Latin I
Midterm guide
Test format: TBA
I. Pronunciation
Know that the following Latin letters differ in pronunciation from English.
v
ā
g
ē
windy
father
get
they
c
ae
ī
au
cat
aisle
machine
house
II. Grammar Define the following terms.
Term
Definition
Accusative
DIRECT OBJECT
Action verb
a verb that shows a motion
Adjective
modifies or describes NOUNS,
Adverb
modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected
endings that show their use in a sentence.
Verb family (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) (-āre, -ēre, -ere, īre)
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
sed – but et - and
Declension
Noun family (1st, 2nd, 3rd) (-a, -us, anything)
Direct object
The person or thing being verbed
Gender
Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER
Imperative
command
Indirect object
----------------------------
Indicative
----------------------------
Infinitive
Linking verb
the second principal part, “to verb”
An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a
sentence.
a part of speech that is NOT connected to any other part.
Usually shows great emotion: eheu, ecce, euge, salve, vale
a verb that acts like an equal sign
Macron
indicates a long vowel
Mood
---------------------------SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE/ADJECTIVE in a
sentence.
person, place, thing or idea
Inflection
Interjection
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Revised 2/9/2016
SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than one
the noun (or pronoun) that comes after a preposition and
completes the meaning of the preposition
1
Latin I
Midterm guide
Term
Definition
st
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
nd
rd
1 ,2 ,3
Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding
subject.
word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It
is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION.
tu – you ego - I
Preposition
Pronoun
commonly indicates what the subject is about or who performs
the action of a sentence
When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I
studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past),
PERFECT (completed in the past)]
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
----------------------------
III. Nouns
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”
e.g. Caecilius est argentarius Caecilius is a banker
e.g. Cerberus est iratus Cerberus is angry
[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession]
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb.
Complete the table with the correct endings.
Nominative
1st Declension
Singular
Plural
a
ae
2nd Declension
Singular
Plural
usually us
ī
3rd Declension
Singular
Plural
varies
ēs
Genitive
ae
ārum
ī
ōrum
is
um
Dative
ae
īs
ō
īs
ī
ibus
Accusative
am
ās
um
ōs
varies
ēs
Ablative
ā
īs
ō
īs
e
ibus
Vocative
a
ae
see rules
ī
same as
nom
ēs
Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.
puellae gladiatores in arenâ vident.
Revised 2/9/2016
nominative accusative ablative
2
Latin I
Midterm guide
VI. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
Third principal part
Example
porto “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portare “to carry”
portavi “I carried, did
carry, have carried”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
First person singular perfect:
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fui, futurus
adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus
Answer the following questions about navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus “to sail.”
1. What is the perfect stem?
navigāv
2. What is the first person singular present active?
navigō
3. What is the first person singular perfect active?
navigāvī
4. What is the present active infinitive?
navigāre
5. What is the present stem?
navigā
6. To which conjugation does this verb belong?
first
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”
Revised 2/9/2016
3
Latin I
Midterm guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
amō
amābam
sensī
translation
I love
I was loving
I have loved/did love/loved
2nd singular
amās
amābās
sensistī
translation
you love
you were loving
you have loved/did
love/loved
3rd singular
amat
amābat
sensit
translation
he loves
he was loving
you have loved/did
love/loved
1st plural
amāmus
amābāmus
sensimus
translation
we love
we were loving
we have loved/did
love/loved
2nd plural
amātis
amābātis
sensistis
translation
you pl love
you pl were loving
you pl have loved/did
love/loved
3rd plural
amant
amābant
sensērunt
translation
they love
they were loving
they have loved/did
love/loved
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1 singular
sum
eram
fuī
translation
I am
I was
I was/have been
2nd singular
es
erās
fuistī
translation
you are
you were
you were/have been
3rd singular
est
erat
fuit
translation
he is
he was
he was/has been
1st plural
sumus
erāmus
fuimus
translation
we are
we were
we were/have been
2nd plural
estis
erātis
fuistis
translation
you pl are
you pl were
you pl were/have been
3rd plural
sunt
erant
fuērunt
translation
they are
they were
they were/have been
st
Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.
Revised 2/9/2016
4
Latin I
Midterm guide
She kept leading. IMPERFECT
We did lead. PERFECT
I am leading. PRESENT
You have led. PERFECT
You lead. PRESENT
They used to lead. IMPERFECT
He does lead. PRESENT
They led. PERFECT
It leads. PRESENT
ducebat IMPERFECT
duco PRESENT
duxistis PERFECT
ducitis PRESENT
ducit PRESENT
ducebamus IMPERFECT
ducebatis IMPERFECT
ducis PRESENT
duxit PERFECT
Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs
bā
Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus
erā
VII. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
e.g.
intentê intently
ferōciter fiercely
graviter seriously
X. Interrogatives/Question words
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis who ubi where quid what cur why
Revised 2/9/2016
5