The Revolution of Evolutionary Theory Anthropology 206
The Revolution of Evolutionary Theory
From Descent with Modification to Kin Selection
Presented By Anthony & Kimberly Lakas
April 15 2010 Anthropology 206
MODEL 1
1.___________________
 An 18th century Swedish botanist who developed a system for classifying all living things. The
system, which is named after him, is still in use today.
 His system, uses to as _____________ nomenclature, uses genus and species names to classify
species.
2.___________________
 An 18th century French aristocratic scientist who said that living things do change through time
and that the earth must be much older than ___________years. He was careful to hide his views
in a 44 volume natural history book series. By doing this, he avoided public criticism.
3.___________________
 A late 18th and early 19th century French naturalist who believed microscopic organisms appear
________________ from inanimate materials and then evolve progressively into more complex
forms through constant striving for perfection. The ultimate product of this goal oriented
evolution was thought by him to be humans.
 Lamarck’s theories are the foundation of Model 1. His idea of ____________________
_______________________is the basis of Lamarckism and what future evolutionists built their
ideas from.
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
 This is Lamarck’s explanation for evolution. It summarizes the idea that evolution occurs as a result of
an organism acquiring a change in body shape due to ________ or not ___________a particular body
part(s) during its lifetime and then passing the new trait to its offspring. Resulting in _____________ to
it’s environment.
4. _____________________
 A late 18th and early 19th century French geologist who was a leading advocate of catastrophism.
He also attacked Lamarck’s idea of evolution and his explanation for what caused it to occur.
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Catastrophism
The theory that the earth’s surface is the result of _________ and __________ natural catastrophes such
as great floods and the rapid formation of major mountain chains rather than gradual changes. From this
view, the earth must be very _________.
Putting it Together
 Model 1 is the very beginning of evolutionary theory. __________ provided the foundation by
establishing that change happens. _______________ created a usable naming system. __________
and ____________ opened the door on the idea of adaptation and descent with modification. They
brought evolution into the realm of science.
MODEL II
1. _________________
He is considered the father of modern _________.
Hutton advocated _____________________ for living creatures too.
He distinguished between heritable variation as the result of breeding, and non-heritable
variations caused by environmental differences such as soil and climate.
Uniformitarianism
 The idea that the __________ natural forces now changing the shape of the earth’s surface have been
operating in the past much the same way. In other words, the present is the key to understanding the
past. From this view, the earth must be very ______.
2. ___________________
A leading 19th century British geologist who was a strong advocate of uniformitarianism and an
opponent of Cuvier’s idea of catastrophism. His three volume geology textbook was important
in helping Darwin develop his ideas about evolution during his around the world expedition.
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3._______________________
A late 18th and early 19th century English clergyman and pioneer economist who published an
extensive article entitled Essay on the Principles of __________________. In it he observed that
human populations will double every 25 years unless they are kept in check by limits in
____________,_________,_____________.
4._______________________
The 19th century English naturalist who carried out the necessary research to conclusively
document that evolution occurred and then made the idea acceptable for scientists and the
general public.
On the Origin of Species
The book in which Darwin published his theory of evolution in full for his fellow scientists and for the
public at large
Natural Selection
The evolutionary mechanism that occurs when some individuals of a population are better able to
________ in their environment and subsequently, produced more offspring. These are more likely to
have inherited their parents beneficial traits. Nature, in effect, ____________ which members of a
population are fit to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on their traits to the next generation
Adaptive Radiation
The relatively rapid _____________ and _____________ of an evolving group of organisms as they
adapt to new environmental niches. This is a process by which one species evolves into two or more
species. It occurs as a result of different populations becoming reproductively _____________ from
each other, usually geographic isolation.
5._____________________
The British naturalist who in 1858 sent__________ ___________ a draft of an essay he had
written on natural selection. He was collecting specimens of plants and animals in Southeast
Asia at the time. His essay pressured Darwin to quickly finish his own book
on_______________.
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6. _____________________
Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the first adherents to Darwin's theory of evolution by
__________ ____________, and did more than anyone else to advance its acceptance among
scientists and the public alike.
Huxley was a passionate defender of Darwin's theory -- so passionate that he has been called
"__________ _________".
Darwin had avoided direct mention of human evolution, stating only that "light will be thrown
on the origin of Man;" Huxley explicitly presented evidence for Human evolution, in his 1863
book Man’s Place in Nature.
7. ______________________
Haeckel is one of many thinkers who believed that all species were historical entities (lineages)
but did not share Darwin's enthusiasm for natural selection as the main mechanism for
generating the diversity of the biological world.
Haeckel instead believed that the environment acted _________ on organisms, producing new
races (a version of Lamarckism). The survival of the races did depend on their interaction with
the environment, a weak form of natural selection. Haeckel's mechanism of change required that
formation of new characters diagnostic of new species occured through __________
__________ to the developmental trajectory.
Putting it all together
While Model I merely established that change existed Model II began to explain some of the causes of
these changes.
 Hutton and Lyell establish the earth is much _________ than previously thought.
 Darwin ________ with Malthus about population limitations and generalizes from humans to all
living things.
 Darwin and Wallace built upon Lamarcks ideas and added to it the concepts of
_________________ and ___________ ____________ producing adaptation forming the basis of
Model 2 evolution.
 Huxley supports Darwin, going so far as to directly state __________ ____________ in his book
entitled “Evidence of Man’s Place in Nature”, published in 1863.
 Haeckel did not support natural selection, rather believing in a Lamarckian inheritance of
acquired characteristics.
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MODEL III
1.___________________________

Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some ___,________ pea plants. He did
groundbreaking work into the processes of heredity. Mendel studied seven basic pairs of traits. He
traced the inheritance of these traits. He realized the traits of a species depended on factors
(___________) found in the pollen and ovules. Mendel discovered four basic concepts which governed
the passage of a trait from one member of a species to it’s offspring.
 The first concept states that a sex cell contains one of the ________ factors it’s parent had. This
leads to the rule of ______________ which states that a parent’s two factors for a trait separate
in sex cell formation.
 The second concept, based on segregation is the rejection of ___________ inheritance.
 The third concept is some factors “Dominate” the expression of a factor (trait)(phenotype) and
can mask a ___________ trait.
 The fourth concept states that each pair of traits is inherited independently of other pairs of
traits.(This is because each pair of traits that Mendel observed is on a different chromosome.)
 His work led to the discovery of _______________ inheritance, _______________ and recessive traits,
_______________ and phenotype, and the concept of heterozygous and ________________.
Unfortunately, Gregor Mendel was not recognized for his work by his scientific peers. He found actual
proof of the existence of genes, and is considered to be the father of ___________. Though his work was
published in 1866, it was relatively unappreciated until the early 1900's.
Population Genetics
 Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of model III Synthetic Evolution. Its primary
founders were Sewall Wright, J.B.S. Haldane and R.A. Fisher. Population genetics is the study of
________ frequency distribution and change under the influence of four main evolutionary processes:
natural selection, ______________, mutation and ______________. It also takes into account the factors
of population size, subdivision, and structure.
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Natural Selection
 Natural selection is the processes by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to
___________ and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive
generations. Natural selection acts on the _______________, or the observable characteristics of an
organism, but the genetic basis of any phenotype which gives a reproductive advantage will become
more common in a population. Over time, this process can result in adaptations that specialize
organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the emergence of new
____________.
 Mutations
 Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's ____________ and are caused by radiation,
viruses, ______________ and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA
replication. Errors are introduced particularly often in the process of DNA replication, in the
polymerization of the second strand. These errors can also be induced by the organism itself, by certain
cellular processes.
 ___________________________
 In 1926 he first induced genetic mutations through the use of ________, and he demonstrated
that mutations are the result of breakages in __________________ and of changes in individual
genes.
 His receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1946 increased his opportunities to publicize the dangers posed
by accumulating spontaneous mutations in the human gene pool as a result of
_________________ and radiation, and he devoted much energy to increasing public awareness
of the genetic dangers of radiation.
Radiation leads to Mutations
(At least 10% of all mutations are caused by cosmic rays.)
Gene Flow
 Movement of alleles from one population to ___________________. This may be from migration of
reproduction-age individuals or transients.
Genetic Drift

Genetic drift is the change in the ___________________ frequency in which a gene variant
occurs in a population due to random sampling and __________________.
Randomness arises from Mutation, Chromosomal crossing over,
______________________, recombination, and Chance Survival.
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____________________________
 Fisher was one of the people who introduced the use of statistic into understanding how _______
________ could change of time. That is evolution.
 He published Genetical theory of natural selection. (1930),second ed. (1956)
 This united the work of _______________________ and ________________ and the idea of the
gene pool.
 A gene pool is the set of all the alleles a ___________________ has.
________________________________
 Haldane was a physiologist who was one of the three major players in the development of synthetic
theory of evolution. His greatest contribution was in a series of ten papers on "A Mathematical Theory
of Natural and Artificial Selection". This work _____________________the effects of mutation,
________ ___________, genetic drift, and natural selection on gene pools. He investigated the rates and
directions of gene frequency over time in response to variations in the magnitudes of the processes.
________________________________
 Wright emphasized the ______________ processes (gene flow, Genetic Drift) in evolution. Wright was
convinced that the interaction of genetic drift and the other evolutionary forces was important in the
process of ________________. He described the relationship between genotype or ________________
and fitness as fitness surfaces or fitness landscapes.. Natural selection would lead to a population
climbing the nearest peak, while genetic drift would cause random wandering.
_______________________________
 He published one of the major works of the modern evolutionary synthesis, entitled Genetics and the
Origin of Species (1939) which defined evolution as "a change in the __________________ of an allele
within a gene pool".
 Dobzhansky's emphasized the important role of mutations in producing ______________________.
 His book Genetics, evolution, and man (1955) highlighted the application of evolutionary theory to
humans.
________________________________
 He thought that natural selection was the main driving force of evolution, and that evolution occurred by
________ steps and not by saltations (jumps).
 Originated the term THE MODERN SYNTHESIS when he published the book Evolution the Modern
Synthesis (1941)
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________________________________
 Mayr emphasized the importance of _________________ _____________________, where
geographically isolated sub-populations diverge so far that reproductive isolation occurs.
 Mayr also introduced the biological species concept that defined a species as a group of interbreeding or
potentially interbreeding populations that were reproductively isolated from all other populations.
_____________________________
 George Gaylord Simpson showed that the modern synthesis was compatible with
___________________.
 The ________________ record was consistent with the irregular, branching, and non-directional pattern
predicted by the modern synthesis.
Putting it all together
The modern synthesis bridged the gap between experimental geneticists and _____________, and
between both and paleontologists. It states that:
 All evolutionary phenomena can be explained in a way consistent with known genetic mechanisms
and the observational evidence of naturalists.
 Evolution is gradual: small genetic changes, recombination ordered by natural selection.
Discontinuities amongst species (or other taxa) are explained as originating gradually through
geographical separation and ______________ (not saltation/jumps).
 Natural selection is by far the main mechanism of change; even slight advantages are important
when continued. The object of selection is the ____________ in its surrounding environment.
 The role of _______ __________ is equivocal. Though strongly supported initially by Dobzhansky,
it was downgraded later as results from ecological genetics were obtained.
 Thinking in terms of populations, rather than individuals, is primary: the genetic diversity
existing in natural populations is a key factor in evolution. The strength of natural selection in the
wild is _________ than previously expected; the effect of ecological factors such as niche
occupation and the significance of barriers to _________ _________ are all important.
 In paleontology, the ability to explain historical __________________ by extrapolation from
microevolution to macroevolution is proposed. Historical contingency means explanations at
different levels may exist. Gradualism does not mean constant rate of change.
 Wright and Fisher, along with J.B.S. Haldane, were the key figures in the “modern” synthesis or
the Synthetic model of evolution, that brought genetics and evolution together. Their work was
essential to the contributions of Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson, and Julian Huxley. The synthetic
model was the most important development in evolutionary biology after Darwin.
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MODEL 3.1 Genes are DNA
________________&__________________________&________________________
 Conducted subtraction experiments to determine the chemical make-up of
_______________.
 By exposing the chromosomes to ______________ that dissolved particular classes of
chemical components the discovered the true composition of genes.
 This discovery opened the door for exploration of the ________________ of DNA.
______________&_________________________&__________________
The double-helix, molecular model of DNA was based on a single X-ray ____________ image
taken by Rosalind Franklin May 1952.
The Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid was an
article published by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in the scientific journal Nature. (1953).
It was the first publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
Of these, Franklin’s paper was the first publication of her own X-ray diffraction data and original
analysis method that partially supported the Watson and Crick model.
In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology,
which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and ______________. Further work by
Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of
bases, called __________. Watson and Crick's discovery of the chemical structure of DNA
finally revealed how genetic instructions are stored inside organisms and passed from generation
to generation
MODEL 3.2
Behavior is the first line of natural selection.
____________________________________
 The work of Williams in group selection, along with W. D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and
others led to the development of a gene-centric view of evolution in the 1960s.
 Reemphasized Darwin's point that selection acted on ______________________ although
evolution effected ___________________.
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___________________________________________
Robert Trivers is best known for papers he published in the 1970's arguing that _________ _________
such as altruism, a parent's investment in their children, and a child's competition with its siblings or
parents could be explained as genetic expressions that added to the fitness of shared genes. These
papers, along with the work of William D. Hamilton and E.O. Wilson, launched the controversial idea of
sociobiology.
________________________________________________
Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work expounding a rigorous genetic basis for the
existence of kin selection and _________________, an insight that was a key part of the development of
the gene-centric view of evolution.
Hamilton also published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex.
_______________________________________________
 Game Theory - attempts to mathematically capture behavior in strategic situations, in which an
individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of others.
 Signaling Theory - a body of theoretical work examining ______________________ between
individuals.
 Evolutionarily Stable Strategy - it is an equilibrium which is "evolutionarily" stable meaning that once it
is fixed in a population, natural selection alone is sufficient to prevent alternative (mutant) strategies
from successfully invading. (populations are _______________ to change via random mutation)
Evolution of Sex
 Sexual reproduction can bring together mutations that are beneficial into the same individual.
 Sex aids in the spread of __________________ traits.
 Second, sex acts to bring together currently deleterious mutations to create severely unfit individuals
that are then eliminated from the population.
 Sex aids in the removal of __________________ genes.
 Last, sex creates new gene combinations that may be more fit than previously existing ones, or may
simply lead to reduced competition among relatives.
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Kin selection
 Some organisms tend to exhibit strategies that favor the reproductive success of their ____________,
even at a cost to their own survival and/or reproduction.
 Kin selection refers to changes in gene frequency across __________________ that are driven at least in
part by interactions between related individuals, and this forms much of the conceptual basis of the
theory of social evolution.
Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness refers to an organism's classical fitness (how many of its own offspring it produces and
supports) plus the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting
others. This counts only those who survive to another _____________________ cycle.
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