Final
Water Management and
Conservation Plan
December 2012
Prepared for
City of Klamath Falls, Oregon
Prepared by
Contents
1.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 1-1
Plan Organization ............................................................................................................................... 1-1
Affected Local Governments ............................................................................................................ 1-2
Plan Update Schedule ........................................................................................................................ 1-2
2.
Water Supplier Description .......................................................................................................... 2-1
Source and Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 2-1
Interconnections with Other Systems .............................................................................................. 2-1
Intergovernmental Agreements........................................................................................................ 2-2
Service Area Description and Population ....................................................................................... 2-2
Records of Water Use ......................................................................................................................... 2-3
Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Historical Demands ............................................................................................................................ 2-5
Monthly Demands.......................................................................................................................... 2-7
Seasonal Demands ......................................................................................................................... 2-8
Peaking Factors ............................................................................................................................... 2-8
Per Capita Demand ........................................................................................................................ 2-9
Authorized Consumption ........................................................................................................... 2-10
Customer Characteristics and Use Patterns ............................................................................. 2-11
Monthly Water Use .......................................................................................................................... 2-13
Seasonal Water Use ...................................................................................................................... 2-14
Indoor and Outdoor Water Use ................................................................................................. 2-15
Top Water Users ........................................................................................................................... 2-15
City Irrigation ............................................................................................................................... 2-16
Unaccounted-for Water ............................................................................................................... 2-16
OAR 690-086-0140(9) .................................................................................................................... 2-16
City Water Rights ............................................................................................................................. 2-17
Aquatic Resource Concerns ............................................................................................................ 2-17
Evaluation of Water Rights/Supply .............................................................................................. 2-17
3. Water Conservation .......................................................................................................................... 2-1
Current Conservation Measures....................................................................................................... 3-1
Public Information and School Education .................................................................................. 3-2
iii
Residential Water Audits and Fixture Retrofits ......................................................................... 3-2
System Leak Detection................................................................................................................... 3-2
Landscaping Workshops ............................................................................................................... 3-2
Enforcement of Plumbing Codes ................................................................................................. 3-2
Water Waste Prohibition ............................................................................................................... 3-2
Water Reuse .................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Use and Reporting Program ............................................................................................................. 3-3
Required Conservation Programs .................................................................................................... 3-3
Five-Year Benchmarks for Required Conservation Measures ..................................................... 3-3
Expanded Use under Extended Permits ......................................................................................... 3-6
Additional Requirements .................................................................................................................. 3-6
4. Curtailment ........................................................................................................................................ 4-1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4-1
History of System Supply Deficiencies............................................................................................ 4-1
Curtailment Levels and Event Triggers........................................................................................... 4-2
Authority.............................................................................................................................................. 4-2
Level 1: Water Shortage Alert .......................................................................................................... 4-3
Level 2: Serious Water Shortage ...................................................................................................... 4-3
Level 3: Severe Water Shortage ....................................................................................................... 4-4
Level 4: Critical Water Shortage ...................................................................................................... 4-4
5. Water Supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-1
Delineation of Service Areas ............................................................................................................. 5-1
Population Projections ....................................................................................................................... 5-1
Demand Forecast ................................................................................................................................ 5-1
Non-Residential .............................................................................................................................. 5-3
Others ............................................................................................................................................... 5-3
Demand Projection Summary ...................................................................................................... 5-4
Schedule to Exercise Permits and Comparison of Projected Need to Available Sources......... 5-5
Alternative Sources ............................................................................................................................ 5-5
Quantification of Projected Maximum Rate and Monthly Volume ............................................ 5-6
Mitigation Actions under State and Federal Law .......................................................................... 5-6
New Water Rights .............................................................................................................................. 5-6
iv
Exhibits
2-1 Components of the IWA/AWWA Water Balance, million gallons per year
2-2 Annual Volume, Average Day Demand, Maximum Day Demand, 3-Day Maximum Day
Demand, Maximum Monthly Demands, and Peaking Factor, 2007-2011
2-3 Average Day Demand and Maximum Day Demand with Trendlines, 2007-2011
2-4 Annual Production (MG), 2007-2011
2-5 Monthly Average Day Demand (mgd), 2007-2011
2-6 Summer (June-September) and Winter (December-March) Average Day Demands, 20072011
2-7 Average Day Per Capita Demands (gpcd), 2007-2011
2-8 Residential Per Capita Demand, 2007-2011
2-9 Average Annual Number of Service Accounts by Customer Category
2-10 Annual Metered Consumption (MG) by Customer Category, 2007-2011
2-11 Percent Annual Consumption by Customer Category, 2011
2-12 Monthly Metered Consumption (MG) by Customer Category, 2007-2011
2-13 Average Monthly Metered Consumption by Season and Customer Category, 2011
2-14 City of Klamath Falls Largest Water Accounts Annual Consumption, 2011
2-15 Non-Revenue Water, 2007-2011
3-1 Previously Proposed Conservation Measures
4-1 Water Shortage Levels and Initiating Conditions
5-1 City of Klamath Falls Service Area: Projected Population
5-2 City of Klamath Falls: Summary of Land Use Acreages from 2010 Water Master Plan
5-3 Unit Demand Factors for Average Day Demand from 2010 Water Master Plan
5-4 City of Klamath Falls Projected Future Demand
Appendices
A Letter to Affected Local Governments
B City of Klamath Falls Water Distribution System
C City of Klamath Falls Current Service Area
D City of Klamath Falls Water Rights Table
E City of Klamath Falls Current/Future Service Area
F Water Master Plan (2010) Demand Projections
v
1. Introduction
This section satisfies the requirements of OAR 690-086-125.
This rule requires a list of affected local government to whom the plan was made available, and a
proposed date for submittal of an updated plan.
Overview
The City of Klamath Falls (City) is located in Klamath County, in the south central region of
Oregon. The City is in the Klamath Basin on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range and is on
the southern shore of Upper Klamath Lake.
The City’s current service area includes all areas within the UGB, excluding three small
residential communities with private water systems and the Oregon Institute of Technology
(OIT). In 2011, the estimated population served by the City’s water system was approximately
36, 180. Currently the overall population within the current and future planning area is
approximately 46,000 residents, with about 21,000 within the City limits and another 25,000 in
the unincorporated areas within the Urban Growth Boundary (UGB).
The City’s source of municipal water supply is groundwater. Currently, the City appropriates
groundwater for municipal water use from 13 wells. All of the City’s wells are located in the
upper Klamath Basin. The underlying Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks are generally
permeable and the groundwater system is recharged from precipitation in the Cascade Range
and uplands. The City holds 18 municipal groundwater rights with a total maximum
authorized rate of 58.51 cubic feet per second (cfs) (37.8 million gallons per day [mgd]).
Currently, not all of the City’s water rights and associated well capacities are fully developed.
Plan Organization
This updated Water Management and Conservation Plan (WMCP) fulfills the requirements of
Oregon Administrative Record (OAR) Chapter 690, Division 86. Several of the City’s water
right permits are conditioned to require a WMCP. Moreover, the previous WMCP approval
limited the City’s ability to access its water rights; this updated WMCP is necessary to provide
the City access to additional water supply to meet projected demands within the 20-year
planning period. The WMCP describes water management, conservation, and curtailment
measures that will assist the City in the wise management of its water resources. The WMCP is
organized according to the major sections of the Division 86 rules, as follows:
1-1
Section
Requirement
Section 1 – Introduction
OAR 690-086-0125
Section 2 – Water Supplier Description
OAR 690-086-0140
Section 3 – Water Conservation
OAR 690-086-0150
Section 4 – Curtailment
OAR 690-086-0160
Section 5 – Water Supply
OAR 690-086-0170
Affected Local Governments
OAR 690-086-0125(5)
The following entity is an “affected local government,” according to OAR 690-005-0015:
 Klamath County
Thirty days before submitting this WMCP to the Oregon Water Resources Department
(OWRD), the plan was made available for review by the affected local government listed above
along with a request for comments related to consistency with the local government’s
comprehensive land use plan (if any). The letter requesting comments is included in Appendix
A.
Plan Update Schedule
OAR 690-086-0125(6)
The City plans to submit an update of this WMCP within 10 years of receiving the final order
approving the WMCP. As required by OAR Chapter 690, Division 86, a progress report will be
submitted within 5 years of receiving a final order approving this WMCP.
1-2
2. Water Supplier Description
This section satisfies the requirements of OAR 690-086-0140.
This rule requires descriptions of the City’s water sources, service area and population, water rights, and
adequacy and reliability of the existing water supply. The rule also requires descriptions of the City’s
customers and their water use, the water system, interconnections with other water suppliers, and
quantification of system leakage.
Source and Facilities
OAR 690-086-0140(1)(8)
The City’s source of municipal water supply is groundwater. Currently, the City appropriates
groundwater for municipal water use from 11 wells, with two additional wells for emergency
use only. The City’s wells are located in the upper Klamath Basin. The underlying Tertiary and
Quaternary volcanic rocks are generally permeable and the groundwater system is recharged
from precipitation in the Cascade Range and uplands.
The City holds 18 municipal groundwater rights with a total maximum authorized rate of 58.51
cfs (37.8 mgd). However, the City’s current municipal well production capacity is significantly
lower than the authorized water right capacity. At this time, the combined capacity of the
City’s wells is 41.41 cfs (26.8 mgd). The Conger wellfield is the largest centralized supply
location and provides approximately 70 percent of the existing water supply capacity.
Currently, the City has 227 miles of distribution pipelines, 22 storage reservoirs, 23 booster
pump stations, and 18 pressure regulating stations. The distribution pipelines range in size
from 2 inches to 20 inches in diameter and are composed of a variety of materials, including
cast-iron, ductile-iron, steel, asbestos-cement, high-density polyethylene, and C-900. The City’s
22 reservoirs have a total storage capacity of 16.7 million gallons (MG). The booster pump
stations are located throughout the City at key locations to pump water into reservoirs, provide
adequate pressures in higher elevation areas or small isolated areas, and offset pressure losses
when conveying water to some outlying areas. The 18 pressure regulating stations are located
at points where water is supplied to lower elevation areas from zones with higher pressures.
Appendix B depicts the City’s water system, including production wells, storage reservoirs,
major transmission and distribution lines, and the existing service area.
Interconnections with Other Systems
OAR 690-086-0140(7)
The City has an emergency interconnection with OIT; the intertie is one-way, from the City to
OIT. In the future, it is possible that OIT will obtain water service from the City because of
water quality issues with the OIT supply.
2-1
Intergovernmental Agreements
OAR 690-086-0140(1)
The City does not have any intergovernmental agreements with other municipal water supply
systems, or exchange agreements or water supply or delivery contracts with other municipal or
non-municipal water supply systems.
Service Area Description and Population
OAR 690-086-0140(2)
The City is located in Klamath County, in the south central region of Oregon. The City is in the
Klamath Basin on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains and is on the southern shore of
Upper Klamath Lake.
The planning area for this WMCP, shown in Appendix C, includes almost all lands within the
UGB. Three areas have private water systems and are not served by the City. The Southview
and Ridgewater planned developments located on the west side of the UGB currently serve
about 300 homes combined. The Skyline Water District, just north of Sierra Heights on the east
side of the UGB, serves a small area of about 30 homes. In addition, OIT currently has its own
water system and is not served by the City. However, it may be served by the City in the future
because of potential water quality issues.
In 2011, the estimated population served by the City’s water system was approximately 36, 180
with an average number of active water connections (meters), under all customer categories, of
15,730.
2-2
Records of Water Use
OAR 690-086-0140(4) and (9)
Methodology
The International Water Association (IWA) and the American Water Works Association
(AWWA) developed a water audit method that is widely recognized and used throughout the
water industry.1 This method defines and classifies annual water production and consumption
as shown in Exhibit 2-1. Determination of the magnitude of the components of production and
consumption helps utilities estimate how production, billing, and leak detection practices affect
utility finances.
EXHIBIT 2-1
Components of the IWA/AWWA Water Balance, million gallons per year
A
System Input
Volume =
Production =
System Demand
(measured at
master meters)
B
Authorized
Consumption
Water
Losses
C
Billed
Authorized
Consumption
D
Billed metered consumption
(including water exported to
another system).
Billed unmetered consumption.
E
Revenue
Water
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
Apparent
Losses
Unbilled metered consumption.
Unbilled unmetered
consumption.
Unauthorized consumption.
Metering inaccuracies.
Data handling error.
Leakage from transmission
and/or distribution mains.
Leakage and overflows at
storage tanks.
Leakage from water delivery
connections up to point of
customer metering.
NonRevenue
Water
Real Losses
Source: AWWA. Manual of Water Supply Practices M36. Water Audits and Loss Control Programs,
Third Edition, 2009.
System input volume, also known as “production” and “demand,” is the total quantity of water
delivered to a distribution system (Exhibit 2-1). The quantity of the water delivered generally is
measured using large master meters located at key entry points into the distribution system.
The system input volume must equal the sum of the authorized consumption and the water
losses that occur in the system.
Authorized consumption is divided into billed and unbilled categories, where billed authorized
consumption is revenue water and unbilled authorized consumption contributes to a system’s
non-revenue water. Authorized consumption may be either metered or unmetered.
Unmetered volumes must be estimated on the basis of estimated flow rates and durations of
flow. Authorized billed consumption may include metered consumption for use by residential,
municipal, commercial, industrial, and irrigation customers, as well as wholesale water
1 AWWA. Manual of Water Supply Practices M36. Water Audits and Loss Control Programs, Third Edition, 2009.
2-3
connections. Authorized unbilled consumption may include public uses for firefighting or
hydrant flushing.
Water losses are composed of both apparent losses and real losses. Apparent losses result from
meter inaccuracies, error introduced by data entry or manipulation, and unauthorized
consumption, such as illegal connection to the system or unauthorized use of a fire hydrant.
Real losses result from water loss caused by leakage, reservoir overflow, and evaporation. All
water systems have some degree of real losses.
Demands and consumption in municipal systems generally are reported in units of mgd, but
they may be reported in cfs or gallons per minute (gpm), as well. One mgd is equivalent to 695
gpm or 1.55 cfs. Annual or monthly water quantities generally are reported in MG. Water use
per person (per capita use) is reported in gallons per capita per day (gpcd).
Terminology
Demand refers to total water production, or the sum of metered consumption (residential,
commercial, industrial, and municipal), unmetered uses (for example, fire fighting or hydrant
flushing), and water lost to leakage and reservoir overflow.
Metered use or consumption refers to the portion of water use that is recorded by customer
meters.
Connection refers to a metered connection of a customer to the distribution system.
Unaccounted-for water (sometimes known as unbilled, or non-revenue water) refers to the
difference between production and billed consumption. Unaccounted-for water includes
unmetered hydrant use, other unmetered uses, water lost to reservoir overflow, and leakage.
Meter inaccuracies (both production and customer) also contribute to unaccounted-for water.
Specific demand terms include:

Average day demand (ADD) is the total annual production divided by 365 days.

Maximum day demand (MDD) is the highest daily production during a calendar year, also
called the 1-day MDD.

3-day maximum day demand (3-day MDD) is the average of the 3 consecutive days with the
highest daily demands, including the MDD.

Maximum monthly demand (MMD) in MG, it equals the highest total monthly demand of
the 12 months of a calendar year, and in mgd, it equals the average day demand of the 1
month with the highest total demand of the 12 months of a calendar year.

Peaking factor is a ratio of one demand to another. The most common ratio is MDD to
ADD. This ratio is often used for system modeling and demand forecasting.
MDD is a critical value for water system planning. The supply facilities and water rights must
be capable of meeting the MDD. If the MDD exceeds the combined supply capacity on any
given day, finished water storage levels will be reduced. Consecutive days at or near the MDD
will result in a water shortage.
2-4
Historical Demands
From 2007-2011, annual production ranged from 2,395.6 MG to 3,094.6 MG. During the same
period, the City’ ADD ranged from 6.56 mgd to 8.48 mgd while the MDD ranged from 13.80
mgd to 18.82 mgd. The 3-day MDD, which gives an indication of the duration of periods of
maximum demand, ranged from 12.65 mgd to 17.59 mgd. The 3-day MDD averaged
approximately 90 percent of the MDD, which means that if the MDD equals 20.0 mgd, the City
can be expected to experience 3 consecutive days with an average demand of approximately
18.0 mgd each day (90 percent of 20 mgd). Exhibit 2-2 summarizes demand, or production of
finished water, for the overall system by the City’s customers.
EXHIBIT 2-2
Annual Volume, Average Day Demand, Maximum Day Demand, 3-Day Maximum Day Demand, Maximum Monthly
Demands, and Peaking Factor, 2007-2011
Year
Annual
Volume
Produced
(MG)
ADD
(mgd)
MDD
(mgd)
3-d
MDD
(mgd)
3-d MDD
Percentage
of MDD
(mgd)
MMD
(mgd)
MMD
(MG)
Peaking
Factor
MDD:ADD
2007
3,028.0
8.30
16.15
14.25
88%
12.91
400.31
1.9
2008
2,917.5
7.99
18.18
16.32
90%
14.11
437.31
2.3
2009
3,094.6
8.48
18.82
17.59
93%
15.49
480.04
2.2
2010
2,490.3
6.82
16.14
13.76
85%
12.54
388.61
2.4
2011
Average
2,395.6
6.56
13.80
12.65
92%
11.11
344.31
2.1
2,785.2
7.63
16.62
14.91
90%
13.23
410.12
2.2
Highest
3,094.6
8.48
18.82
17.59
93%
15.49
480.04
2.4
2-5
Exhibit 2-3 illustrates the City’s ADD and MDD from 2007 to 2011. From 2007 to 2011, ADD
decreased moderately at a rate of 0.46 mgd per year, as shown by the calculated trendline.
During the same period, MDD fluctuated, but shows a decreasing trend in recent years. The
highest recorded MDD was 18.82 mgd (29.1 cfs) in 2009.
EXHIBIT 2-3
Average Day Demand and Maximum Day Demand with Trendlines, 2007-2011
20
y = -0.674x + 18.64
R² = 0.2898
18
Annual Demand (mgd)
16
14
MDD Trendline
12
MDD (mgd)
10
ADD (mgd)
8
6
ADD Trendline
4
y = -0.465x + 9.025
R² = 0.6971
2
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Exhibit 2-4 illustrates the City’s annual production from 2007 to 2011. During this period, the
highest recorded annual production was 3,094.6 MG in 2009.
EXHIBIT 2-4
Annual Production (MG), 2007-2011
3,500
Annual Production (MG)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2-6
Monthly Demands
Exhibit 2-5 shows the monthly demand data expressed as an ADD for the month from 2007 to
2011, with the peak season months of June through September in red. It appears that the City
experiences a seasonal change in demand and that the months with the greatest demand are
July and August, indicating that these months should be the focus of water conservation efforts.
From 2007 to 2011, the highest monthly ADD recorded was 15.49 mgd in July 2009, as shown in
Exhibit 2-5.
EXHIBIT 2-5
Monthly Average Day Demand (mgd), 2007-2011
Monthly Average Day Demand (mgd)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Month
2-7
Seasonal Demands
Exhibit 2-6 illustrates the summer period (defined as June through September) and winter
period (December through March) ADDs for 2007 through 2011. As illustrated, the City’s water
demand increases markedly during the summer months, because of outdoor irrigation.
EXHIBIT 2-6
Summer (June-September) and Winter (December-March) Average Day Demands, 2007-2011
Annual Seasonal Demand (mgd)
14
12
10
Summer ADD Trendline
Summer (Jun-Sep)
8
Winter (Dec-Mar)
6
4
Winter ADD Trendline
2
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
From 2007-2011, the summer ADD ranged from 10.12 mgd in 2011 to 13.22 mgd in 2009 and
winter ADD ranged from 4.44 mgd in 2011 to 6.05 mgd in 2007. During this same period, the
summer ADD averaged approximately 2.3 times the winter ADD. Summer season ADD
fluctuated and winter season ADD appears to steadily decrease during this 5-year period. The
decreasing winter demand trend may be attributed to a decrease in commercial customers
because of the recent economic downturn and the decrease demand for industrial cooling water
in cold weather.
Monthly volume demand (MG) data from 2007 to 2011 showed that the 4 summer months
(June-September) accounted for an average of 51 percent of the City’s annual volume demand.
Winter demand (December-March) accounted for an average of 22 percent of the annual
volume demand. The shoulder seasons (April-May and October-November) accounted for the
remaining 27 percent of the annual volume demand.
Peaking Factors
Peaking factors are the ratios of MDD to ADD (MDD:ADD), MMD to ADD (MMD:ADD), and
MDD to MMD (MDD:MMD). Peaking factors are useful for estimating peak demands when
only ADDs or MMDs are known or measured, as well as for hydraulic modeling of the system
2-8
and demand forecasting. The City’s average peaking factor of MDD:ADD from 2007-2011 was
2.2.
Per Capita Demand
Per capita demand, expressed in gpcd, is the City’s total demand from commercial, industrial,
and municipal customers, as well as residential customers, divided by the estimated water
delivery area population. Consequently, the calculated per capita demand values exceed the
amounts of water actually used by a typical individual. In addition, per capita demand may not
accurately portray year-to-year water use because the calculation does not account for the
difference in customer demographics, climate, rainfall, and current economic conditions. The
calculation also does not account for specifics, such as changes in hotel occupancy or in large
commercial/industrial uses, which may not have any relationship to population or actual
efficiency of use. Nevertheless, per capita demands may show year-to-year trends and can be
used to compare water use by the City’s customers to that of other communities.
Exhibit 2-7 shows the estimated average day per capita demands from 2007-2011. The water
delivery area population was estimated by multiplying the number of service accounts by the
Oregon Health Authority’s Drinking Water Program’s estimated number of persons per service
connection (2.3 persons).
EXHIBIT 2-7
Average Day Per Capita Demands (gpcd), 2007-2011
Year
ADD
(mgd)
Estimated
Water
Delivery
Area
Population
2007
8.30
36641
227
2008
7.99
37076
216
2009
8.48
36554
232
2010
6.82
36292
188
2011
6.56
36179
181
Average
Average
Day per
Capita
Demand
(gpcd)
209
As shown in Exhibit 2-7, the City’s average day per capita demand, averaged from 2007-2011,
was 209 gpcd. In comparison, the following average day per capita demands are from cities
with similar climates: City of Bend, 207 gpcd (2004-2009 average, City of Bend 2011 WMCP);
City of Prineville, 170 gpcd (2000-2006 average, City of Prineville 2011 WMCP); City of Sisters,
358.5 gpcd (2005-2008 average, City of Sisters 2011 WMCP); and City of Redmond, 240 gpcd (City
of Prineville 2011 WMCP).
2-9
Residential Per Capita Demand
Residential per capita demand provides another measure of water use by residential customers
that can be used for comparisons to other communities and for developing water conservation
strategies. The City’s single-family and multi-family customers are considered residential
customers. Exhibit 2-8 shows residential per capita demand from 2007 to 2011. During this
period, the average of the City’s average residential per capita demand was 134 gpcd. Annual
average residential per capita demand (for example, 124 gpcd in 2011) was estimated by
dividing the annual metered residential consumption (1,515,502,604 gallons in 2011) by 365
days and then dividing that value by the customer population for that year (33,375 in 2011).
EXHIBIT 2-8
Residential Per Capita Demand, 2007-2011
Year
ADD (mgd)
Estimated
Water
Delivery
Area
Residential
Population
Average
Day
Residential
per Capita
Demand
(gpcd)
2007
4.90
33,722
145
2008
4.71
34,136
138
2009
4.61
33,708
137
2010
4.26
33,490
127
2011
Average
4.15
33,375
124
134
Authorized Consumption
Authorized consumption is equal to the metered and certain unmetered water uses within the
system. All known authorized water consumption is metered, including bulk water use, with
the exception of water used by the fire department for fighting fires and training purposes.
These unmetered water uses are estimated.
2-10
Customer Characteristics and Use Patterns
OAR 690-086-0140(6)
The City has four metered customer categories: single-family (residential), multi-family
(residential), commercial, and industrial. Exhibit 2-9 shows the number of accounts by
customer category for 2007 through 2011. Single family accounts and commercial accounts
numbers have been decreasing over time. The industrial use customer category was separated
from the commercial use customer category in 2009; before then, industrial customers were
accounted for under the commercial category.
EXHIBIT 2-9
Average Annual Number of Service Accounts by Customer Category
Year
Single-Family
Multi-Family
Commercial
Industrial
Total
2007
14,353
309
1,269
N/A
15,931
2008
14,529
313
1,278
N/A
16,120
2009
14,348
308
1,237
1
15,894
2010
14,254
307
1,216
2
15,779
2011
14,202
309
1,217
2
15,730
Exhibit 2-10 shows the City’s annual metered consumption by customer category from 2007
through 2011. Single-family annual metered consumption steadily decreased during the last 5
years.
EXHIBIT 2-10
Annual Metered Consumption (MG) by Customer Category, 2007-2011
Annual Metered Consumption (MG)
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
Single-Family
1,000
Multi-Family
800
Commercial
600
Industrial
400
200
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2-11
Exhibit 2-11 presents a pie chart that shows the percentage of the total annual water
consumption by each customer category in 2011. Single-family water use represented 65
percent of total metered annual consumption and commercial use represented 23 percent.
Multi-family and industrial water use accounted for 11 percent and 1 percent of annual metered
consumption, respectively. These percentages indicate that overall the single-family and
commercial customers have the greatest potential conservation opportunities.
EXHIBIT 2-11
Percent Annual Consumption by Customer Category, 2011
Industrial, 1%
Commercial, 23%
Single-Family, 65%
Multi-Family, 11%
2-12
Monthly Water Use
Exhibit 2-12 shows the City’s estimated monthly metered consumption by customer category
from 2007 through 2011. During each year, consumption increased in the summer months,
particularly by single-family customers, as a result of increased outdoor water use. The highest
monthly consumption by category was: 260.7 MG in August 2009 for single-family customers,
32.6 MG in August 2009 for multi-family customers, 92.3 MG in October 2009 for commercial
customers, and 20.1 MG in November 2009 for industrial customers.
EXHIBIT 2-12
Monthly Metered Consumption (MG) by Customer Category, 2007-2011
275
Monthly Metered Consumption (MG)
250
225
Single-Family
200
Multi-Family
175
Commercial
150
Industrial
125
100
75
50
25
0
Month
2-13
Seasonal Water Use
Exhibit 2-13 presents the average monthly consumption by season and customer category for
2011 to understand current seasonal differences in consumption for each customer type. For the
purposes of this WMCP, the summer months are defined as June through September and the
winter months are defined as December through March.
Single-family water consumption was 174.8 MG in the summer season and 62.9 MG in the
winter season, making summer season consumption approximately 2.8 times greater than
winter season consumption. Industrial water consumption was 5.6 MG in the summer season
and 0.9 MG in the winter season, making summer season consumption approximately 6.3 times
greater than the winter. This seasonal difference for industrial customers likely is the result of
water used for cooling at the Klamath Co-Generation plant, which requires more water to cool
when temperatures increase. The single-family and industrial ratios are much greater than the
ratios for the multi-family and commercial customer categories, indicating water conservation
activities focused on outdoor use should target single-family customers and water
reuse/recycling should be the focus for industrial customers
EXHIBIT 2-13
Average Monthly Metered Consumption by Season and Customer Category, 2011
275
Metered Consumption (MG/month)
250
225
200
175
Industrial
150
Commercial
125
Multi-Family
100
Single-Family
Total
75
50
25
0
Winter
(Nov-Feb)
Summer
(Jun-Sep)
Annual
(Jan-Dec)
2-14
Indoor and Outdoor Water Use
An understanding of indoor and outdoor water use by customers can help the City target its
water conservation efforts. This analysis of indoor and outdoor water use focuses on the singlefamily category, which is the largest customer category. To estimate the amount of indoor
versus outdoor water use for the single-family customer category, water use in the wintertime
was assumed to be representative of annual indoor water use. The 2011 winter single-family
monthly average consumption of 62.9 MG was multiplied by 12 months to develop an
estimated average annual single-family indoor use of 754.7 MG. The average annual singlefamily outdoor use was estimated to be 541.3 MG by subtracting the average annual singlefamily indoor use from the total annual single-family water use in 2011 (1,296.0 MG) (1296 –
754.7 = 541.3). Based on this analysis, indoor water use represented approximately 58 percent
of annual single-family water use and outdoor water use represented approximately 42 percent
of annual single-family water use, which is a large percentage given that the outdoor water use
occurs primarily during the 4 summer months. These percentages indicate that aiming
residential/single-family water conservation efforts at indoor uses year-round and outdoor
uses during summer months could result in water savings for the City.
Top Water Users
Exhibit 2-14 presents the largest 10 individual water accounts in 2011. These accounts represent
approximately 8 percent of all metered consumption for 2011. Six of the 10 accounts are
commercial class, with the remainder being multi-family residential class. The largest water
account is the City’s Wastewater Department for providing “make-up” cooling water for the
Klamath Co-Generation (Co-Gen) plant. The City is under contractual obligation to provide
treated effluent to the Co-Gen plant for cooling purposes, when wastewater is not available in
the quantities required by the Co-Gen plant, the Wastewater Department receives metered
potable water, from the City water system, to make-up the difference.
EXHIBIT 2-14
City of Klamath Falls Largest Water Accounts Annual Consumption, 2011
Account
Customer Class
Co-Generation Plant
Air Field
Wastewater
Medical Center
Mobile Home Park
Wood Fiber Plant
Schools
Mobile Home Park
Mobile Home Park
Mobile Home Park
Commercial
Commercial/Industrial
Commercial
Commercial
Multi-Family
Commercial
Commercial
Multi-Family
Multi-Family
Multi-Family
Total
Total (MG)
62.34
28.84
19.56
13.79
12.09
11.33
11.15
9.81
9.44
9.00
187.32
% Annual
Consumption
3.08
1.43
0.97
0.68
0.60
0.56
0.55
0.49
0.47
0.45
9.3%
2-15
City Irrigation
The City’s Water Department provides water for irrigation for 9 city parks, 1 county park, 30
street medians, and 4 common areas within the UGB. All water is metered and billed, to the
appropriate city or district parks department, at the full applicable water rates. The Water
Department also provides back-up water to two city parks and two parks outside city limits
(within UGB) if the authorized surface water sources are curtailed.
Additionally, the City’s Park and Recreation Department holds surface water rights for a
variety of uses, including irrigation use. The water rights are used to irrigate seven city parks
and two cemeteries.
Unaccounted-for Water
OAR 690-086-0140(9)
Non-revenue water is determined here by calculating the difference between the City’s
production of finished water and metered use. The percentage of non-revenue water equals the
production of finished water minus the metered use, divided by the production of finished
water. Exhibit 2-15 presents the annual total production of finished water and total
consumption, the non-revenue water quantity of water, and the percentage of non-revenue
water for the years 2007 through 2011. The percentage of non-revenue water ranged from a low
of 16.1 percent to 25.2 percent.
EXHIBIT 2-15
Non-Revenue Water, 2007-2011
Year
Total
Production
(MG)
Total
Metered
Consumption
(MG)
NonRevenue
Water
(MG)
NonRevenue
Water
(%)
2007
3,028.0
2,371.5
656.5
21.7
2008
2,917.5
2,293.1
624.4
21.4
2009
3,094.6
2,313.4
781.2
25.2
2010
2,490.3
2,089.3
401.0
16.1
2011
2,395.6
2,000.6
395.0
16.5
General causes of non-revenue water may include meter inaccuracies, evaporation, reservoir
overflows, unmetered hydrant use, leakage, and unauthorized, unbilled use of fire lines. The
City is unaware of any specific leaks or losses in the system and believes the majority of the
differences between production and consumption is associated with metering. As described
more fully in Section 3, the City has a leak detection program and repairs or replaces sections of
pipeline as needed to decrease its non-revenue water.
2-16
City Water Rights
OAR 690-086-0140(5)
The City holds 18 water rights that authorize the use of groundwater for municipal purposes.
The City’s 18 municipal groundwater rights have a combined maximum authorized rate of
58.51 cfs (37.8 mgd). The City, however, has access to only 37.13 cfs( 24 mgd) of this rate until
an updated WMCP demonstrates the need for access to additional supply and is approved by
OWRD. Appendix D provides detailed information about each of the City’s municipal water
rights that supply potable water through the publicly owned municipal distribution system.
Additional information is provided for non-municipal water rights held by City departments
other than the Water Department. The non-municipal use water rights provide non-potable
water for a variety of uses (irrigation, swimming pools, geothermal, etc.), but are not delivered
through the municipal distribution system for municipal customer supply.
Aquatic Resource Concerns
There are no streamflow-dependent species present in the City’s water source (groundwater).
None of the City’s wells is in areas designated as a critical groundwater area or a groundwaterlimited area.
Evaluation of Water Rights/Supply
OAR 690-086-0140(3)
The City holds 18 water rights that authorize the use of groundwater for municipal purposes.
The City’s groundwater rights have a combined maximum authorized rate of 58.51 cfs (37.8
mgd). However, not all of the water rights are fully developed and the City’s municipal well
production capacity is currently less than the authorized water right capacity. At this time,
capacity of the City wells is 41.41 cfs (26.8 mgd). Further, the City currently has access to only
37.13 cfs (24 mgd) until an updated WMCP demonstrates the need for access to additional
supply and is approved by OWRD.
Although no critical groundwater areas have been designated in the vicinity, the entire Klamath
Basin is subject to broad groundwater concerns brought on by drought and increasing use of
the groundwater resource in response to restrictions placed on surface water use triggered by
the Endangered Species Act. A 2007 U.S. Geological Survey study notes that groundwater
levels in the Klamath Basin have dropped in response to climatic conditions and pumping. Of
the two reasons for decline, climate exerts the largest influence on water levels. Water levels in
some upland areas have declined 12 feet between 2000 and 2006 because of drought conditions.
However, water levels are expected to rise again after the drought cycle is over. The effect of
pumping on groundwater levels is usually seasonal, with the groundwater levels declining
during the irrigation season and recovering by the following spring. Large localized increases
in pumping that began in 2001 resulted in at approximately 15 feet of decline in some areas by
2004.
There is no reason to believe that the City’s groundwater supply is unreliable. The City has
developed a water level monitoring plan, which has been approved by OWRD, to watch for signs
of water level decline. However, recent drought conditions and potential groundwater declines
underscore the critical importance of careful water resource stewardship.
2-17
2-18
3. Water Conservation
This section addresses the requirements of OAR 690-086-0150(1) – (6).
This rule requires a progress report on conservation measures in the City’s existing Plan, and a
description of any additional conservation measures. The rule also requires descriptions of specific
required conservation measures and benchmarks.
Current Conservation Measures
OAR 690-086-0150(1) and (3)
In 1998, the City submitted a WMCP that was approved by OWRD on March 29, 1999. The
City’s previously approved WMCP included current conservation measures and potential
future measures the City could implement. Since that time, the City has successfully
implemented some of the proposed conservation measures. Exhibit 3-1 shows the previously
proposed conservation measures and the status of each program.
EXHIBIT 3-1
Previously Proposed Conservation Measures
Implementation Schedule
Proposed Measure
from 1998 WMCP
Public Information and
Already in Existence
School Education
Residential Water Audits
and Fixture Retrofits
1998/1999
ULF Toilet Rebate
Incentive Based Water
Rates
System Leak Detection
Low-Water Use Washer
Rebate
Landscape Water
Conservation
Requirements
Landscaping Workshops
Enforcement of Plumbing
Codes
Water Waste Prohibition
Cistern/Grey Water
Water Reuse
Actual
Implementation
1990
1998
Current Status
Ongoing
Implemented for 1 year; program
withdrawn because of safety
concerns and lack of funding
Not implemented to date (see
explanation below)
1998/1999
--
1999
2002/2003
Already in Existence
1992
1998/1999
--
1998/1999
--
1998/1999
1998
Discontinued in 2000
Already in Existence
1997
Ongoing
1998-1999
1993
1998/1999
--
1998/1999
2001
Ongoing
Not implemented to date (see
explanation below)
Ongoing
Ongoing
Ongoing
Not implemented to date (see
explanation below)
Not implemented to date (see
explanation below)
3-1
Public Information and School Education
In 1990, the City ’s Water Department began a public relations program, “Drinking Water
Week,” which primarily targeted district elementary schools. The initial program was a
presentation focusing on the water cycle and wise-use of water and has expanded to include
contests, activity books, awards, water conservation pamphlets and video presentations.
The City also advertises “Drinking Water Week” in local papers and on local radio stations.
Additionally, the City provides articles on water conservation and water use at the City’s Public
Works office.
Residential Water Audits and Fixture Retrofits
The City implemented a residential water audit and fixture retrofit program from 1998 to 1999.
The program was funded as an intern position and lasted only 1 year because of safety/liability
concerns and lack of available funding.
The water audit staff person would schedule appointments with water customers for inspection
of the water meters. Additionally, the water customer would receive verbal and written
information on residential water conservation practices and receive an AWWA residential
water conservation packet, which included an irrigation timer, low-flow showerhead, faucet
aerator, and a toilet flapper replacement. At the time of the water audit, the staff person would
install the faucet aerator and low-flow showerheads for the customers.
System Leak Detection
Since 1992, the City has conducted annual leak detection surveys. The City hires a
contractor to survey select areas of the distribution system and search for leaks
using ultrasonic detection equipment. City Water Department staff members select
areas of focus for the survey based on the following criteria: type of pipe, age of
pipe, problems incurred in past, visible leaks, and number of leaks identified during
previous year.Landscaping Workshops
From 1998 through 2000, the City’s Water Department staffed a booth at the local contractors
board Home Show. Staff provided educational materials and information regarding residential
water conservation. This program has been discontinued because of lack of funding.
Enforcement of Plumbing Codes
Klamath County is responsible for enforcement of state plumbing codes within the City’s water
service area. The City believes the County enforces this code for all structures requiring a
building permit.
Water Waste Prohibition
City code (4.270) prohibits wasteful and negligent water use. Water waste by any customers
served by the City may lead to the discontinuation of service if not remedied after notice has
been given by the City Manager.
Water Reuse
Effluent from the City’s wastewater treatment plant is used to provide water for cooling at the
Co-Gen plant, thus reducing the potable water required for this service. Make-up water, the
3-2
difference between cooling water required and available effluent, currently is provided by the
City’s potable water supply. An average of approximately 790 MG of effluent is supplied
annually for cooling purposes to the Co-Gen plant.
Conservation Measures not Implemented to Date
The City’s previous WMCP also mentioned ultra-low flow toilet rebates, low water use washer
rebates, landscape water conservation measures and cistern/grey water reuse conservation
measures. These conservation measures have not been implemented for various reasons. To
date, both the toilet and washer rebate programs have not been financially feasible for the City
to implement; however the City will continue to seek funding in order to offer such programs in
the future. The City did consider landscape water conservation requirements but ultimately it
was dependent upon the City Council to adopt such measures, which has not occurred to date.
Grey water reuse was considered but until recently the State of Oregon did not legally allow
such use. With the new state rules authorizing grey water reuse, the City will investigate
opportunities for encouraging customer adoption.
Use and Reporting Program
OAR 690-086-0150(2)
The City’s Water Department’s water measurement and reporting program complies with the
measurement standards in OAR Chapter 690, Division 85. The City’s water use records can be
found at http://apps2.wrd.state.or.us/apps/wr/wateruse_report/.
Propeller meters are mounted at each of the City’s wells; the meters are read every 24 hours and
the total amount of water pumped during the previous 24 hour period is recorded. The City
submits an annual water use report to the Department documenting the total amount of water
pumped from each well, including the geothermal use wells. This report is submitted
electronically to the Department each October for the water year.
Required Conservation Programs
OAR 690-086-0150(4)
OAR 690-086-150(4) requires that all water suppliers establish 5-year benchmarks for
implementing the following water management and conservation measures:






Annual water audit
System-wide metering
Meter testing and maintenance
Unit-based billing
Leak detection and repair (if system leakage exceeds 10 percent)
Public education
Five-Year Benchmarks for Required Conservation Measures
During the next 5 years, the City plans to initiate, continue, or expand the following
conservation measures that are required of all municipalities.
3-3
1. Annual Water Audit
Water audits enable suppliers to account for all uses, or losses, of water within the
system. The City has been tracking production and consumption data and analyzing
and comparing this information on a monthly basis since 2005. All water provided by
the City is metered, except water for Fire Department training and firefighting, which is
estimated. For Fire Department training exercises the water use is estimated by reading
the gallon per minute flow through the pumper truck(s) and multiplying by the time
water was flowing. Actual firefighting use is not accounted for except when a major fire
event occurs and use can be determined based on what was above and beyond typical
demand for the time period. The City is not aware of any unmetered, unauthorized uses
of water.
The City is committed to expanding its water auditing to further maximize the efficiency
of the water system.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 The City will continue to conduct annual city-wide water auditing, including
comparing consumption and production data on a monthly basis. Staff will
compile a comprehensive year-end audit report.
2. System-wide Metering
All customers served by the City are metered, including bulk water users (construction
and hydrant flushing). As described above, currently, the only use not metered by the
City is water used by the Fire Department for fire fighting and training.
In 2009, the City began installing radio-read automated meter reading (AMR) meters
within its service area. The AMR meters are being installed at an average rate of 1,200
per year, dependent upon available funds. The City’s goal is to replace all manual-read
meters by 2020, or sooner if possible.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue to require meters for all development requiring water served by the
City.
 Continue replacing manual read meters with radio-read AMR meters.
3. Meter Testing and Maintenance
In 1992, the City implemented a meter testing and replacement program. During the
first 5 years, City staff replaced between 500 to 800 meters annually. Meters are tested
by City staff and are repaired or replaced if they do not meet AWWA standards.
Currently, the City test its meters on a 10-year cycle. Every meter within the City’s
service area is removed, tested, and repaired or replaced as necessary once every 10
years. During testing, meters are upgraded to touch-read registers, which enables the
meters to be radio-read after the AMR transceiver is installed.
The City’s production well meters are taken out of service every 5 to 10 years, or sooner
if a problem is detected; the meters are shipped to the manufacturer for testing, repair
3-4
and recalibration, if necessary. The production well meters have a 4-20 milliamp (ma)
output signal that is tied to the SCADA system. City staff periodically checks the
manual reading against the 4-20 ma signals for consistency.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue with current annual meter testing and maintenance program.
 Additionally, when staff members find a meter that needs to be replaced, an
AMR meter will be installed.
4.
Water Rate Structure
The City’s water rates consist of a base rate, calculated according to meter size, and a
consumption rate. Before 2002, the City had a declining rate structure for water
consumption. The City’s current water rate structure is a uniform rate structure,
meaning customers are charged one rate for every unit of water consumed. The rate
does not increase or decrease based on the amount of consumption.
Customer consumption rates for accounts outside City limits are more than the rates for
customers within City limits. The higher rate is intended to discourage customers with
large acreage, which is common outside the City, from irrigating with potable water.
Water rates are subject to annual changes related to the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Conduct a water rate study in 2013.
 Based on the results of the rate study, the Water Department’s staff will provide
information to the City Council about inclining-block (tiered) water rates for the
Council to consider implementing.
5. Leak Detection and Repair
The City began conducting leak detection and repair measures in the spring of 1992. An
outside contractor is hired to survey areas of the distribution system and identify leaks,
if any, through ultrasonic equipment. City water department staff annually select areas
to be surveyed based on type of pipe, age of pipe, previous problems incurred in past,
visible leaks and number of leaks identified during previous year.
3-5
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue the current leak detection and repair program until unaccounted-for
water is 10 percent or less.
6. Public Education
In 1990, the City’s Water Department began a public relations program titled “Drinking
Water Week.” Educational efforts are mostly focused on elementary students, but also
include public awareness information in the local papers and on local radio stations.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue the City’s annual “Drinking Water Week” program.
 Within 1 year, the City will begin providing detailed conservation messages in
monthly billings during the summer months (June–September).
 During the next 5 years, the City’s staff will work with the industrial customers
to identify conservation opportunities within the industrial operating systems.
Expanded Use under Extended Permits
OAR 690-086-0150(5)
Under OAR 690-086-0150(5), any municipal water supplier that proposes to expand or initiate
the diversion of water under an extended permit for which resource issues have been identified
shall include a description of activities and 5-year implementation schedule for a system-wide
leak repair or line replacement program to reduce system leakage to no more than 15 percent.
The City is not initiating or expanding water use under an extended permit for which resource
issues have been identified under OAR 690-086-0140(5)(i).
Additional Requirements
OAR 690-086-0150(6)
OAR 690-086-0150(6) requires municipal water suppliers that serve a population more than
1,000 and propose to expand or initiate the diversion of water under an extended permit for
which resource issues have been identified, or if the population served is more than 7,500, to
provide a description of the specific activities, along with a 5-year schedule to implement
several additional conservation measures. In 2011, the City served a population of
approximately 36,179 and, therefore, is required to provide the following additional
conservation measures.
1. Leak Repair or Line Replacement Program
The City’s unaccounted-for water, from all causes including leakage, was 16.5 percent in
2011. Currently, the City budgets $500,000 per year for pipeline replacement projects.
At the current annual replacement budget, it would take the City approximately 124
years to replace the67 miles pipes, 4 inches in diameter or less, located throughout the
system. Most of the smaller-diameter pipes are remnants of old individual water
systems that existed before the City took over water distribution within in the City in
1978. In addition to being older pipe, the smaller-diameter pipe also has been targeted
3-6
for replacement in the City’s 2010 Water Master Plan because it is undersized for the
system and can cause distribution bottlenecks.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue to replace leaky and old pipes throughout distribution system in a
strategic manner based on leak detection survey areas and areas of undersized
pipe.
 Pursue additional funding for pipeline replacement program to replace more
pipe annually.
2. Technical and Financial Assistance Programs
Currently, the City has no programs in this area, however during the next 5 years; it will
implement an industrial water audit for its highest water-using industrial customers.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Implement an industrial water audit program aimed at reducing water use in the
highest industrial water use facilities served by the City. The audit will include:
o A complete review of how, when, and where water is used both inside
and outside the facility.
o A review of how much water has been used annually, monthly, and
daily; looking specifically at peak usage and how that relates to
production.
o An analysis of opportunities (both inside and outside the facility) for
reducing losses, reducing use and reusing water.
3. Inefficient Fixture Retrofit or Replacement
The City previously had a fixture retrofit program as part of its residential water audit
program, but does not currently have an inefficient fixture retrofit or replacement
program.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Distribute 75 indoor water conservation kits (that is, faucet aerators, low-flow
showerheads, toilet leak detectors) annually to residential water customers.
 Distribute 75 outdoor water conservation kits (that is, rain gauges, irrigation
timers, drought-resistant plant seeds) annually to residential water customers.
 Conduct a study to determine whether offering rebates for customer investments
in water conservation is feasible for the City.
4. Rate Structure and Billing Practices that Encourage Conservation
Current rate structures charge customers based on meter size and actual water used at a
uniform rate. The City currently bills water customers monthly based on actual use, not
estimates, thereby providing a timely price signal when excessive water use is occurring
which promotes conservation. Occasionally, during severe snow storms in which
meters are buried, water use estimates are required.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Conduct a rate study in 2013.
3-7



The Water Department’s staff will provide rate study data to the City Council
and provide details on inclining block (tiered) water rates for the Council to
consider.
Continue billing customers on a monthly basis providing a timely price signal to
customers.
Within 1 year, the City will begin providing detailed conservation messages in
monthly billings during the summer months (June – September).
5. Water Reuse, Recycling, and Non-potable Opportunities
Currently, the City’s largest industrial water user receives all effluent available to use for
cooling purposes; this reduces the demand on the Water Department’s potable sources.
The City currently provides water for irrigation of 9 city parks, 1 county park, 30 street
medians, and 4 common areas; this type of use does not require potable water and
should, in the future, be served from non-potable sources.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Continue to use effluent for cooling water at the Co-Gen plant.
 Encourage industrial customers to reuse cooling water
 Conduct industrial water audits to indentify if additional reuse or recycling
opportunities are available within the manufacturing operations.
 Explore opportunities for large irrigated areas (that is, parks and street medians)
that currently are served from the City’s municipal supply to be served from
non-potable sources.
6. Other Measures, if Identified by Supplier
The City currently charges higher rates for water customers outside City limits in an
effort to discourage customers from irrigating large properties with potable water.
Five-Year Benchmarks:
 Work with top 10 water use customers to reduce water demand, especially
during the peak water demand months of June and August.
 Implement City-wide low-water use landscaping standards.
3-8
3-9
4. Curtailment
This section satisfies the requirements of OAR 690-086-0160.
This rule requires a description of past supply deficiencies and current capacity limitation. It also
requires inclusion of stages of alert and the associated triggers and curtailment actions for each stage.
Introduction
Curtailment planning is the development of proactive measures to reduce demand during
supply shortages resulting from prolonged drought, or system failure from unanticipated
events including catastrophic events (flooding, landslides, earthquakes, and contamination),
mechanical or electrical equipment failure, or other events not under the control of the City (for
example, localized or area-wide power outages and intentional malevolent acts).
The goal of this curtailment plan is to have objective criteria that trigger actions that will ensure
sufficient water to meet the minimum demands of the water supply system, without
jeopardizing the health, safety, or welfare of the community. The actions in this curtailment
plan are intended to “provide the greatest assurance of maintaining potable supplies for human
consumption.”
History of System Supply Deficiencies
OAR 690-086-0160(1)
During the last 10 years, there have been a few extended power outages that affected the City’s
ability to pump water from critical wells. During these episodes, the City supplied its water
customers stored water and no curtailment was required. The City has installed back-up
generators on all critical wells in an effort to avoid interruptions in water service during power
outages of any duration.
The City’s total maximum authorized rate from its municipal water rights is 58.51 cfs (37.81
mgd); however, the current well capacity is limited to 41.41 cfs (26.8 mgd). Additionally, the
City’s water rights are limited to 37.13 cfs (24 mgd) by OWRD until an updated WMCP
demonstrating the need for access to additional supply is approved.
4-1
Curtailment Levels and Event Triggers
OAR 690-086-0160(2) and OAR 690-086-0160(3)
Exhibit 4-1 summarizes the levels and initiating triggers for the City’s curtailment plan.
EXHIBIT 4-1
Water Shortage Levels and Initiating Conditions
Shortage Level
Initiating Conditions
Level 1:
Water Shortage Alert
Level 2:
Serious Water Shortage
Level 3:
Severe Water Shortage
Level 4:
Critical Water Shortage
1. General recognition of drought conditions in Klamath County
2. Demand reaches 80% of water supply capacity as determined by the
City Administrator for a period of 3 or more consecutive days
3. Water supply approaches the minimum required for fire protection or
other essential needs as determined by the City Administrator.
1. Governor has declared a drought in Klamath County and the
continuation of hot, dry weather is predicted
2. The City’s water demand is 81 to 90% of water supply capacity for 3 or
more consecutive days as a result of a natural or human-caused event.
Water demand is more than 90% of water supply capacity for 3 or more
consecutive days for any reason, whether natural or human-caused.
Failure of a system component or non-drought emergency conditions
results in an immediate shortage of water. Examples include failure of
main transmission line(s), failure of the intake or WTP, chemical spills,
or a malevolent attack on the system that introduces a contaminant at
some point in the system.
The City’s curtailment plan, presented here, has four water shortage levels that increase in
severity:

Level 1 – Water Shortage Alert

Level 2 – Serious Water Shortage

Level 3 – Severe Water Shortage

Level 4 – Critical Water Shortage
Authority
The City Administrator is authorized to institute emergency water curtailment measures after
determining that a water shortage emergency condition exists. Such determination will be
based on an analysis of the demand for water in the distribution system and the quantity of
deliverable water available and storage recovery capabilities. The City Council will either ratify
or invalidate the City Administrator’s determination at the next Council meeting following the
determination.
The City Administrator is authorized to terminate water curtailment measures after
determining that a water shortage emergency condition no longer exists. The termination will
become effective at the next Council meeting following the determination that the curtailment
measures are no longer required, at which time the Council will either ratify or invalidate the
determination.
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Additionally, the City has an approved Water Policy (amended 2002) that provides further
guidance for handling water curtailment. The City updates the Water Policy regularly to
provide up-to-date information regarding priority of water service.
Level 1: Water Shortage Alert
If there is a general recognition of drought conditions in Klamath County, demand reaches 80
percent of water supply capacity for a period of 3 or more days, or the water supply approaches
the minimum required for fire protection or other essential needs, a Level 1 – Water Shortage
Alert will be activated.
Under a Water Shortage Alert, the City Administrator will issue a broad request, via local
newspaper, radio, television, and the City’s Web site, for voluntary reduction in water use by all
water customers. The request will include a summary of the current water situation, the
reasons for the requested water reductions, and a statement that mandatory reductions will be
necessary if the voluntary efforts are not sufficient to reduce peak water use by 10 percent.
When Level 1 is triggered, the City will ask customers to voluntarily comply with the following:


No landscape watering between 10 a.m. and 8 p.m. (except for drip irrigation)
Outdoor irrigation on an odd/even schedule (odd-numbered houses water on oddnumbered days and even-numbered houses water on even-numbered days)
Level 2: Serious Water Shortage
If the Governor issues a drought declaration for Klamath County or water demand is 81 to 90
percent of water supply capacity for 3 or more consecutive days, a Level 2 – Serious Water
Shortage determination will be issued.
If the City Administrator issues a Level 2 – Serious Water Shortage determination, the following
restrictions will be enacted:
1. Suburban area (outside the City limits) customers will be required to conduct outdoor
watering according to an odd/even schedule
2. The following actions, which are defined in City code as “waste,” will be prohibited
system wide (both suburban and urban areas):
 Outdoor irrigation, excluding drip irrigation, between 10 a.m. and 8 p.m.
 Irrigating in a manner that produces runoff for more than 5 minutes
 Washing sidewalks, walkways, streets, driveways, parking lots, open ground, or
other hard-surfaced areas, except where necessary for public health or safety
 Not controlling a plumbing leak within 24 hours after discovering the leak
 Washing cars, boats, trailers, aircraft, or other vehicles by hose without using a
shutoff nozzle, except if washing such vehicles at a commercial or fleet vehicle
washing facilities using water recycling equipment
 Offering water for consumption at a restaurant, hotel, café, cafeteria, or other
public place where food is sold or served to any person unless expressly
requested
 Using water to clean, fill, or maintain decorative fountains, lakes, or ponds
unless water is re-circulated
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

Using water for construction, except for building construction and preparation
for painting (that is, dust abatement, aggregate compaction, etc.)
Filling swimming pools, including toy/play pools, with a capacity in excess of
100 gallons; however, water can be used to replace volume lost as a result of
evaporation
Level 3: Severe Water Shortage
If water demand is greater than 90 percent of supply capacity for 3 or more consecutive days, a
Level 3 – Severe Water Shortage determination will be issued by the City Administrator.
In addition to the restrictions in Level 2, the following restrictions will be implemented under a
Level 3 shortage:
1. Odd/even watering days for outdoor water use in the urban area (inside City limits).
2. All nonessential water uses will be prohibited within the suburban area. “Nonessential”
water use, by customer category, is defined in City Code 4.390, but generally is
determined to be the use of water in excess of 75 percent of prior year water
consumption for commercial and industrial uses and daily usage allotments for
residential use (that is, 120 gallons for one resident, etc.).
3. Irrigation of outside vegetation, except for trees, shrubs and food plants, will not be
allowed for urban area customers.
4. A moratorium on new water service connections within the distribution system and
water main extensions will be enacted.
Level 4: Critical Water Shortage
If there is a failure of a water system component or non-drought emergency conditions result in
an immediate shortage of water, for any reason, a Level 4 – Critical Water Shortage
determination will be issued by the City Administrator.
In addition to the restrictions in Level 3, the following restrictions will be implemented under a
Level 4 shortage;
1. All nonessential water uses will be prohibited for all customers (urban and suburban
areas).
2. Irrigation of outside vegetation, except for trees, shrubs and food plants, will not be
allowed for any customers.
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5. Water Supply
This section satisfies the requirements of OAR 690-086-0170.
This rule requires descriptions of the City’s current and future service area and population projections,
demand projections for 10 and 20 years, and the schedule for when the City expects to fully exercise its
water rights. The rule also requires comparison of the City’s projected water needs and the available
sources of supply, an analysis of alternative sources of water, and a description of required mitigation
actions.
Delineation of Service Areas
OAR 690-086-0170(1)
The City’s current service area includes all areas within the UGB, excluding OIT and three
residential areas served by private water systems. Future service areas include the current
service area, OIT, an area southwest of the UGB and an area adjoining the southeast border of
the UGB. Appendix E shows the current and future service areas.
Population Projections
OAR 690-086-0170(1)
Between 2001 and 2011, the populations of the City and Klamath County had an average annual
population growth of 0.81 percent and 0.37 percent, respectively, according to the Portland State
Population Research Center. To project the planning area population, the City’s average annual
population growth of 0.81 percent was applied to the 2011 estimated planning area population
of 46,000, which includes the population of the City plus the unincorporated areas within the
UGB (Exhibit 5-1).
EXHIBIT 5-1
City of Klamath Falls Service Area: Projected Population
Year
Projected Population
2012
46,373
2022
50,269
2032
54,492
Demand Forecast
OAR 690-086-0170(3)
The City’s 2010 Water Master Plan used a land-use based approach to develop water demand
projections. This WMCP uses the same data for this demand forecast. The land use information
for the demand forecast analysis was obtained from the City’s Community Development
Department and the Klamath County Planning Department. Ultimate (build-out) land uses
were obtained from the current City zoning map for the area within the City limits, the Klamath
5-1
County adopted zoning and tax assessor parcel database for the unincorporated area, and the
Basin View Specific Plan. Land use projections were based on the best available information
regarding growth trends and approved and submitted plans.
The City’s 2010 Water Master Plan specified three planning periods: existing, intermediate, and
build-out. The master plan estimated that ultimate build-out would occur in 50 years or more,
and intermediate development would occur in 10 years (2020). At build-out, the master plan
assumes that the City will serve all areas within the UGB, except for the Southview and
Ridgewater planned developments located on the northwestern side and the small Skyline
Water District on the eastern side. Exhibit 5-2 provides a summary from the 2010 Water Master
Plan of land use acres available within each customer category for each of the three planning
periods.
EXHIBIT 5-2
City of Klamath Falls: Summary of Land Use Acreages from 2010 Water Master Plan
Land Use Type
Existing (1)
(2010)
Area (acres)
Intermediate
(2020)
Build-out
2,354
1,974
1,640
456
6,424
3,732
2,364
1,931
609
8,636
4,060
4,407
2,332
836
11,635
1,268
347
969
247
1,672
4,503
1,594
674
2,392
312
1,936
6,908
1,649
702
2,527
320
2,193
7,391
904
1,626
904
1,828
904
2,616
1,795
1,795
1,795
4,325
15,252
4,527
20,071
5,315
24,341
Residential
Very Low Density Residential
Low Density Residential
Medium Density Residential
High Density Residential
Subtotal - Residential
Non-Residential
Commercial
Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
Public Facility - School
Public Facility
Subtotal - Non-Residential
Others (no City water service is planned for these land uses)
Water Bodies (Lake, Ponds)
Open Space, Special Reserve, No City Water
Service, Right of Way (Freeways, Railroads)
Private Water Systems (for example, Southview,
Ridgewater, Skyline)
Subtotal - Others
Total
(1)
Existing acreages include some anticipated developments with plans and/or tentative approval, although
the customers may not yet be online.
The land-use based methodology uses land use information in conjunction with unit demand
factors by land use type to estimate demand. The appropriate unit demand factor for each land
use type is multiplied by the acres of land zoned for that use to estimate the demands for that
type of land use. These demands then are totaled to obtain the total demand estimate.
The City’s 2010 Water Master Plan used unit demand factors based on the land use types listed
in Exhibit 5-3. This exhibit shows the unit demand factors used for ADD per acre (gallons per
5-2
day per acre [gpd/ac]) from previous master plans. These unit demand factors include 15
percent unaccounted-for water.2 The recommended unit demand factors were used to develop
the demand projections for all the planning scenarios: existing, intermediate, and build-out. A
sensitivity analysis also was integrated into the unit demand factors.
EXHIBIT 5-3
Unit Demand Factors for Average Day Demand from 2010 Water Master Plan (1)
Land Use Type
Recommended Unit Demand
Sensitivity Analysis using
Factors Used for All Scenarios Higher Build-out Unit Demand
in 2010 Master Plan
Factors from 2004 Master Plan
(gpd/ac)
(gpd/ac)
Residential
Very Low Density Residential (10,000 SF
minimum lot size, 4.4 units/ac)
Low Density Residential (7,000 SF minimum
lot size, 6.2 units/ac)
Medium Density Residential (5,000 SF
minimum lot size, 8.7 units/ac)
High Density Residential (10 to 24 units/acre,
used average value of 17 units/acre)
700
1450 (3)
1100
2050 (3)
1600
2450 (3)
2000
4250 (3)
650
650
650
850
100
1300 (4)
1300 (4)
1300 (4)
850 (2)
200 (2)
0
0
0
0
Non-Residential
Commercial
Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
Public Facility - School
Public Facility
Others
Lake, Ponds
Open Space, Special Reserve, No City
Water Service, Private Water System, Right
of Way
(1)
The unit demand factors include an allowance for unaccounted-for water.
(2)
The unit demand factors for public facilities and schools assume that in the future the large landscape areas associated with
these facilities are not irrigated with City water except in such cases where no other irrigation water source is available.
Irrigation water is assumed to be provided from private irrigation wells or irrigation canals.
(3)
For the sensitivity analysis, the higher build-out unit demand factors per acre for future residential development were
estimated based on the number of allowable units at the minimum lot size and estimated usage per unit, which typically
decreases per unit as the density increases due to less outdoor water use. Future unit demand factors for very low and low
density residential development areas were estimated at 330 gallons per day per residential unit, which is the same as for
the previous Master Plan, since the demand per unit including unaccounted-for water was similar for the 2007 data as for the
previous 2002 data. The build-out unit demand factors for medium density and high density residential were adjusted slightly
from the 2004 Master Plan. Future medium density residential unit demand was estimated at 280 gallons per day per unit
(85 percent of low density); and high density residential at 250 gallons per day per unit (75 percent of low density).
(4)
For the sensitivity analysis, the higher build-out unit demand factors for non-residential uses were based on analysis
conducted as part of the City’s 2004 Master Plan, and experience with other master plans.
According to the City’s Water Master Plan unit demand factors were derived by relating
historical water consumption data to the planned land uses and existing acreages served.
Representative existing unit demand factors for the current service area were determined on a
system-wide basis for residential and non-residential land uses based on existing demand and
2 Due to the City’s continuing efforts to reduce unaccounted-for water through conservation measures and improvement in water
accounting, the unaccounted-for water for 2011, which was 16.5 percent, is down significantly from previous years. Further
reductions in unaccounted-for water may occur and should be re-evaluated in future WMCP updates.
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land use information. The unit demand factors assume that in the future the City will not be
providing irrigation water for large landscape areas, such as parks, schools, and medians,
except in such cases where no other irrigation water source is available. For the intermediate
and build-out planning scenarios, irrigation water for large landscape areas is assumed to
private (non-municipal) irrigation wells or irrigation canals.
At this time, the City is unaware of any new industrial/commercial users that intend to locate
within the service area, however the City is contacted regularly by such users about the
possibility of locating a commercial or industrial business within the service area. There are 14
current or anticipated residential development areas within the City’s service area; six of those
are partially developed however with the current economic conditions the City does not expect
any immediate large scale development in these residential areas but must be prepared for
when these planned developments do occur. The Kingsley Field Air Force base does have
potential for expanding operations however the City does not expect significant increase in
water demand as housing for base staff is generally located off base and fire protections systems
on the base are chemical systems.
Demand Projection Summary
As explained above, the City’s 2010 Water Master Plan used the land-use based method to
project future water demand; this involved identifying all undeveloped areas within the service
area, the land use through current zoning, undeveloped acreages within each type of land use
zone and undeveloped lots in each type of land use zone. Average day demand for each land
use type (residential, commercial and industrial) was calculated by multiplying the estimated
number of acres served by the specific land use type by the historical unit demand factor per
acre. Using the projected MDD for the three planning scenarios provided in the 2010 Water
Master Plan (as shown in Table 4-8 in Appendix F), MDDs were projected for 10 and 20 years.
The projected MDD was determined by applying a peaking factor of 2.3, provided in Table 4-8
of the City’s Water Master Plan in Appendix F, to the projected ADDs shown in Table 4-7of the
City’s Master Plan, also in Appendix F. The 2010 Water Master Plan included a 10-year
projection, but not the 20-year projection needed for the planning period of this WMCP. To
estimate projected demand in 2032, the average annual change in MDD from 2022 to 2062 (the
years associated with the intermediate and build-out scenarios) was determined by calculating
the projected difference in demand and then dividing by the difference in years. This
calculation resulted in an average annual increase in MDD of 0.20 mgd. Exhibit 5-4 presents the
10-year and 20-year projected MDDs.
EXHIBIT 5-4
City of Klamath Falls Projected Future Demand
Year
Projected ADD Projected ADD
(mgd)
(cfs)
2022
13.8
21.35
2032
14.7
22.74
Projected MDD
(mgd)
31.7
33.7
Projected MDD
(cfs)
49.05
52.14
5-4
Schedule to Exercise Permits and Comparison of Projected Need
to Available Sources
OAR 690-086-0170(2) and (4)
The City relies solely on groundwater to meet its municipal demand. Based on current
projections, using land-use based methodology from the City’s 2010 Water Master Plan, the City
anticipates the need for 31.7 mgd (49.0 cfs) by 2022 and 33.7 mgd (52.1 cfs) by 2032 to meet its
MDDs.
Although the City holds water rights with a total combined maximum authorized rate of 37.82
mgd (58.51 cfs), six of the water rights (permits G-13109, G-12798, G-12799, G-12800, G-12886,
and G-13234) are conditioned to limit the City’s total diversion, for all rights under the same
lands, to 33.75 mgd (52.22 cfs) “or a lesser amount if delineated in the WMCP.” OWRD’s
approval of the City’s 1998 WMCP further limited the City’s total rate of diversion to 24 mgd
(37.13 cfs) until an updated WMCP demonstrating the need for access to additional supply is
approved.
According to the demand projections outlined in the City’s 2010 Water Master Plan, access to
water beyond the current limitation of 24 mgd (37.13 cfs) will be required to meet projected
demands in the 20-year planning period. The projected MDDs also show the need for the City
to access its full water right capacity (37.82 mgd) by approximately 2052.
The existing water source for the City, the regional aquifer, has proven reliable to-date.
However, declines in groundwater levels in Klamath Basin have been occurring during the
current drought cycle. Nonetheless, the aquifer is expected to provide sufficient water supply
to meet the City’s water demands.
Alternative Sources
OAR 690-086-0170(5)
As described above, the City relies exclusively on groundwater supply for municipal water.
The City does not hold surface water rights for municipal use, and it is unlikely that the City
could obtain new surface water rights because of fish protection issues, a lack of available
surface water, regulatory requirements, and the financial constraints of building a surface water
treatment plant.
The City’s water management and conservation measures are expected to slow the growth of
demand for water, but are not likely to eliminate all such growth. The City intends to
implement the various water management and conservation practices outlined in this WMCP in
an effort to maximize the benefits of conservation.
The City does not have interconnections with other municipal supply systems, as no other
municipal water systems exist in the area. Within the Klamath Basin, there are a few small
quasi-municipal systems, but they do not have supplies sufficient to make cooperative regional
water management plans or interconnections feasible.
The City anticipates that it will need access to an additional 9.7 mgd under its existing water
rights to meet its projected 20-year demand. This constitutes an approximately 29 percent
increase in the City’s water demand. Although the City intends to diligently implement its
5-5
conservation benchmarks, it is not realistic to expect the implementation of conservation
measures to yield a water savings of 29 percent for a municipal water supplier in Oregon. As a
result, regardless of the cost of the conservation measures implemented, the City cannot meet
its projected 2032 MDD solely through the implementation of conservation measures and will
need to rely on further development of its groundwater source.
Quantification of Projected Maximum Rate and Monthly Volume
OAR 690-086-0170(6)
OAR 690-086-0170(6) requires a quantification of the maximum rate of withdrawal and
maximum monthly use if any expansion or initial diversion of water allocated under an existing
permit is necessary to meet demands in the 20-year planning period. As described above, the
City will need access to more of its existing water supply than is currently authorized by
OWRD. Within the 20-year planning period of this WMCP, the City projects that it will need
access to 33.7 mgd (52.14 cfs) of its authorized water right certificates, transfer, and permits.
The maximum monthly volume, based on a 24-hour daily pumping cycle for 1 month, is 1,011
million gallons (MG), which may include up to 0.27 MG from permit G-13109.
Mitigation Actions under State and Federal Law
OAR 690-086-0170(7)
Under OAR 690-086-0170(7), for expanded or initial diversion of water under an existing
permit, the water supplier is to describe mitigation actions it is taking to comply with legal
requirements of the Endangered Species Act, Clean Water Act, and other applicable state or
federal environmental regulations. The City is not aware of any state and federal mitigation
requirements that are applicable to the City’s water use.
New Water Rights
OAR 690-086-0170(8)
Under OAR 690-086-0170(8), if a municipal water supplier finds it necessary to acquire new
water rights within the next 20 years to meet its projected demand, an analysis of alternative
sources of the additional water is required. The analysis must consider availability, reliability,
feasibility, and likely environmental impacts and a schedule for development of the new
sources of water. The City does not intend to acquire new water rights within the next 20 years.
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