Bibliography
“About the proton therapy center”cincinnatichildrens.org N.p., n.d Web. 12 Oct. 2015
This site provide information about the new Proton therapy center of Cincinnati
Children’s medical center.
Bishop, Andrew J., Brad Greenfield, Anita Mahajan, Arnold C. Paulino, M. Fatih Okcu, Pamela
K. Allen, Murali Chintagumpala, Lisa S. Kahalley, Mary F. Mcaleer, Susan L.
McGovern, William E. Whitehead, and David R. Grosshans. "Proton Beam Therapy
versus Conformal Photon Radiation Therapy for Childhood Craniopharyngioma: Multiinstitutional Analysis of Outcomes, Cyst Dynamics, and Toxicity." International Journal
of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 90.2 (2014): 354-61. Web.
The authors compared proton beam therapy with intensity modulated radiation therapy
for pediatric craniopharyngioma in terms of disease control cyst dynamic and toxicity.
They concluded that for disease control PBRT and IMRT have the same outcomes.
Burke, Ben, Andrei Ghila, B. G. Fallone, and Satyapal Rathee. "Radiation Induced Current in the
RF Coils of Integrated Linac-MR Systems: The Effect of Buildup and Magnetic Field."
Med. Phys. Medical Physics 39.8 (2012): 5004-5014. Web.
The authors studied how imagine can be improved to help cancer treatment. This current
is call the RIC or radiation induced current. The RIC was measured with copper,
aluminum, in a cylindrical form and in a linear form, to measure the radiation induced by
it. Using a method call the Monte Carlo. Concluding that, theMonte Carlo simulation is a
useful tool for practical coil design where radiation effects must be considered. The SNR
is improved in the images obtained concurrently with radiation if buildup is applied to the
coil.
Caporaso, G.j., S. Sampayan, Y.-J. Chen, J. Harris, S. Hawkins, C. Holmes, M. Krogh, S.
Nelson, W. Nunnally, A. Paul, B. Poole, M. Rhodes, D. Sanders, K. Selenes, J. Sullivan,
L. Wang, and J. Watson. "Compact Accelerator Concept for Proton Therapy." Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with
Materials and Atoms 261.1-2 (2007): 777- 81 Web.
The authors provide information about a smaller machine for proton therapy call DWA or
Dialectic Wall accelerator. This machine is what they called the future for proton therapy
and it could be less expensive to have this type of machines in hospitals. It is not the
machine that is cheaper is the fact that it is smaller and it is capable to be in one room
versus the big gantries, that the actual cyclotron are.
Canter, Daniel, Mark Buyyounouski, Alexander Kutikov, Jinsheng Li, Richard E. Greenberg,
Eric M. Horwitz, and Stephen A. Boorjian. "2014 Ultrasound-Guided Implantation Of
Electromagnetic Transponders Into The Prostate Bed For Localization And Tracking
During Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Following Radical Prostatectomy." The
Journal of Urology 183.4 (2010): n. 781. Web.
Radiation therapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RRP) has been associated with a
survival benefit in both the adjuvant (applied after initial treatment for cancer, especially
to suppress secondary tumor formation) and salvage (Treatment that is given after the
cancer has not responded to other treatments settings). The authors studied seventeen
patients presenting for radiotherapy following RRP (2 adjuvant, 15 salvage) underwent
trans-rectal ultrasound-guided placement of Calypso transponders (is a target positioning
device that continuously monitors the location of three implantable electromagnetic
transponders) prior to radiotherapy. Finding that it was safe and efficacious and excellent
for toxicity profile.
“Childhood Brain Tumors”childhoodbraintumor.org. N.p., n.d Web. 12 Oct. 2015
This website provide information on Children brain tumors.
Ellis, Frank. "Dose, Time and Fractionation: A Clinical Hypothesis." Clinical Radiology 20.1
(1969): 1-7. Web.
This paper is an analysis of radiation therapy, toxicity and doses. And the damages to
healthy tissue.
Goldin, Gregg H. "Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, Proton Therapy, or Conformal
Radiation Therapy and Morbidity and Disease Control in Localized Prostate Cancer."
Jama 307.15 (2012): 1611. Web.
This study is a comparison between IMRT (intensity-modulated radiation therapy),
Proton therapy and conformal radiation, in treating prostate cancer and the
gastrointestinal morbidity, hip fracture and sexual dysfunction. Where the use of IMRT
have less morbidity in gastrointestinal side effects.
Hunniford, C. Adam, Robert W. Mccullough, R. Jeremy H. Davies, and David J. Timson. "DNA
Damage by Low-energy Ions." Biochemical Society Transactions 37.4 (2009): 893-96.
Web.
The authors studied strand breakage in plasmid DNA, by energy carbon ions, irradiation
with low energy carbon ions multiple damages to the molecules. Double charge in carbon
Ions produces more damage than single charge. This is relevant, although the ionization
cross sections of low energy ions are low, our study indicates that other processes may be
important in properly understanding their role within a biological environment. More
detailed studies of the damage induced by low energy ions will enable their effects to be
included in radiotherapeutics regimes.
Nickoloff Jac A., Allen, Christopher, Thomas B. Borak, and Hirohiko Tsujii. "Heavy Charged
Particle Radiobiology: Using Enhanced Biological Effectiveness and Improved Beam
Focusing to Advance Cancer Therapy." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular
Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 711.1-2 (2011): 150-57. Web
This research paper is about the used heavier particle like (proton and carbon ions), for
ionization therapy and the opening of new high costly facilities. The authors points out
the room for more investigation on this therapies.
“Proton therapy testimonials”cho.edu. N.p., n.d Web. 12 Oct. 2015
Children’s hospital of Philadelphia website, this is a hospital with a Proton center, and
also testimonials.
“Radiology." Cancer.Net. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
Radiology definition and whole concept.
Rong, Yi, and James Welsh. "Basics of Particle Therapy II Biologic and Dosimetric Aspects of
Clinical Hadron Therapy." American Journal of Clinical Oncology 33.6 (2010): 646-49.
Web.
This article is about the use of high energy particles like protons and neutrons, and their
increasing applications in the treatment of radio resistant tumors. This particles are better
than photons for deep seated tumors, irradiating from multiple angles to avoid
overdosing. In Protons a pronounced peak of energy deposition occurs before the
particles come to rest, because of a large increase in the interaction cross-section as the
energy (speed) decreases. This characteristic of heavy charged particles is called the
Bragg peak, the way of seeing the distribution doses. Havier particles have an advantage
over photon base therapy.
Sejpal, Samir, Ritsuko Komaki, Anne Tsao, Joe Y. Chang, Zhongxing Liao, Xiong Wei, Pamela
K. Allen, Charles Lu, Michael Gillin, and James D. Cox. "Early Findings on Toxicity of
Proton Beam Therapy with Concurrent Chemotherapy for Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer."
Cancer 117.13 (2011): 3004-013. Web.
Lung cancer is the most common cause of death in cancer in the use. This paper
researched, the concern associated with chemo radiation therapy for long cancer toxicity,
and how proton therapy is better for it treatment because of the lower risk of common
side effects.
Schulz-Ertner, D., and H. Tsujii. "Particle Radiation Therapy Using Proton and Heavier Ion
Beams." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25.8 (2007): 953-64. Web.
The authors explain how the physical advantages of particle beam therapy can only be
properly exploited when it is possible to use multiple fields at the same level of complexity
that is commonly used for modern photon treatments. Although gantries for proton therapy
have been installed at several proton therapy facilities, carbon ion RT is still delivered with
fixed beam lines. Much interest was generated when large companies became involved in
the further technologic development of particle therapy and medical insurance companies
included proton therapy into their services as a reimbursable treatment modality. They
concluded, that Controlled clinical trials comparing particle therapy with modern photon
RT are strongly needed. However, these trials must be planned very carefully and should
also assess toxicity and cost parameters.
Shippers, Jacobus M., and Antony J. Lomax. "Emerging Technologies in Proton Therapy." Acta
Oncologica 50.6 (2011): 838-50. Web.
The authors studied the new development in proton radiation technology. One of them
the need to develop smaller cyclotrons, for treatment rooms and cost effectiveness. The
need for better accuracy systems, ways to increase energy without affecting the patients.
Studenski, Matthew T, and Ying Xiao. “Proton Therapy Dosimetry Using Positron Emission
Tomography.” World Journal of Radiology 2.4 (2010): 135–142. PMC. Web. 28 Nov.
2015.
The authors, want to explain the importance of knowing the location of the dose
deposition (positron). This is difficult due to internal motion of patient organs, and the
changing anatomy of the tumor overtime. The theory is that, as the protons enter the
patient, they undergo inelastic collisions with atoms in tissues, which result in nuclear
reactions producing positron emitters. The PET system can detect the annihilation
photons produced in the patient and therefore the location of the proton beam can be
established and then related to the patient’s anatomy. Pet imaging is found to be a good
method for the determination the dose to the patient proton therapy.
Teoh, M., C. H. Clark, K. Wood, S. Whitaker, and A. Nisbet. "Volumetric Modulated Arc
Therapy: A Review of Current Literature and Clinical Use in Practice." The British
Journal of Radiology BJR 84.1007 (2011): 967-96. Web.
In this paper the authors reviewed the VMAT or Volumetric arc therapy irradiation, and
it risk in a variety of cancers. This technic is a 360 angle photon therapy. The authors
compare it with IMRT or intensity modulated radiation technology, they still found
similarities one of them is the exit dose that potentially damage healthy tissue.
Vaidya, Manushka, Kimberly M. Creach, Jennifer Frye, Farrokh Dehdashti, Jeffrey D. Bradley,
and Issam El Naqa. "Combined PET/CT Image Characteristics for Radiotherapy Tumor
Response in Lung Cancer." Radiotherapy and Oncology 102.2 (2012): 239-45. Web.
The authors’ analyzed, positron emission tomography (PET) scan and a computed
tomography, (CT) scan, to predict outcomes in treating small lung cancer tumors. One
important part for treatment of cancer in radiotherapy is the accuracy of the bean in
hitting the area. With PET/CAT scan this accuracy is better. Their studies found that the
use of this scans would be helpful for treatment and prevention of increasing toxicity.
Yoon, Myonggeun, Dong Ho Shin, Jinsung Kim, Jong Won Kim, Dae Woong Kim, Sung Yong
Park, Se Byeong Lee, Joo Young Kim, Hyeon-Jin Park, Byung_Kiu Park, and Sang Hoon
Shin. "Craniospinal Irradiation Techniques: A Dosimetric Comparison of Proton Beams
with Standard and Advanced Photon Radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation
Oncology*Biology*Physics 81.3 (2011): 637-46. Web.
The author studied the organs at risk versus the specific doses. Found that PBT (Proton
Beam therapy) compared to photon technique. Finding, improvement in doses in PBT in
regard lower organs at risks.
Yu, J. B., P. R. Soulos, J. Herrin, L. D. Cramer, A. L. Potosky, K. B. Roberts, and C. P. Gross.
"Proton versus Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Patterns of Care
and Early Toxicity." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 105.1 (2012): 25-32.
Web.
The authors perform an investigation on the cost of PRT (Proton Radiotherapy) versus
toxicity, in a twelve month period. They found PRT was significantly expensive and no
difference in toxicity in patients receiving Medicare older than sixty-five years old
(prostate cancer).