2.7 Cheek teeth of extinct primates. The characteristics of
cheek teeth (e.g., molars) can provide anthropologists with
information on the dietary habits of extinct mammals. The
cheek teeth of an extinct primate species was the subject
of research reported in the American Journal of Physical
Anthropology (Vol. 142, 2010). These data are saved in the
CHEEKTEETH file. A total of 18 cheek teeth extracted
from skulls discovered in western Wyoming were analyzed. Each tooth was classified according to degree of
wear (unworn, slight, light-moderate, moderate, moderateheavy, or heavy). The 18 measurements are listed here.
Data on Degree of Wear
Unknown
Slight
Unknown
Slight
Unknown
Heavy
Moderate
Unworn
Slight
Light-moderate
Unknown
Light-moderate
Moderate-heavy
Moderate
Moderate
Unworn
Slight
Unknown
a. Identify the variable measured in the study and its type
(quantitative or qualitative).
b. Count the number of cheek teeth in each wear
category.
c. Calculate the relative frequency for each wear
category.
d. Construct a relative frequency bar graph for the data.
e. Construct a Pareto diagram for the data.
f. Identify the degree of wear category that occurred most
often in the sample of 18 cheek teeth.
2.9 Japanese reading levels. University of Hawaii language
professors C. Hitosugi and R. Day incorporated a 10-week
extensive reading program into a second-semester Japanese
language course in an effort to improve students’ Japanese
reading comprehension. ( Reading in a Foreign Language ,
Apr. 2004.) The professors collected 266 books originally
written for Japanese children and required their students
to read at least 40 of them as part of the grade in the
course. The books were categorized into reading levels
(color coded for easy selection) according to length and
complexity. The reading levels for the 266 books are
summarized in the following table:
Reading Level
Number
Level 1 (Red)
39
Level 2 (Blue)
76
Level 3 (Yellow)
50
Level 4 (Pink)
87
Level 5 (Orange)
11
Level 6 (Green)
3
Total
266
Source: Hitosugi, C. I., and Day, R. R. “Extensive reading in Japanese.”
Reading in a Foreign Language , Vol. 16, No. 1. Apr. 2004 ( Table 2 ).
Reprinted with permission from the National Foreign Language
Resource Center, University of Hawaii.
a. Calculate the proportion of books at reading level 1
(red).
b. Repeat part a for each of the remaining reading
levels.
c. Verify that the proportions in parts a and b sum to 1.
d. Use the previous results to form a bar graph for the
reading levels.
e. Construct a Pareto diagram for the data. Use the diagram
to identify the reading level that occurs most often.
2.14 Excavating ancient pottery. Archaeologists excavating the
ancient Greek settlement at Phylakopi classified the pottery found in trenches. ( Chance , Fall 2000.) The accompanying table describes the collection of 837 pottery pieces
uncovered in a particular layer at the excavation site.
Construct and interpret a graph that will aid the archaeologists in understanding the distribution of the types of
pottery found at the site.
Pot Category
Number Found
Burnished
133
Monochrome
460
Slipped
55
Painted in curvilinear decoration
14
Painted in geometric decoration
165
Painted in naturalistic decoration
4
Cycladic white clay
4
Conical cup clay
2
Total
837
Based on Berg, I., and Bliedon, S. “The pots of Phylakopi:
Applying statistical techniques to archaeology.” Chance, Vol. 13,
No. 4, Fall 2000.
2.17 Best-paid CEOs. Forbes magazine conducts an annual
survey of the salaries of chief executive officers. In addition to salary information, Forbes collects and reports personal data on the CEOs, including their level of education
and age. Do most CEOs have advanced degrees, such as
master’s degrees or doctorates? The data in the accompanying table (saved in the FORBES40 file) represent
the highest degree earned by each of the top 40 best-paid
CEOs of 2010. Use a graphical method to summarize the
highest degree earned by these CEOs. What is your opinion about whether most CEOs have advanced degrees?
MBA
PhD
Bachelor’s
Bachelor’s
PhD
Bachelor’s
Bachelor’s
MBA
None
Law
Bachelor’s
Bachelor’s
Bachelor’s
MBA
None
Master’s
Bachelor’s
MBA
MBA
MBA
PhD
Bachelor’s
None
None
Bachelor’s
MBA
MBA
MBA
Masters
Bachelor’s
Law
Bachelor’s
MBA
MBA
None
Bachelor’s
Bachelor’s
None
Law
Master’s
Based on “40 highest-paid CEOs of 2010” from “What the boss makes: CEO
compensation.” Forbes, April 28, 2010.