Matter and Its Interactions
Structure and Properties of Matter
MATTER:
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is the “stuff” that all objects and substances in the universe are made of
takes up space (has Volume) and contains a certain amount of material (has mass)
all matter can be detected and measured
PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Physical and Chemical
3 STATES OF MATTER
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
CHANGING STATES OF MATTER
Melting: Solid to Liquid
Freezing: Liquid to Solid
Vaporization: Liquid to Gas
Condensation: Gas to a Liquid
ATOMS
 Is the smallest particle an atom can be divided and still maintain the properties of that element.
 Nucleus – center of the atom
 Protons – positively charged particles located in the nucleus of the atom
 Neutrons – located in the nucleus and electrically neutral
 Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
 Electrons – negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus of the atom
ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS
Elements:
 Simplest form of matter
 Has the same atoms
 Each element has a unique set of physical and chemical properties
Molecules:
 When two or more atoms combine
 Diatomic molecules – contain only 2 atoms
Compounds:
 Combining two or more elements
 Ionic Compounds – formed with ionic bonds
 Covalent Compounds – formed with covalent bonds
Chemical Bonds:
 The force of attraction between atoms
 Ionic bond – one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom
 Ion – atom with a charge
 Covalent bond – type of bond in which atoms share one or more electrons
Acids and Bases
 pH scale – used to tell how acidic or basic a substance is
Periodic Table
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organizes all the elements according to their properties
CHEMICAL FORMULAS, REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
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Chemical Formula – a shorthand way of describing a chemical compound
o Electron-Dot Diagrams – another way of representing molecules and compounds
Chemical Reaction – takes place when one or more substances change to form one or more new substances
o Reactants
o Products
Chemical Equations – way of describing a chemical reaction using chemical formulas
o Law of Conservation of Mass – states that matter can be neither created or destroyed
MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
 Mixture – combination of two or more substances that have not combined chemically
 Solution – mixture that looks like a single substance and has the same properties throughout
o Solute – a substance that dissolves
o Solvent – a substance in while a solute dissolves
Force
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A force is a push or pull on an object.
Force is measured in units called newton’s (N)
Gravity is the force of attraction between objects that have mass.
Electric and Magnetic Forces
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Electric forces are associated with unmoving charges, for example like chargers repel each other
Magnetic forces are created by moving electric charges. They exist between a magnet and the piece of iron it’s
attracted too.
A magnet is a material that attracts iron, a metallic element.
Electric and Magnetic forces decrease, whether attraction or repulsion, as 2 objects move farther apart.
Centripetal Forces
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A force that causes objects to move in a circular path.
Friction
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A force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that is in contact with each other.
Balanced and Unbalance Forces
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The net force of an object on an object is the combination of all forces acting on it.
To find the net force of forces acting in the same direction you add them together. (For example: 30 N to the left
+ 20 N to the left = 50 N to the left)
To find the net force of forces acting in the opposite direction you subtract the smaller force from the larger
force them.
A balance force produces no change in the motion of an object.
An unbalance force produces a change in the motion of an object.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
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An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalance force. An object in motion will stay in motion at
the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalance force.
Second Law of Motion
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The acceleration of an object by a force is inversely proportional to the mass of the object and directly
proportional to the force.
Third Law of Motion
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For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.
Work
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When a force is applied to an object and the object moves a distance.
Measured in newton’s-per-meter = joules (J)
Work= Force x Distance (w = f x d)
Simple Machines
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A device that makes work easier by using less force to move an object.
1. Inclined plane: a ramp, flat surface that slopes. Only simple machine that does not move.
2. Wedge: inclined plane that moves, used to split of lift objects. Force is applied to the wide end of the
wedge and gets transferred to the sides.
3. Screw: An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. The spiral ridges around the shaft of the screw are
called threads. As screw is turned, the threads pull the object up the shaft.
4. Lever: a long rigid bar that rests on and pivots around a support called a fulcrum.
5. Wheel and Axle: consists of a shaft, called the axle that is inserted through the middle of a wheel.
6. Pulley: a wheel with a rope wrapped around it. The wheel rotates around a fixed axle. The rope rides in
a groove in the wheel. When the rope is pulled, the wheel turns. Two kinds of pulleys, fixed and
movable.
Forces in Fluids
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A fluid is any material, either liquid or gas, that can flow.
Pressure is the amount of force exerted by these molecules on a give area.
The unit of measure for pressure is pascal (Pa)
An atmosphere is a measure of the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.
Buoyancy is the tendency of certain objects to float or rise in a fluid.
Buoyancy force is the upward force exerted on an object that is immersed in a fluid.
Energy – It is a property of matter and all matter has it.
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Examples of energy - Mechanical energy which also contains potential and kinetic energy, thermal
energy which relates to the temperature of a substance, light energy is the energy carried by light and
other kinds of electromagnetic waves, sound energy is the energy carried by sound waves, electrical
energy is the energy produced by electric charges, chemical energy is the energy stored in chemical
bonds, and nuclear energy is the energy contained in the nuclei of atoms.
Thermal energy transfers heat through conduction, convection, and radiation
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Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer – What is put into a system always comes out of the
system and vice versa; transfer of energy between one object and another during collision or sliding
contact
Relationship Between Energy and Forces – Forces between two objects can be gravitational, electric, or
magnetic
Core Idea PS4: Waves and Their Application in Technologies for Information Transfer
Wave Properties
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Waves are a repeating pattern of motion that transfers energy from place to place without overall displacement
of matter
The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave
Sound is a pressure wave in air or any other material medium
Resonance is a phenomenon in waves add up in phase in a structure, growing in amplitude due to energy input
near the natural vibration frequency. Ex. used in making musical instruments and human voice
Electromagnetism- magnetism resulting from electric charge in motion.
Electromagnetic spectrum- the full range of electromagnetic waves.
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The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency of the wave.
The higher the frequency, the great the energy of the wave.
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared waves
Visible light
Ultraviolet light
X rays
Gamma rays
Information Technologies and Instrumentation
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Instruments that transmit and detect waves – light waves, radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves,
cell phones, wireless computer networks, Xrays and ultrasound machines.