Name _____________________________ Date ____________ Period ________
Chapter 1 Minerals
Section 1- What is a Mineral?
Minerals:
Naturally occurring
__________________ (non-living)
Solid
Definite ____________________structure
Crystal structure is a _______________________ shape pattern due to the ______________________
___________________________ of the atoms that make it up
Minerals make up rocks; rocks do not make up minerals
The Atom
The ____________________________
has the characteristics of that element
_____________________ ________ _______ _____________________ that
Element
•
Pure substance that _________________ __________ ____________________ ___________ into simpler
substances
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Pure substance: – only one type of particle
Compounds
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Two or more elements that are ______________________ ______________________
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Cannot be broken down by physical means
Crystalline Structure
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_____________________________ geometric pattern within a mineral due to the shape of the atoms that make
it up
Silicates
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Contain _______________________ and ___________________________
•
Make up more than _____________% of the earth’s _____________________
Non-Silicates
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Do not contain a combination of silicon and oxygen
Classes of Non-Silicate Minerals
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____________________ ________________________ - Composed of only 1 element, Ex. Au, Ag, and Cu
________________________________ - Contain C and O
________________________________ - F, Cl, I, or Br combine with Na, K, or Ca
________________________________ - O with only 1 other element
________________________________ - S with only 1 other element
________________________________ -contains an SO4 group
Section 2 Mineral Identification
Color is not a reliable way to identify minerals due to impurities!

Luster- The way the mineral reflect light
o _________________________ Bright and reflective
o _________________________Dull and not reflective (See figure 1 on page 8)
o _________________________ Dull and reflective
Streak
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
The ___________________ of a mineral in ______________________________form
Streak is often more reliable than color when identifying a sample.
Cleavage
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refers to the natural ________________________ _________________________ in which a mineral will break
__________________________, ______________________ surfaces
Fracture

refers to the tendency of a mineral to _________________________ ___________________ or along a
______________________________
Hardness
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A minerals ____________________________ to being __________________________
Moh’s Hardness Scale
o

Finger nail = 2.5

Penny = 3.5
Steel Nail = 4.5
Streak Plate = 6.5
Glass Slide = 5.5
Density

How ___________________________ the mineral is

______________________ = Mass/Volume
Specific Gravity
•
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of __________________________
•
SG = Density of substance /Density of water
Special Properties of Some Minerals
Section 3 Formation and Mining
Metallic
•
________________
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Good conductors of heat and electricity
•
_______________________
•
Ductile
Non-metallic
•
____________________ (not shiny)
•
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
•
______________________
•
Unmalleable
Gemstones
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Highly _____________________
•
Rarity, _______________________, ________________________ and _____________________determines
how valuable it is
•
_______________________ is the unit of mass of a gemstone
Mineral Formation
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the way in which a mineral forms determines it’s properties
Mineral crystals _____________________ as _______________________ _________________
___________________to its surfaces, edges, or corners
Two main ways crystals are formed
 Crystallizing from elements and compounds in ___________________-- (underground lava)
 Crystallization of elements and compounds ___________________ in __________________
Size of crystals depends on cooling rate:
 ______________________ cooling= _____________________ crystals
 ______________________ cooling= ______________________crystals
Crystallizing from Magma


Molten material is a liquid mixture of freely moving crystals
As molten material rises towards Earth’s surface it cools and crystalline solids form.
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Metamorphic


o
Changes in _____________________, ______________________ and/or ___________________
___________________________ alter a rock and the minerals inside it
o
Ex. - calcite, garnet, graphite, hematite, magnetite, mica and talc
Plutons
o
Magma that ____________________ ______________________, cools and solidifies
o
Ex. Mica, feldspar, magnetite and quartz
Pegmatiteso
___________________ shaped ___________________ _____________________
o
Ex. many gemstone, including topaz and tourmaline
Crystallization of elements dissolved in water
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Elements in water are freely moving in _______________________________
When water ___________________________, solid crystals are left behind
Can be above or below Earth’s surface
Crystallizing from Hot Water


Limestone
o Crystallization of ___________________________ __________________________ carried by water and
deposited on the bottom of lakes, seas
 Ex. Calcite and dolomite
Evaporating salt water
o Body of salt water dries up leaving behind minerals
o
•
Ex. Halite and gypsum
Hot water solutions
o _________________________________ works its way downward and is heated by magma
o Then it reacts with minerals to form hot liquid solutions
o Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize when cools
o Ex. Gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite, and galena
Mining
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extracting _________________________ from on top of and/or within the earth
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Ore - rock and mineral deposits that are large and pure enough to be ______________________ once extracted
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Two types of mining
•
–
Surface
–
Subsurface
The method used to reach mineral deposits depends on how deep it is from the surface
Surface Mining
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•
•
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When mineral deposits are located at or near the Earth’s surface
– Types: open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries
Open pit mine
o Removes large _________________ - __________________ deposits of economically important
minerals
o Ex- gold and copper
Quarry
o Type of open pit mine in which building materials are extracted
o Ex- limestone, marble, granite
Surface Coal Mine
o AKA _______________________ _____________________________
o Coal is removed in long wide strips
Subsurface Mining
•
Minerals are extracted from deep within the earth
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Different types of passageways can be dug to reach the ore
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Types: _____________________, ________________________ and _______________________ Mines
Harmful Effects of Mining
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•
•
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Solutions
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__________________________, _________________________, _________________________
_______________________ __________________________ - required by law since the 1970’s- to return land to
its original condition after mining is completed ( or to a better state)
Mine Reclamation Difficulties
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Might never get species back even after land is restored
•
If wetlands are disturbed, new channels for water into the wetlands must be made which is untested
•
Natural peat lands are lost forever since it takes thousands of years for natural peat to develop