.60 Ethiopian birr).
The direct economic loss due to liver condemnation in Hossana municipal abattoir was
closely related with the earlier records of 87,577 ETB (Abie et al., 2012) from Jimma,
57,960.00 ETB ( Miherteab et al., 2010) from Adwa and 106,400 ETB ( Rahmeto et al. 2010)
from Hawassa. The financial loss recorded in the present study was found to be lower when
compared with the previous findings of 142,128.00 ETB (Abdul, 1992) from Soddo,
266,741ETB (Mulgeta et al., 1993) from Kombolcha, 236,516.00ETB (Eyakem, 2008) from
Adama town, 726,561.50ETB (Abayneh, 2010) from Arbaminch and relatively higher when
it compared with 3,360.00ETB (Fuad, 2008) from Harar abattoir, 12,414.47 ETB (Dejene,
2008) from Arsi and 32,075.41 ETB (Mulat et al., 2012) from Gondar.The variation of
economic loss in different study areas may be due to the variation in number of cattle slaughtered
in the study abattoirs and the average market price of one liver.
39
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary
The study of bovine fasciolosis was conducted from February-April 2012 to determine the
prevalence of bovine fasciolosis, identify the predominant Fasciola species, determine fluke
burden, severity of liver pathological lesion and to assess direct economic loss due to liver
condemnation in the study areas.
The sample population was all cattle. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques
were the sampling strategies used to collect fecal samples and abattoir survey of the study
animals, respectively. Three hundred eighty four (384) cattle from the farm of Peasant
Associations were randomly selected and coprologically examined by sedimentation
techniques and additionally 384 cattle were selected by systematic sampling techniques for
postmortem examination from Hossana municipal abattoir. The diagnosis of fasciolosis relied
on examination of liver or finding of adult parasite in the liver of bile ducts. The presence of
Fasciola species eggs through fecal examination in Lemo district animals’ parasitological
laboratory by standardized sedimentation technique.
Overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis recorded during the study period was 134 (34.9%)
and 117 (30.5%) from the farm study of selected peasant association and Hossana municipal
abattoir, respectively. The infection rate of bovine fasciolosis significantly associated
(p<0.05) with the factors like age, breed, body condition and location of the study animals.
However, the sex of study animal was not significantly associated (p > 0.05) on both farm and
abattoir studies. Adult cattle were usually less susceptible to disease caused by a Fasciola
species than young. Hence, adult cattle tended to develop some level of immunity or tolerance
to infection than young. Holstein breed was highly susceptible to fasciolosis than cross and
indigenous breeds due to less adaptability of the environment to resist. Cattle with thin body
condition were highly affected than average and fat due to their poor body condition and low
resistance level.
40
Fasciola hepatica was the most common and predominant Fasciola species identified at
Hossana municipal abattoir. Parasitic burden in mixed Fasciola infection (Fasciola hepatica
and Fasciola gigantica) was the highest (34.00± 6.255) followed by Fasciola gigantica
(29.30± 6.240) and the least in Fasciola hepatica (27.85± 3.620). The average mean fluke
burden per affected liver was 27.48 and it was calculated as the total fluke counted divided by
the total affected livers. Moderately affected livers (34.37±4.369) were found the highest
mean fluke burden than severely affected livers (26.76±2.712). This was explained as, the bile
ducts of severely affected livers become calcified, fibrosed and having acquired resistance to
block the entrance of immature flukes.
From the economical point of view, bovine fasciolosis resulted the total financial loss of
88,806.85 Ethiopian birr (5,045.8 USD) per annum due to liver condemnation in Hossana
abattoir.
5.2. Conclusion and Recommendations
 The outcome of this study confirmed that, bovine fasciolosis was prevalent parasitic disease of
cattle in the study area. It was associated (p<0.05) with age, breed, body condition and
location of cattle.
 The occurrence of bovine fasciolosis in this study suggested that there was the
presence of favorable ecological and climatic conditions for the development and
survival of the Fasciola species as well as intermediate hosts in the study area.
 The finding of this study revealed that, Fasciola hepatica is the most predominant
Fasciola species and severity of liver lesions were associated with the fluke burden
count in cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal abattoir
41
 Fasciolosis in cattle cause a considerable economic loss due to the liver condemnation
of cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal abattoir. Based on this conclusion, the
following recommendations were forwarded:

The role of different factors such as, sex, age, breed, and the type of intermediate hosts
involved in the Fasciola species infection should be clearly recognized by the owners
of cattle and other responsible persons in order to understand their effect in the control
and prevention of fasciolosis.

Farmers who rear cattle should improve provision of feeds to their animals so that the
animal can have good body condition that confers some level of resistance against
fasciolosis.

Cattle owners should be educated about the good cattle management system that helps
them to know appropriate prevention and control measure from contamination with
metacercariae attached on grazing pasture around stagnant and slowly moving water
and marshy areas.

Liver affected by Fasciola species of cattle slaughtered at Hossana municipal abattoir
should be registered and appropriately disposed to prevent the distribution of the
disease in the study area.
42
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52
7. APPENDICES
53
7.1. Appendix I
Appendix Table 1: Body condition scoring in cattle.
Body condition type
Characters of cattle
Condition score 1
Back bone prominent, ribs clearly visible, hip and shoulder bone
promir and skeletal body outlined
Condition score 2
Back bone visible, hip and shoulder bones visible, ribs visible
faintly and body outline bony.
Condition score 3
Hip bone visible faintly,ribs generally not visible and body outline
almost smooth.
Condition score 4
Hip bone not visible faintly,ribs well covered,body outline rounded
Condition score 5
Hip bone showing fat deposit, ribs very well covered,body outline
bulging due to fats.
54
Appedix table 2: Field and laboratory data collection format
Sex
Age
PAs
Body condition
Breed
Laboratory result
1
2
3
4
.
.
.
384
55
of Fasciola spp. eggs
Cross
Indigenous
Holstein
Fat
Average
Thin
Lereba
Shecha
Belessa
Ambicho
Adult
Young
SN
Male
Female
Presence or absence
Present
Absent
SN
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
384
56
Moderately affected
affected
Severely affected
Lightly affected
Type of Faciola Worm burden
spp.
Healthy liver
No. of Immature spp.
No. of Mixed spp.
No. of F.gigantica
Antemortem inspection
No. of F. hepatica
Immature
Mixed
F.gigantica
Breed
F. hepatica
Cross breed
Holstein
Body
condition
Fat
Indigenous
Average
Age
Adult
Thin
Sex
Young
Female
Male
Appedix Table 3: Abattoir antmortem and postmortem inspection data collecting format
Postmortem examination
Liver pathology Decision
Condemned
or
Not
condemned
57