Units IV, V
The American Revolution was not a radical transformation like the French or Russian
revolutions, but it did produce political innovations and some social change in the direction of
greater equality and democracy.
Despite the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation, the government did address a
significant problem associated with disputed land claims by passing the Northwest Ordinance.
The government was unable, however, to prevent British and Spanish encroachments and
influences in the west.
Compromise on a number of issues, was required in order to create the new federal Constitution.
Adopting the new document required great political skill and involved changing the ratification
process defined in the Articles of Confederation, writing persuasively in support of the stronger
central government, and promising to add amendments to protect individual liberty and states’
rights.
The federal Constitution represented a moderately conservative reaction against the democratic
and decentralizing effects of the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation. In effect, it
embedded the revolutionary ideals of liberty and popular government within a strong framework
designed to advance national identity and interests against the dangers of fragmentation and
disorder.
Because of opposition from antifederalists, the Constitution extended certain delegated powers to
the federal government, while reserving important powers to the states. Further, a Bill of Rights
was later added.
Led by Washington and Hamilton, the first administration under the Constitution overcame
various difficulties and firmly established the political and economic foundations of the new
federal government. The first Congress under the Constitution, led by James Madison, also
contributed to the new republic by adding the Bill of Rights.
The cabinet debate over Hamilton’s financial measure expanded into a wider political conflict
between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans – the first political parties in
America. Federalists supported a strong central government, a loose interpretation of the
Constitution, and commerce (business). (Democratic) Republicans supported states’ rights, a
strict interpretation of the Constitution, and agriculture (farmers). Some historians, however,
contend that the two adversaries represented two types of wealth and class: manufacturers and
planter-slaveholders.
The French Revolution created a severe ideological and political division over foreign policy
between Federalists and Republicans. The foreign-policy crisis coincided with domestic political
divisions that culminated in the bitter election of 1800, but in the end, power passed peacefully
from Federalists to Republicans. American isolationist tradition emerges as a result of
Washington’s strong neutrality stance and his farewell warnings about foreign alliances.
Many historians consider the election of 1800 a revolution in political ideas, aspirations, and
objectives. Others point to TJ’s political moderation as president. Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic
policies strengthened the principles of a two-party republican government, even though the
Jeffersonian revolution caused sharp partisan battles between Federalists and Republicans over
particular issues.
The Marshall Supreme Court handed down decisions that would not only establish the
foundation of the judiciary’s responsibilities, such as the power to determine the constitutionality
of laws, but also reaffirm the separation of powers among the three branches of government.
Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the
Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular, failed embargo that revived the moribund
Federalist Party.
James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, which Jefferson had avoided.
Western War Hawks’ enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’
hostility.