Name ______________KEY_____________ Period______ Date ______________
Test on Nervous, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems (100 pts.)
Multiple choice (choose the single best answer): (questions are 3 pts. each unless otherwise stated)
1. Which of the following carries nerve impulses from pressure receptors in the skin to the central nervous
system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
capillary
bone marrow
motor neuron
sensory neuron
2. The diagrams below illustrate different levels of organization in the human nervous system. An
understanding of how the nervous system works at its various levels helps doctors explain normal body
functions and make proper diagnoses when patients are sick.
Which of the following would be the most likely effect of severe injury to the lower region of structure
A?
A.
B.
C.
D.
loss of sight
paralysis of the legs
restricted blood flow
slowed reflexes in the arms
3. Examining a bone marrow sample could help a doctor diagnose problems with which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
sense of balance
speed of reflexes
production of blood cells
filtering of wastes from blood
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4. The diagram below shows one response pathway the human body uses to control blood pressure.
Which body systems work together in this response pathway to control blood pressure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
digestive and nervous
nervous and circulatory
respiratory and digestive
circulatory and excretory
5. In which of the following ways does the respiratory system help to maintain homeostasis during
exercise?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reserves of oxygen are built up in the alveoli.
The pharynx supplies glucose so that the muscles can produce ATP.
Breathing rate is increased to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide more rapidly.
The lungs release hemoglobin so that the blood can carry more oxygen to tissues.
6. (note diagram on p. 4) In the human respiratory system, the contraction and relaxation of a muscle
called the diaphragm helps move air through which of the following structures?
A.
B.
C.
D.
artery, capillary, and vein
larynx, pharynx, and trachea
atrium, trachea, and ventricle
esophagus, kidney, and pharynx
7. Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the
blood?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The diaphragm draws oxygen into the alveoli at a rapid speed.
Alveoli cells contain hemoglobin to transfer gases to the blood.
The concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood.
Red blood cells move one at a time through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
8. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of
A.
B.
C.
D.
sodium ions.
dendrites.
neurotransmitters.
receptors.
9. On the microscope slide, there are two cell types. What are the reddish-pink ones called?
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_____red blood cells_____ ________________
______________
10. What's the kind of cell on the slide that stains purple?
________ white blood cells ________
________________
______________
11. Identify the neuron's structures marked with "11."
___________ dendrites____________
12. Do the structures that you identified in Question #11 receive a signal from another cell or transmit a
signal to another cell?
_______________ receive a signal
13. Identify the neuron's structure marked with "13."
__________ axon_____________
14. At the end of the neuron, the signal changes from electrical to chemical as it is passed to an adjacent
neuron or an effector. What is the term used to describe these chemicals that transmit signals from the
nerve cell?
_______________ nerotransmitters____________________________
15. From which chamber does blood get pumped out into the aorta and thereafter into the body?
A.
B.
C.
D.
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
The diagram below shows parts of the human respiratory system, for your reference.
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16. Which is the correct in which air passes structures as it travels from the nose to the circulatory system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, larynx, pharynx, trachea
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea, larynx, pharynx
Add the correct term from the list below to the following descriptions (2 pts. each)
diaphragm, pharynx, alveoli, trachea, bronchioles
17. Smallest respiratory passageways
_______bronchioles____________________
18. Windpipe
__________trachea_____________________
19. Where gas exchange takes place
__________alveoli_____________________
20. Both air and food pass through this
__________pharynx____
21. The main muscle involved in inhalation (inspiration)
____________ diaphragm
22. What is the main reason our bodies require oxygen?
A. detoxification of poisonous gases, such as CO2 that enter the lungs
B. focusing of the image viewed on the retina
C. it prevents the blood from becoming too thick and clotting too soon
D. the process of cellular respiration uses oxygen, combining it with protons and electrons to
make water
23. (16 pts, 8 for each part of the question below) Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects thousan
States and millions worldwide. Sickle cell anemia commonly occurs in groups whose ancestors came from Africa, as well as South
America, Saudi Arabia, India, and the Mediterranean.
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia results in
paleness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and increased heart rate due to a deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of
the blood. When oxygen levels are low in an affected individual, the red blood cells become deformed into a curved,
sickle shape. People with sickle cell anemia can experience swelling, pain, infection, and organ damage.
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All individuals have two alleles for the gene that codes for the hemoglobin protein (Hb). Individuals with two Hb A
alleles have normal, round red blood cells. Heterozygous individuals, with one Hb A allele and one Hb S allele, do not
experience symptoms of the disease, but they may produce some sickle-shaped red blood cells. Individuals with two
Hb S alleles have sickle cell anemia.
The diagrams to the right represent some of the steps in the formation of hemoglobin in two individuals, Y and Z. In
these diagrams, only a small part of the hemoglobin gene sequence is represented.
Individual Y has two Hb A alleles and therefore produces normal red blood cells. Individual Z has two Hb S alleles
and therefore produces sickle-shaped red blood cells.
In a bone marrow transplant, bone marrow from a healthy individual is transplanted into an individual with
a blood disorder.
Explain why a successful bone marrow transplant could treat sickle cell anemia in an individual.
The new bone marrow cells would be Hb-A/Hb-A, and could make normal, healthy red blod cells for the
person. They would have normal hemoglobin and could carry oxygen as required.
Suppose individual Z were treated for sickle cell anemia by receiving a bone marrow transplant. Could any
children that individual Z has after the transplant inherit the gene for the sickle cell trait? Explain your
answer.
I know that individual Z has two "Hb-S" alleles, because he/she has sickle cell anemia. All of his/her
children will inherit one of the alleles, so they will inherit at least one copy of the gene (Hb-S) for the sickle
cell trait.
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24. (23 pts.) Let's say you are a molecule of CO2. As completely as you can, describe your trip from where
you are "born" in the process of cellular respiration to where you leave the body and enter the outside air.
Do not leave out any of the steps. (hint: don't forget that it has to somehow leave the cell it is produced in,
and if it crosses any other membranes, don't forget to say how.)
I am a molecule of CO2 created by the process of cellular respiration in a muscle cell's mitochondrion. To
get out of the cell, I pass the plasma membrane, simply diffusing through, until I find myself inside a
capillary. I then travel through the plasma into a vein and flow through the heart and the pumonary arteries
to the capillaries of the lungs. There I pass through a membrane, by diffusion, and enter the air space of an
alveolus. there, I wait for the person to exhale, when I go out through the bronchioles, bronchi, trachea,
larynx, pharynx and out through the mouth into the outside air.
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