University of Hull Carbon Management
Plan (scope 1 & 2 emissions)
2011/12 Annual Report and 2012/13
Action Plan
Ian Gibbs
December 2012
The University of Hull Carbon
Management Plan Annual Report
1. Introduction
This is the University’s 2011/12 Carbon Management Plan (CMP) annual report for the financial year
2011/12. It is the first annual report and provides details on progress achieved and performance
improvements made in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) against University targets.
The University’s CMP was approved in November 2011 and can be found at
http://www2.hull.ac.uk/administration/pdf/CMP_Nov_2011.pdf with further information on The
University's environmental web. The CMP was approved by the Vice Chancellor at an executive
meeting on the 13th February 2012 a copy can be found here .
The CMP includes targets for reductions in emissions of CO2 from energy usage. It identifies the
principal areas of energy use and investment programmes required to improve energy efficiency,
reduce usage and generate energy from renewable energy sources.
Electricity consumption fell by 7% (712 tCO2) in 2011/12 from 2010/11. However, gas consumption
rose by 19% (1,335 tCO2). This rise is due to the harsh winter during semester times with space
heating running well into May and also the addition of gas fired heating equipment to Taylor Court.
The significant degree day increases were seen in February (356/273), April (294/154) and May
(210/130). Additionally, some of the mechanical plant was run for twenty four hour periods during
the winter to prevent damage to heating coils.
Total emissions for 2011/12 were 18,505 tCO2. This falls short of our carbon reduction target by 534
tCO2. Carbon reduction measures installed in 2011/12 will not see their full effects until reporting in
2012/13.
Significant emission reductions (1,179 tCO2) are needed in 2012/13 to enable us to get back on target.
This will be very challenging as we expand our estate and install energy consuming services within
them.
To meet our targets, it is imperative that we;
 Install further low energy technologies within our buildings
 Introduce a Space Heating Policy
 Change behaviour
 Consider Renewable Energy options
A budget of £300k should be made available for the implementation of further low energy measures
saving £49k/yr and 235 tCO2/yr for implementation 2012/13.
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
2/12
The previous year's investment has not shown full year effects and it is predicted that the investments
made in energy efficiency measures during 2011/12 will produce further emissions reductions when
reporting in 2012/13. However the commissioning of new buildings at Allam Institute will increase
CO2 emissions by 160 tCO2/yr together with the additional measures that are forcing energy usage
upwards. In particular, we need to review our space heating control systems through the Building
Management System and undertake a full assessment on heating start times and set points. This will
be more easily enforced with approval of The Space Heating Policy.
Numerous low simple payback projects have been implemented over the last five years. Therefore, it
is becoming more difficult to identify technology energy reduction initiatives that have a payback of
less than 7.5 years. On completion of the 2012/13 technology implementation plan (£300k). The
University will have deployed the following;
 All wall thermal elements cavity insulated
 All lofts insulated to Building Regulations Standard
 80% of gas fired boilers used for space and hot water heating will be high efficiency condensing
boilers
 80% of areas will have lighting controls (occupancy & daylight) fitted
 All plant rooms and hot distribution pipework fully insulated
Should The University invest in technologies with higher payback than 7.5 years in order to meet the
carbon reduction targets?
We are currently (2012/13) having to invest approximately £1,276/tCO2 reduction with a six year
simple payback. If we were to invest annually at this level to achieve our annual CO2 reduction target
of 645 tCO2/yr then we would need to invest £823k per year to 2019/20, £5.6M in total. This figure
is a minimum since further implementation will make it harder to find reduction measures increasing
annually the £1,276/tCO2 figure.
Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme
The University has registered with the Environment Agency for the Carbon Reduction Commitment
Energy Efficiency Scheme. Our carbon footprint report and first annual report were developed with
internal audit and submitted in July 2011. The annual cost for our carbon footprint for the period
April 2010 – March 2011, using emissions of 18,245 tonnes CO2 and a price of £12/tonne CO2, will
be £222k.
The student houses on both Cranbrook and Auckland Avenue have been excluded under the CRC
90% obligation rule to minimise administration time and costs. The current price of carbon under the
CRC EES is £12/tCO2. Therefore, this equates to annual allowance purchases of £222k per annum.
The price of carbon is set to increase to £30/tCO2 by 2020 increasing allowance sales to £555k unless
TUOH reduces its carbon emissions.
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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Progress against Targets
Emission Factors
Electricity and gas emission factors are used to convert consumption to tonnes of CO2. Emission
factors should be revised annually to take account of the current power sector fuel mix as
documented in (HEFCEd, 2010, pp.Table 2-2). Emission factors for electricity and gas have reduced
due to the net importation of nuclear energy from France. Following a review of this methodology it
has been decided to revise it to factor in electricity imports in this 2011 update for the full time
period.
In general the UK is a net electricity exporter to Ireland and a net electricity importer from France.
Because France has significantly lower emission factors for electricity generation (as electricity is
predominantly produced from nuclear power) this has resulted in a reduction in the UK grid average
emission factors across the time-series. The degree to which these have changed varies by year
according to the relative proportion of electricity imported.
Emission factors should be updated for historical reporting with each annual update one should
recalculate emissions from previous years using the latest time-series dataset. This is because there
can be revisions to earlier emission factor data due to improvements in the calculation methodology
or UK GHG inventory datasets they are based upon. For example in this 2011 update:
Figure 1 - Emission Factors (DECC, 2011)
The historical emissions for 2009/10 and 2010/11 have been adjusted to take into account the new
emission factors, see below;
Figure 2 - Revised Emission Factors (DECC, 2011)
Fuel
Emission factor
(kgCO2/kWh)
Electricity (2009/10) (2010/11) & (11/12)
0.48152
Gas (2009/10) (2010/11) & (11/12)
0.18322
The new annual emissions are represented below and these have been amended in Figure 3 2009/10 (Systemslink Report from Facilities Directorate)
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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The following table show the annual energy usage and carbon emissions for the various fossil fuels
used on site.
Figure 3 - 2009/10 (Systemslink Report from Facilities Directorate)
Electricity
(kWh)
Electricity
(tCO2)
Gas (kWh)
Gas
(tCO2)
Oil (kWh)
Oil
(CO2)
Transport
Emissions
(0.71%)
Total
Emissions
(tCO2)
22,089,491
10,636
38,517,146
7,058
0
0
126
17,820
Total degree days - 2,506
Figure 4 - 2010/11 (Systemslink Report from Facilities Directorate)
Electricity
(kWh)
Electricity
(tCO2)
Gas (kWh)
Gas
(tCO2)
Oil (kWh)
Oil
(CO2)
Transport
Emissions
(0.71%)
Total
Emissions
(tCO2)
22,144,562
10,663
38,694,325
7,089
0
0
126
17,878
Total degree days - 2,537
Figure 5 - 2011/12 (Systemslink Report from Facilities Directorate)
Electricity
(kWh)
Electricity
(tCO2)
Gas (kWh)
Gas
(tCO2)
Transport
Emissions
(0.71%)
Total
Emissions
(tCO2)
20,665,339
9,951
45,979,987
8,424
130
18,505
£2.128M
£1.238M
Total degree days - 2,567
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
5/12
Energy and Carbon Costs
New energy supplier contracts have recently been tendered that will be in effect throughout 2012/13.
Energy costs continue to rise with an annual budget of £4.375M for 2012/13 (including water and
CRC allowances). The carbon price has been assumed to remain at £12/tCO2 for 2012/13 since there
is no indication from the UK Government regarding increasing this.
Below are the energy costs for 2012/13 showing energy costs as outlined in the CMP (Gibbs, 2011)
showing increases in costs against the CMP figures.
Figure 6 - Energy Costs for 2012/13 (p/kWh)
Description
Base
tariff
CCL
VAT
(%)
Carbon
Price
Total
CMP
Total
Inc
(%)
Campus Electricity (Non-Domestic)
9.94
0.509
20
0.6492
13.18
13.14
+0.5
Student House Electricity (Domestic)
10.077
0.509
5
0.6492
11.76
11.58
+2
Main Campus Gas (Non-Domestic)
2.4604
0.177
20
0.22032
2.89
2.43
+20
Student House Gas (Domestic)
2.4628
0.177
5
0.22032
3.00
2.15
+40
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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Factors Increasing Baseline Emissions
The main influencing factors increasing the business as usual scenario are;
 Increased building opening times including the Brynmor Jones Library
 Proliferation of electrical and electronic electrical equipment owned by students (refrigerators,
hand held devices, microwaves and televisions)
 Increased use of residences during non-semester times (including Summer Schools)
 Refurbishment of Sports Laboratory increasing electrical load
 Increased use of conditioned spaces (ventilation and air conditioning)
Allam Building - estimated increase of Gas – 210 MWh/yr, Elec – 250 MWh/yr - totalling 160
tCO2/yr (www.aecom.com)
 Extended opening hours for The Scarborough Campus Library
 Lincoln University occupation of Loten Hall
 Increased use of portable electrical heaters (Space Temperature Policy needed to mitigate)
 Ferens Hall increased bed spaces
 The increased electrical load within the refurbished Scarborough restaurant area
 Increased air conditioning load within Zucchini's restaurant
 Additional ventilation installed to Cohen Building lecture theatres
 Addition of large air handling units to the refurbished labs at the Scarborough campus
Against the above trend, much of the plant and equipment purchased and installed by the University
will have lower energy requirements than the plant it replaced (boilers, fans, pumps and computing
etc.).
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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Figure 7 - Scope 1 & 2 Emissions, Progress against Targets
25000
20000
19090
18616
16681
15000
15348
17971
17326
13974
16036
12599
14661
13287
10000
5000
0
Actual
Target
Water Carbon Emissions
HEFCE issued a report in January 2012 by Arup and De Montfort University (HEFCEe, January
2012). This report introduced a methodology for measuring the scope 3 emissions associated with
water supply and waste water treatment.
The Carbon Management Plan 2011 (Gibbs, 2011) figure 9 specified targets for reduction of water
consumption across the estate. This figure (Figure 8 - Water consumption and CO2 emission targets)
has been updated to include the emissions associated with water usage and waste water treatment.
Additionally, the progress against targets has been updated together with a list of water reduction
intervention measures that should be implemented during 2012/13.
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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Water CO2 Emission Factor (kgCO2/m3)
(HEFCEe, January 2012) Provides a list of emission factors to be used for both water supply and
waste water treatment see Table 1.
Table 1 - (HEFCEe, January 2012) : DEFRA/DECC Life Cycle Conversion Factors
The University is charged for sending 95% of its water supply to Yorkshire Water for water treatment.
It is therefore possible to calculate an emission factor for combined water supply and waste water
treatment per m3 of water supplied;
Equation 1 - Combined Emission Factor for Water Supply & Waste Water Treatment
e(watercombined) = (0.34 × 1) + (0.95 × 1 × 0.7) = 1.005 kgCO2/m3
This figure has been used to determine the emissions in Table 1. The emission factors shown in Table
1 may reduce as Yorkshire Water improves the environmental performance of their waste water
supply infrastructure and waste water treatment works.
Figure 8 - Water consumption and CO2 emission targets
Year
Water (cubic metres)
2009/10
250,468 (a)
2010/11
245,459
2011/12
240,449
2012/13
%
Actual Water
(cubic metres)
Actual CO2
emissions (tCO2)
(1.005 kgCO2/m3)
252
100
N/A
252
247
98
217,226 (£540,522)
218
242
96
210,035 (£571,468)
211
235,440
237
94
2013/14
230,431
232
92
2014/15
225,421
227
90
2015/16
220,412
222
88
2016/17
215,402
216
86
2017/18
210,393
211
84
2018/19
205,384
206
82
2019/20
200,374
201
80
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
Target CO2
emissions (tCO2)
(1.005 kgCO2/m3)
9/12
Water Reduction Interventions
Sub-metering trail on student houses
The student houses are on rateable value supply and The University is therefore not charged for the
amount of water that is used. The use of rateable supplied water does not encourage water
conservation behaviour. A trial has therefore commenced with water meters being fitted
(20/06/2012) to the following five properties;
 67 Cranbrook Avenue (rateable annual cost £403.26)
 73 Cranbrook Avenue (rateable annual cost £400.72)
 79 Cranbrook Avenue (rateable annual cost £413.32)
 85 Cranbrook Avenue (rateable annual cost £443.62)
 87 Cranbrook Avenue (rateable annual cost £400.72)
The average cost per property is £412.33 this relates to approximately 135 m3/yr at £3.07/m3. Since
the houses are occupied by five students for roughly 270 days/yr this equates to 100
litres/student/day usage to break even with the rateable supply value.
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
10/12
2. Intervention opportunities
Implementation and Categorisation
The Carbon Management Plan (Nov 2011) approved by the Vice-Chancellor detailed capital
investment plans to reduce carbon emissions at Hull University. The capital investment planned for
2012/13 implementation was £300k.
The categorisation of the £300k spend is shown below showing total CO2 savings, capital investment
and annual energy savings. This gives a total payback period for all projects of around 6.0 years with
£1,276 invested per tonne of CO2 reduced.
The carbon reduction interventions within all phases have been categorised for implementation into
seven groups, see below (including total values and CO2 savings);
 (a) Lighting upgrades and improvements to the control of existing lighting schemes.
Replacement of existing lamps with more efficient alternatives. Control of mechanical and
electrical services using time-clocks and other energy saving controls.
 (b) Insulation to plant rooms (valves, flanges, strainers, pipe-work and other ancillaries).
 (c) Fabric improvements to buildings (loft and cavity insulation, floor insulations, draught
proofing, glazing upgrades and improvements).
 (d) Upgrade and replacement of mechanical services. Examples include boiler replacements,
BMS controls, air conditioning controls and space heating fuel switches from electric to gas.
Table 2 - Implementation Measures During 2012/13
Category
Annual Carbon
Savings
(tCO2/yr)
Annual Cost
Savings (£/yr)
Capital Costs (£)
Simple
Payback (yr)
(a) Lighting & Controls
82
£20,000
£150,000
7.5
(b) Insulation
94
£16,700
£50,000
3
(c) Fabric Improvements
28
£5,000
£25,000
5
(d) Mechanical Services
31
£7,500
£75,000
10
Total
235
(35% of annual
target)
£49,200
£300,000
6
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
11/12
3. Renewable Energy Feasibility Study (Buro Happold)
Installation of Biomass Boilers at The Lawns
The CMP2011 identified the opportunity to save considerable amount of CO2 emissions by installing
a biomass heating system at The Lawns. The CMP made a commitment to undertake a feasibility
study into this by April 2012. The feasibility study has now undertaken. It will not be possible to
meet The University's CO2 reduction targets without installing renewable energy technologies. With
CO2 reductions of around 600 tCO2 per annum the biomass scheme at The Lawns will help The
University meet those targets.
The UK Government has introduced the Renewable Heat Incentive to stimulate the uptake of
biomass renewable energy schemes. The RHI is the first of its kind in the world and provides long
term support for renewable heat technologies like heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar thermal
panels.
The Biomass project is not currently viable in terms of our current payback requirements for energy
saving. However, the scheme would contribute emissions reductions in the region of 600 tCO2
annually and contribute significantly to our carbon reduction targets.
We will bring forward a business case in due course to seek approval to progress this project.
CMP Report 2011/12, December 2012
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