14th EAC HERITAGE MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM
The Valletta Convention: Twenty Years After – Challenges for the future. 20th Anniversary
of the Valletta Convention: Benefits, Problems, Challenges
FRIDAY, MARCH 22nd 2013
Antique Theatre in Butrint and Hotel Butrinti in Saranda, Albania
Programme
Chair of the day: PAULINA FLORJANOWICZ (Poland)
9.00-9.15 welcome
The Inspiration of Valletta
9.15-9.40 Key note: MARC GAUTHIER (France)
Origine et objectifs de la Convention de La Valette. Son application en France.
Elaborated after three international conferences on the theme of "Archaeology and planning" (Florence
1984, Strasbourg 1985, Nice 1987), Recommendation R 89 (13/4/1989) of the Council of Europe, defines
the objectives to reach for a better protection and display of the archaeological heritage. It totally renews
the European legislation in this field. It constitutes the basis for the Valetta Convention signed on the 16th
of January 1992. The Convention was enforced in France from the 10th of January 1996. The law of the
17th of January 2001 on preventive archaeology, which founded the Institut de recherches
archéologiques préventives (INRAP) clearly derives from the Valetta Convention.
Implementation of Valletta
9.40-10.10 OLS LAFE-ARBER KADIA,(Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports,
Albania)
Archaeological resource management in Albania: some observations
As elsewhere in Europe, the 1992 European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage
(Revised) has resulted in drastic changes in the way in which the archaeological heritage is dealt with in
Albania. For over 20 year now Albanian archaeology, once dominated by Communist Party directives,
has embarked on the road of collaborative projects with foreign archaeologists. However, the introduction
of the Archaeological Service Agency (ASHA) in 2008 has led to major discussion due to a clear change
in focus towards rescue and preventive approaches. The success of this Agency and of the government’s
approach to safeguarding the archaeological resources of Albania are of crucial importance for the future
of archaeological heritage management in Albania.
10.10-10.40 LEONARD DE WIT (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands)
Europe, Malta and me
Fifteen years ago I entered the world of archaeological heritage management as a legal advisor and
heritage manager. Since then, a not inconsiderable proportion of my working life has been dominated by
the Valletta Convention. In the Netherlands, we generally refer to it as the Malta Convention, or simply
‘Malta’. Indeed, ‘Malta’ has become almost synonymous with ‘archaeology’.
The implementation of the Convention has been a lengthy process because it meant us having to
champion a cause that attracted relatively little public interest in a world of real estate interests,
infrastructure, land politics and spatial planning at local and central level. The struggle to enshrine the
principles of the Convention and ensure all those involved complied with them will be familiar to many
archaeological heritage managers. My contribution will reflect on our success in using the Convention to
ensure things were done in the right way. But we must not be entirely uncritical. All that glisters is not
gold. The Netherlands conducted a thorough evaluation of its rules governing archaeology in 2012, and
found that we cannot afford to rest on our laurels. We must continue to work hard to improve the system
further. But this cannot be achieved solely at the national level; improvements must also come about
through European collaboration.
10.55-11.25 Coffee break
Issues – to improve the professional performance and to achieve greater
acceptance
11.25-11.45 JAN MAŘÍK (Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Prague, v. v. i.), KAROL PRÁŠEK (The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic)
Management of Archaeological Excavations their Control in Czech and Slovak Republic
On January 1st 1993 the former Czechoslovakia split into two new independent states – the Czech
Republic and the Slovak Republic. In regard to conservation of archaeological heritage, both states started
from the same position. The carrying out of archaeological excavations was regulated by the same law
and professional supervision of archaeological field work was conducted by scientific institutions
established by the state – in each caste the Institutes of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences While
in the Czech Republic this system has been maintained with only small changes, a completely new
structure for the Monuments’ Board has been established in the Slovak Republic with state officials
serving as supervision authorities. The paper will concentrate on comparison of both systems and attempt
to draw perspectives regarding further development.
11.45-12.05 CHRISTOPHER PRESCOTT (University of Oslo, Norway)
Rising to the challenge? Research-based training in contexts of diversification and globalization
The last twenty years has seen a massive transformation of the role and context of training archaeologists.
From the training of a few research specialists geared towards academic careers within largely national
frameworks, contemporary training should ideally meet the needs of a highly diverse demands of a transnational labor market largely outside university faculties, team-based research outside university faculties,
ambitions of a diverse student body, and the needs of an expanding heritage sector. Not only are the tasks
allotted the newly trained archaeologists increasingly diversified, the societal context is evolving.
Mention here could be made of factors like demographic trends, political agendas, globalization and the
changing role of the nation state, technology and the potential of modern research, privatization and
pressure on the humanities in today’s economic and political climate. In this situation, training is drawn
between various and sometimes conflicting interests in instrumental (and often superficial) competences
versus in-depth disciplinary competence.
12.05-12.25 DAVID BIBBY (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden Württemberg, Germany and co-chair
of the EAC Archives Working Party)
ARCHES (Archaeological Resources in Cultural Heritage. A European Standard)
Since 2007 the Archaeological Archives Working party of the EAC has been researching the problems of
archaeological archiving with a view to the production of a European Core Standard for archaeological
archiving as well as regionally tailored applied standards for practical guidance. This activity has resulted
in the EU co-funded project ARCHES (Archaeological Resources in Cultural Heritage. A European
Standard), whose mission statement is: “to agree a European standard that will benefit cultural heritage
practice and management in Europe and to produce a best practice manual and twinned web presence for
the creation, compilation, transfer and curation of the products of European archaeology.“ The project
kicked off in June 2011 and is planned to continue until May 2014. This is a progress report as well as a
glance at the possible positive long term results of the project for European archaeological archiving.
12.25-12.45 BRIAN AYERS (Butrint Foundation England/Albania)
Research, historic assets and the public – the example of Butrint
The historic environment is a complex construct, understanding of which changes continuously with
research, an activity which leads to enhanced care and conservation. Communication of the need for this
research, through presentation to the public of heritage assets, must therefore enhance awareness of the
processes of care as well as information concerning the asset itself. Further, ‘ownership’ by the public
must be encouraged in order to foster the benefits to the wider community of effective heritage
conservation. Such engagement with the public helps to build support for future research – the heritage
‘virtuous circle’. This paper will explore the complex asset that is Butrint in southern Albania, its
potential for enhancing community identity and the local economy, and the role of research in developing
public engagement.
12.45 – 13.05 NIKOLETTA DIVARI-VALAKOU (Hellenic Ministry of Education and Religious
Affairs, Culture and Sports, Greece)
Archaeological works in a development context. Key-challenges and legal measures
The protection of the archaeological heritage has long been a priority of public policy in Greece, as it is
referred in Article 24 of the Greek Constitution and the provisions of the main national heritage
legislation (Law 3028/02 “ On the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in general”). Although
the latter has entered into force three years before the ratification by Greece of the Valletta Convention
(Law 3378/05), it is totally in accordance with its principles and provisions.
However, within the last 10 years, in the wider context of development, there has been an intensive
archaeological research activity, especially in the framework for the realization of Major Infrastructure
Works. The General Secretariat of Culture of the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture
and Sports, as the competent authority for the protection of antiquities and cultural heritage, had to
stipulate that the necessity for financial development and growth, (being a major objective of the Greek
State), would not lead to a looser compliance with the existing provisions for the protection of
archaeological heritage. Thus, it proceeded to a series of actions in order to facilitate, systematize and
precipitate the archaeological works, the works of preservation and enhancement of the monuments as
well as the enforcement of the above legal framework. These actions not only affect directly the country’s
development model but also influence, at the same time, Greece’s financial and social environment.
This paper will discuss the above-mentioned series of actions and the main achievements / best practices
that have resulted from their implementation.
13.05-13.25 discussion chaired by ADRIAN OLIVIER (England)
13.25-14.25 Lunch
Changing Circumstances
14.25-14.45 JØRGEN WESTPHAL & DORTE VELEN CHRISTENSEN ( Danish Agency for Culture.
Denmark)
Conservation Principles – a necessary link between the Valetta Convention, national legislation and
heritage management.
Danish legislation adopted and implemented the Valetta Convention through a revision of the so-called
Museum Act in 2002 – a single law defining the roles and obligations of the parties involved (i.e. the
central government body, regional museums, owners of monuments and developers) as well as the
restrictions on activities relating to monuments. A decade has passed since 2002, and the Act has yielded
many benefits in regard to the preservation of the archaeological heritage. Both the Valetta Convention
and the Museum Act, however, are frameworks that fail to provide guidance for decision making and
prioritization on a detailed level. In 2011 this shortcoming led the Heritage Agency of Denmark to
establish a set of principles for the conservation of both the archaeological and the architectural heritage.
In mid-2012 the Conservation Principles were published and are now being implemented in daily heritage
management.
14.45-15.05 MICHAEL LAUENBORG (Danish Agency for Culture, Denmark)
Archeology as an integrated part of physical planning and management. In relation to towns,
landscapes and cultural heritage.
Today we have a focus on the values resting in the cultural heritage which are, important in relation to
tourism and development and in relation to where human settlements are located. There is a clear need for
cooperation between architects, landscape architects, historians and archeologists to optimize this
potential.
The triangle between the Valetta convention, the Florence Convention and the Faro convention is
important in relation to how to understand, protect and disseminate knowledge and appreciation of
landscape and cultural heritage. Understanding and cooperation between the cultural heritage sector, the
planning sector and politicians are very essential to reach this goal. Archaeologists have a new role to
play in this context where excavations are less important and awareness is more important.
15.05-15.25 KATALIN WOLLÁK (Gyula Forster National Centre for Cultural Heritage Management,
Hungary)
Lessons to be learned – the impact of recession on archaeological heritage management
Within the framework of the Archaeology in Contemporary Europe project a publication was launched in
2010 with the title Archaeology and the global economic crisis - Multiple impacts, possible solutions. The
papers examined the concrete effects of the recession in 9 countries on research funding, professional
employment and training and conservation / public outreach. A few papers touched on the influence the
recession has had on heritage management policies and legislation.
Among the direct effects we can see are job losses in public and private sector, a diminishing number of
private firms, merging of institutions, decreasing sources and funding opportunities. These are due partly
to the declining number of the developments and partly to the reduction in public resources.
These changes happened in the different European countries after a 15-25 year period of intensive
archaeological activity. This period which could be considered to have been the golden age of
archaeology – producing enormous quantity of archaeological material, though without proper, adequate
societal exploitation. As we face the fifth year of the crisis, this paper tries to explore the secondary
effects as well and the possible reasons for decreasing support from decision makers and politicians.
Parallel with this it is worth considering what kind of problem solving alternatives are being applied, how
the different agencies elaborate new ways of working and how they are seeking to work better in the
environment in which they find themselves.
15.40-16.10 Coffee break
Future Developments
16.10-16.30 BERNHARD HEBERT (Leiter der Abteilung für Archäologie, Bundesdenkmalamt, Austria)
20 years after – why Valetta is still worth ratifying!
Heritage protection in Austria has a long history and archaeology was included from the very beginning.
However, the Valetta Convention of 1992 has not yet been ratified. Twenty years on from the drafting of
the Valetta Convention, Austria is currently preparing to take the necessary steps in order to fill this gap
and to be part of a wider European community. Although Austria meets most of the standards set out in
this convention, we believe that ratifying the Valetta Convention would give a positive momentum to our
national heritage policy. The presentation will therefore deal with the process of ratification and will
analyze existing standards as well as obstacles and challenges concerning implementation. Since Austria
intends to ratify the Faro Convention too, the presentation will conclude with an outlook as to how Faro
might support the Valetta principles.
16.30-16.50 BIRGITTA JOHANSEN (Swedish National Heritage Board, Sweden) & MATS MOGREN
(County Administrative Board (County administration in Skåne, Malmö, Sweden)
'Valetta and beyond - ideas and practices in Sweden'
The Valletta Convention is well known among Swedish archaeologists. However, Swedish legislation and
practice was already at hand in 1992 and the implementation was never contested. Now, twenty years
later, we are beginning to wonder whether the convention – a child of its time – perhaps has grown too
old. Compared to the Faro and Florence conventions, it aims at systems and regulations more than
relations, ideas and visions. And there are also unwanted consequences. Contract archaeology has led to
commercialization. Professionalization has led to expert ruling and obstacles for those who want to
engage and interact through archaeology. Is it perhaps a way of legitimizing archaeologists rather than
archaeology? Our paper explores how national and regional levels of heritage management has dealt with
this and tried to explore possibilities beyond Valetta.
16.50-17.20 GIULIANA DE FRANCESCO (representative of the Council of Europe Directorate for
Democratic Governance)
The CoE and cultural heritage: the current framework
The Council of Europe plays a recognised unique role as a pan-European intergovernmental forum on
culture, heritage, landscape and laboratory of democratic governance. While its action is firmly based on
legal acquis (i.e. Conventions) generated over the past six decades, it steadily engages in novel conceptual
work, innovatory field action and experimentation. This allows the organisation to conceive policies in
anticipation of and in reply to societal developments and to strengthen capacity in line with ever evolving
human rights and democracy standards. The recently concluded reform has reunified all Council of
Europe activities related to culture, heritage and landscape under the responsibility of the Managing
Diversity Division in the Directorate for Democratic Governance. In this new framework, strategies,
organisation of the activities and working methods will be based on a holistic and integrated approach,
while traditional sectorial activities will be rationalised. New ways of working are going to be
implemented through creating synergies and partnerships and fostering participation into European
sectorial networks.
17.20-17.40 PETAR MILADINOV (representative of the European Union, DG Education and Culture)
The EU and cultural heritage: current approaches and challenges for the future
According to article 167 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (EU), the EU has a
supporting, but nonetheless very important role to play: its focus is on how best to assist national and
local authorities and complement the Member States' actions. Therefore, the EU actively supports cultural
heritage either as part of the European Agenda for Culture or through various funds and programmes. But
more importantly, the European Commission proposes for the new financial period a significant increase
in the budget devoted to the cultural and creative sectors.
Despite that the EU does not have direct decision making power; some EU policies can have a direct or
indirect impact on the cultural heritage sector. Therefore, DG Education and Culture and the European
Heritage Legal Forum (EHLF) established a mechanism for the permanent monitoring of the EU
legislation and for the provision of information on the relevant EU services about the potential negative
effects on cultural heritage.
Conclusion / afterword
17.55-18.15 WILLEM J.H.WILLEMS (University of Leiden, the Netherlands)
Malta: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, by the last man standing
As the last member of the Council of Europe's committee of Experts for the Archaeological Heritage that
is still active in the field, I could not resist the temptation of the title. There can be no doubt that the
adoption of the revised European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage has
changed archaeology - and not just in Europe but globally. It has changed the discipline in ways that are
irreversible and it has helped to change archaeology from an ivory tower pastime still wearing the
stigmata of ideological abuse and naive interpretations into a self-conscious discipline that is embedded
and socially relevant.
It may be less useful to investigate if the original aims of the Council of Europe or its committee of
experts, or its cultural heritage division, have been achieved. I would like to look at some of the
consequences of what has happened, and hopefully interact with comments from previous speakers. Such
consequences need not be inherently good or bad. What can be good for a government bureaucrat charged
with cultural heritage management may be less appealing to an academic archaeologist interested in
developing critical and significant interpretations of the past.
And indeed, what is Good in one context can be very Ugly in another. A prime example is the
'preservation in situ' dogma, which has come to dominate much of European and western archaeology in
general. Even in Europe it is evident that much is to be gained from a more flexible approach, but in third
world contexts its effects can be completely disastrous.
As the famous Dutch philosopher Johan Cruijff expressed it once: every advantage has a disadvantage,
and it is worthwhile to be aware of these.