Revised Common Framework of CBCS for Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
(A.P. State Council of Higher Education)
Table-7: B.Sc., SEMESTER – I
Sno
Course
1
First Language
(Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…)
Second Language
English
Foundation Course - 1
HVPE (Human Values &
Professional Ethics)
Foundation course -2
Communication & Soft
Skills -1
DSC 1 A
(Group Sub- 1)
DSC 1 A Lab Practical
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Marks
100
Mid Sem
Exam*
25
Sem End
Exam
75
Teaching
Hours
4
Credits
3
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 A
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 A Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 A
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 A Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Total
750
-
-
30
25
Note: For Science Domain Subjects which had no lab practical component earlier (eg.
Mathematics) the following format is applicable. They, however, will have co-curricular
activities (eg. Problem solving sessions etc.). The total marks will change accordingly for such
combinations. For example for Maths, Physics and Chemistry the total marks will be 700.
DSC (without Lab Practical)
100
25
75
6
5
*Mid sem exam at the college (The marks split between Formal Test and Co-curricular activities
may be decided by the University concerned). End Sem Exam by the Univ.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
1
*Practical component will not be applicable to those science subjects which had no such
component earlier (ex. Mathematics)
**Syllabus size shall be in accordance with the number of teaching hours
Table-8: B.Sc., SEMESTER – II
Sno
Course
1
First Language
(Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…)
Second Language
English
Foundation course - 3
Environmental Sci
Foundation course – 4A
ICT – 1 (Information &
Communication Technol)
DSC* 1 B
(Group Sub- 1)
DSC 1 B Lab Practical
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Marks
100
Mid Sem
Exam
25
Sem End
Exam
75
Teaching
Hours
4
Credits
3
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 B
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 B Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 B
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 B Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Total
750
-
-
30
25
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
2
B.Sc. Table-9: B.Sc., SEMESTER – III
Sno
Course
1
First Language
(Tel/Hin/Urdu/Sans…)
Second Language
English
Foundation Course - 5
Entrepreneurship
Foundation course -2B
Communication & Soft
Skills -2
DSC 1 C
(Group Sub- 1)
DSC 1 C Practical
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SEMESTER – III
Total
Mid Sem
Marks
Exam
100
25
Sem End
Exam
75
Teaching
Hours
4
Credits
3
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 C
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 C Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 C
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 C Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Total
750
-
-
30
25
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
3
Table-10: B.Sc., SEMESTER – IV
Sno
Course
1
Foundation Course – 2C*
Communication & Soft
Skills -3
Foundation Course – 6*
Analytical Skills
Foundation Course - 7 **
CE (Citizenship Education)
Foundation course – 4B
ICT – 2 (Information &
Communication Technol)
DSC 1 D
(Group Sub- 1)
DSC 1 D Lab Practical
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SEMESTER – IV
Total
Mid Sem
Marks
Exam*
50
0
Sem End
Exam
50
Teaching
Hours**
2
Credits
2
50
0
50
2
2
50
0
50
2
2
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 D
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 D Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 D
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 D Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Total
750
30
25
*To be taught by English Teachers (and partly by Maths/Stat Teachers)
** To be taught by Telugu Teachers
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
4
Table-11: B.Sc., SEMESTER – V
Sno
Course
1 Skill Development Course –
1
(University’s Choice)
2
DSC 1 E
(Group Sub- 1)
3
DSC 1 E Lab Practical
Total
Marks
50
Mid Sem
Exam
0
Sem End
Exam
50
Teaching
Hours
2
Credits
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 E
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 E Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 E
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 E Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Elective -1*: DSC 1 F /
Inter-disp
Elective-1 Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Elective*-2: DSC 2 F /
Inter-disp
Elective-2 Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
13
Elective*-3: DSC 3 F /
Inter-disp
Elective-3 Lab Practical
50
0
50
2
2
14
Total
950
-
-
38
32
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
6th (F) paper of each of the domain specific subjects (2nd paper of semester V) may preferably be
an Elective. More than one Elective may be offered giving choice to students. The Electives may
be of Domain (applied/specialization) or Inter-disciplinary in nature. The number of Electives
may be decided (along with the syllabus) by the University concerned keeping the feasibility of
conduct of University examinations in view.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
5
Table-12: B.Sc., SEMESTER – VI
Sno
Course
1 Skill Development Course –
2
(University’s Choice)
2
DSC 1 G
(Group Sub- 1)
3
DSC 1 G Lab Practical
Total
Marks
50
Mid Sem
Exam
0
Sem End
Exam
50
Teaching
Hours
2
Credits
2
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 2 G
(Group Sub- 2)
DSC 2 G Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
DSC 3 G
(Group Sub- 3)
DSC 3 G Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Elective -4*: DSC 1 H /
Inter-disp/Gen Elec
Elective-4 Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
Elective*-5: DSC 2 H /
Inter-disp/Gen Elec
Elective-5 Lab Practical
100
25
75
4
3
50
0
50
2
2
100
25
75
4
3
13
Elective*-6: DSC 3 H /
Inter-disp/Gen Elec
Elective-3 Lab Practical
50
0
50
2
2
14
Total
950
-
-
38
32
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
*8th (H) paper of each of the domain specific subjects (2nd paper of semester VI) may preferably
be an Elective. More than one Elective may be offered giving choice to students. The Electives
may be of Domain (applied/specialization) or Inter-disciplinary or General in nature. The
number of Electives may be decided (along with the syllabus) by the University concerned
keeping the feasibility of conduct of University examinations in view.
Total Credits for a B.Sc. Course: 164
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
6
Final Reviewed copy Approved - (GEOLOGY)
Three year B.Sc Geology
CBCS Revised Curriculum (With Effective from 2015-2016)
Course: B.Sc
S.
No
Semester
Subject: Geology
Title of the Paper
1 Semester-I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P-I- Physical Geology & Crystallography
Lab-I
Physical Geology & Crystallography
Semester-II
P- II- Mineralogy& Optical Mineralogy
Lab-II
Mineralogy & Optical mineralogy
Semester-III
P-III- Igneous petrology & Sedimentalogy
Lab-III
Igneous petrology & Sedimentalogy
Semester-IV
P-IV- Metamorphic Petrology &
Structural Geology
Lab-IV
Metamorphic Petrology & structural
Geology
Semester V
P-V- Indian Geology & Palaeontology
Lab-V
Palaeontology
Elective-VI- a)
P-VI-a).Economic Geology (or)
Lab- VI- a)
a)Economic Geology
Elective-VI-b)
P-VI-b). Ground Water Exploration
Lab- VI – b)
b) Ground Water Exploration
Semester-VI
P-VII- Mineral Exploration and Mineral
Economics
Lab-VII
Mineral Exploration
Elective-VIII- a) P-VIII- a) Mining Geology & Ore
Dressing (or)
Lab- VIII- a)
a) Mining Geology & Ore Dressing (or)
Elective-VIII- b) P-VIII-b) Environmental Geology
Lab- VIII- b)
b) Environmental Geology
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
Hrs./week
Credits
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
Max.
Marks
75+25
50
75+25
50
75+25
50
75+25
2
50
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
75+25
50
75+25
50
75+25
50
75+25
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
4
50
75+25
2
3
2
4
2
48
50
75+25
50
1200
2
3
2
40
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
7
CBCS -B. Sc. GEOLOGY Syllabus
With effective from 2015-16
SEMESTER- I
Paper- I - Physical Geology &Crystallography
Unit -I
General aspects. Definition of geology - Basic assumptions of Geology - Its
relationship with other sciences - Branches of geology - Aim and applications of geology.
Earth as a planet: its shape, size, and density - movement and their effects. Origin and
age of the earth.
Geological process - exogenic and endogenic. Definition of weathering - types of
weathering of rocks - Physical and chemical; Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle
of erosion; erosion, transportation and deposition; agents of erosion.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Rivers: Erosion, transportation and deposition of river (fluvial) cycle in different
stages -Development of typical land forms by river erosion and deposition. V - Shaped
valley, meander, ox-bow lake, flood plane, pedeplain and deltas. Types of rivers.
Groundwater: Storage of ground water - porosity, permeability, aquifer, water
table, zone of saturation, artesian well, springs, geysers, sinkhole, cavern, Stalactities and
stalagmites.
Glaciers: Definition of a glacier - types of glaciers - development of typical land
forms by glacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U - shaped valley, Rocks-monadnocks.
Morains, drumline, kames, eskors. Characteristic features of glaciated regions
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Seas: offshore profile - land forms of sea - marine deposits and coral reefs.
Lacustrine deposits. Global climatic changes.
Wind: Development of characteristic features by wind. Wind erosion and
deposition, pedestal rock - mushroom topography - Incelberg - Ventifacts -sand dunes.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
8
Earthquakes: Cause, kinds of earthquake waves, and mode of propagation,
intensity of earthquakes, Ritchers scale - seismograph and seismogram. Effects of
earthquakes - Interior of the earth based on seismic theory.
Volcanoes: origin, products of Volcanoes.
Continental Drift & Plate tectonics: Theory of Plate tectonics – nature and origin
of ocean floor.
(12hrs)
Unit-IV
Definition of a crystal - amorphous and crystalline states. Morphology of Crystals
- face, edge, solid angle, interfacial angle. Forms: Simple, combination, closed and open
forms. Symmetry: Plane, axis, center. Crystallographic axes. Parameters,indices;
crystallographic notation - parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller.
Classification of crystals into systems.
Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry
I. Cubic system – Galena type
II. Tetragonal system - Zircon type
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry
III. Hexagonal system - Beryl type
IV. Trigonal system - Calcite type.
V. Orthorhombic system - Barites type
VI. Monoclinic system - Gypsum type VII. Triclinic system - Axinite type
Text books:
1. Holmes Principles of Physical Geology
2. An Introduction to Crystallography
-
D.L. Holmes
R.C. Phillips
Reference Books:
1. Basic Physical Geology
2. Physical Geology
3. A textbook of mineralogy
4. A book of Physical Geology
5. Physical Geology
-
E.S. Robinsion
B.F. Mallory and D.N. Gargo
E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford
A K Datta
A.N. Stracher
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
9
LAB-I (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of First semester
Practical-I- Physical Geology & Crystallography
Interpretation of morphmetric data/drainage systems and identification of
geomorphological features in topographical maps. Study of important geomorphological
models.
Study of symmetry and form of the Normal classes of seven crystal systems of the
following:
I. Cubic system – Galena type
II. Tetragonal system – Zircon type
III. Hexagonal system – Beryl type
IV. Trigonal system – Calcite type
V.
Orthorhombic system – Barites type
VI. Monoclinic system – Gypsum type
VII. Triclinic system – Axinite type
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
10
SEMESTER- II
Paper-II- Mineralogy & Optical Mineralogy
Unit - I
Definition of a mineral - classification of minerals into rock forming and ore
forming minerals.
Physical properties of minerals - Colour, streak, transparency, lustre, form,
hardness, tenacity, cleavage, fracture and specific gravity.
Silicate structures- isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, allotropy,
Pseudomorphism and radioactivity
Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the
following mineral groups: Olivine, Garnet and Aluminium silicates.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the
following mineral groups: Pyroxenes, Amphiboles and Mica
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the
following mineral groups: Quartz and its varieties, Feldspars, and feldspathoids
Miscellaneous: Staurolite, Tourmaline, Zircon, Calcite, Corundum and Apatite.
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
General Principles of optics, Refraction, Reflection Snell’s law, Critical angle,
total reflection. Isotropic and anisotropic minerals.
Polarised light, refractive index, double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals
– Nicol prism and its construction.
(12hrs)
Unit-V
Petrological microscope (Polarising) - its mechanical and optical parts – optical
properties of Minerals - extinction, pleochroism and interference colours. Optical
Properties of important minerals
(12hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
11
Text books:
1. A textbook of mineralogy
2. Rutleys elements of mineralogy
3. Elements of Crystallography
-
Reference Books:
1. Manual of mineralogy
2. Mineralogy for students
3. An introduction to rock forming minerals 4. Elements of mineralogy
5. Essential of Crystallography
-
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford.
H.H. Reed
F.A.Wade and R.B.Matrix
C.S. Hurlbut and C.Klein
M.H. Batey.
Deer, Howie, and zussman.
Mason and Bern.
E. Flint.
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
12
LAB-II (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Second semester
Practical-II- Mineralogy and Optical mineralogy
Study of physical properties and diagnostic features of the following mineral:
Quartz Jasper, Agate, Chalcedony, Amethyst, Orthoclase, Microcline, Anorthite,
Enstatite, Hypersthene, Augite, Hornblende, Actinolite, Tremolite, Asbestos, Muscovite,
Biotite, Phlogopite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite, Beryl,
Zircon, Apatite, Corundum, Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Flurospar and Serpentine.
Study of optical properties of the following minerals:
Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase, Hypersthene, Augite, Tremolite,
Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Beryl, Calcite,
Chlorite, sillimanite and Leucite.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
13
III-SEMESTER
Paper- I I I - Igneous Petrology and Sedimentalogy
Unit-I
Nature and scope of petrology - definition of rock, classification of rocks into
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Distinguish features of three types of rocks.
Forms -Lava flows, Instrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes, ring dykes vesicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow, flow, and sheet structures.
Columnar and prismatic structures
(12hrs)
Unit-II
Textures - Definition of texture, micro-structure, devitrification - Hypidiomorphic,
pandiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergrartular, intersertal, trachytic, graphic
and micro-graphic textures. Classification of igneous rocks - CIPW and Tyrrell tabular
classification.
Descriptive study of the following rock types: Granite, Syenite, Diorite,
Pegmatite, Gabbro, Pyroxenite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Trachyte and Basalt
(12hrs)
Unit-III
Composition and constitution of magma - Crystallisation of magma Unicomponent, binary system, eutectic and solid solutions.
Origin of igneous rocks - Bowen's reaction principle, differentiation and
assimilation of magma.
(12hrs)
Unit - IV
Sources of sediments - mechanical and chemical weathering, modes of
transportation, stratification. Sedimentary structures - Types of bedding, surface marks,
deformed bedding, solution structures.
(12hrs)
Unit-V
Classification of sedimentary rocks; clastic - rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous,
non-clastic -- calcareous, carbonaceous, evaporities.
Descriptive study of the following sedimentary rocks - conglomerate, Breccia,
Sandstone, Gritt, Arkose, Shale and limestone.
(12 hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
14
Text books
1. Principles of petrology
2. Sedementary Rocks
-
G.W. Tyrrell
F.J.Peettijohn
Reference Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Igneous Petrology
A Text book of sedimentary petrology
Petrology of the sedimentary rocks
Petrology of the igneous rocks
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
-
Hyndman
Verma & Prasad
J.T. Greehsmith
F.KHatch, Wells and Wells.
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
15
LAB-III (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Third semester
Practical- II- Igneous Petrology and Sedimentalogy
Megascopic and microscopic study of the following igneous rocks:
Dunite,Perodotite, Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Gabbro. Dolerite, Rhyolite, Basalt and
Pegmatite.
Megascopic and microscopic study of the following sedimentary rocks:
Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Arkose, Gritt, Shale, Limestone and its varieties.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
16
IV-SEMESTER
Paper-IV- Metamorphic Petrology and Structural Geology
Unit-I
Metamorphism - agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, grades
and zones of metamorphism. Structures of metamorphic rocks - Cataclastic, maculosc,
schistose, granulose and gneissose. Textures of metamorphic rocks- crystalloblastic,
xenoblastic.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Classification of metamorphic rocks. Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous
and arenaceous rocks. Thermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous
rocks. Dynamothermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and igneous rocks.
Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks - Gneiss, schist, slate,
phyllite, quartzite, marble, Charmockite and khondalite.
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Definition of structural geology - aim and objectives of the structural Geology;
importance of study of structures - primary and secondary structures; outcrop, attitude of
beds – strike and dip. Use of clinometer and Brunton compass. Folds -description,
nomenclature of folds - Geometrical and genetic classification. Recognition of folds in
the field.
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
Joints- Classification of Joints - geometrical and genetic classification. Faults –
geometrical and genetic classification of faults, recognition of faults in the field.
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Unconformities - types of unconformities. Recognition of unconformities in the
field. Distinguishing the faults from unconformities. Definitions of overlap, outlier,
cleavage, schistosity, foliation and lineation
(12 hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
17
Text books
1. The principles of petrology
2. Metamorphic petrology
3. Structural Geology
-
G. W. Tyrrell
B. Bhaskar Rao
Marlarid. F. Billings.
Reference Books:
1. Petrology of Igneous and Metamorpic rocks. Hyndman
2. Structural Geology
L.U. De Setter
3. An outline of structural Geology
E.S. Hills
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
18
LAB-IV (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Fourth semester
Practical- IV: Metamorphic Petrology and Structural Geology
Megascopic and microscopic study of the following rocks: Schist, Gneiss,
Quartzite, Marble, slate, phyllite, charnockite and khonodolite.
Study of topographical maps: Interpretation of simple geological maps with
horizontal and inclined beds. Unconformity, folds and faults with reference to the
topography and structure, geological succession and history. Geological Section drawing
(at least 8 maps)
Problems dealing with true dip and apparent dip. Bore-hole data thickness and
width of the outcrop and dip of the beds (At least 8 problems for each method).
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
19
SEMESTER-V
Paper- V- Indian Geology & Palaeontology
Unit-I
Stratigraphy - Principals of stratigraphy. Lithosratigraphy and bio stratigraphy.
Standard geological time scale, Physiographic divisions of India.
Brief study of type area, distribution in India, lithology, fossil content and
economic importance of the following systems - Dharwar system, Cuddapah system,
Vindhyan system, Kurnool system.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Gondwana system, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of
Trichinopoly, Deccan Traps and their Age, Siwaliks with vertebrate fossils. (Brief study
of type area, distribution in India, Lithology, fossil content and economic importance of
the systems)
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Definition of Palaeontology, Branches of Palaeontology, conditions of
fossilization, modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Index and zone Fossils. Detailed
study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Corals and
Brachiopoda.
Fossils: Calceola, Zaphranthis, Terebratula, Spirifer, Rhynchonella, and
Productos,
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of
Gastropods, Cephalopoda and Lamellibranchia;
Fossils: Turritella, Natica, Physa, Conus, Pecten. Gyphaea.Arca, Cardita,
Nautilus. Ammonoids, Ceratites, Bellemnites.
(12 hrs)
Unit- V
Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of
Trilobita, Echinodermata, Graptolites and Plant fossils. Fossils: Calymene, Paradoxide,
Cidaris, Micraster, Hemiaster, Monograptus, Diplograptus, Glossopteris, Gangamopteris,
Ptylophyllum and Lepidodendron.
(12 hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
20
Text books:
1. Invertebrate Palaeontology
2. Geology of India & Burma
- Henry Woods.
- MS Krishnan
Reference Books:
1. An introduction to palaeontology
- Jain, P.C etal.
2. Principals of stratigraphy
- Dunbars & Rodgers.
3. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphiy - Ravindra Kumar
LAB-V (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Fifth semester
Practical V-Palaeontology
Drawing and description of invertebrate and plant fossils as per the list mentioned
in the theory syllabus. Classification, morophology and geological distribution. Fossils:
Cidaris, Micraster, Hemiaster. Cerethium, Terebratula, spirifer, Rhynchonella, Products,
Turritella, Natica, Physa, Pecten, Gryphaea, Arca, Cardita, Nautilus, Ammonodis,
Ceratites, Bellemnites, Calymene, Paradoxide. Corals. Plant fossils glossopeteris,
gangamopteris and ptylophyllum.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
21
SEMESTER-V - Elective Paper-VI
Paper-VI (a): Economic Geology
Unit-I
Definition of Economic geology, mineral resources and mineral deposits,
importance of economic minerals and rocks, definition of ore - ore minerals, gangue
minerals and industrial minerals. Classification of mineral deposits - Bateman's
classification modified by Jensen. Processes of formation of mineral deposits – magmatic
concentration, metasomatism, hydrothermal, residual, mechanical concentration,
supergene enrichment, sublimation and evaporation.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc and aluminium, with respect to
their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India.
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Iron, manganese, chromium, uranium and thorium with respect to their
mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India.
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
Distribution of industrial minerals in India for the following industries –
Refractories, fertilisers, Abrasives, cement, glass and Ceramic.
Fossil fuels: Occurrence, origin and distribution of Coal and petroleum deposits.
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Atomic minerals - Uranite, Pitchblende, Beach sands - Monozite, Ilmenite, Rutile
and Zircon and their use. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
(12 hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
22
Text Books:
1. Economic Geology
2. Ore deposits of India
-
A.M. Batman
Ghokale and Rao
Reference Books
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Industrial Minerals
Deb
Indian mineral resources
S. Krishnaswamy
An Introduction to the Ore Geology
A.M.Evans
Geology & mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh N.V.B.S. Dutt
Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh
Dr. P.K Ramam
LAB-VI (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Fifth semester
Elective Practical VI a)- Economic Geology
Megascopic study of economic minerals: mode of occurrence, distribution in
India and uses. Haematite, Magnetite Pyrite, Pyrolustie, Psilomelane, Chalcopyrite,
Malachite, Azurite, Bauxite, Chromite, Galena, Sphalrite, Magnesite, Gypsum, Asbestos,
Steatite, Graphite, Monazite, Illmenite, Zircon, Fluorite, Baryte, Corundum, Topaz,
Calcite, Kaolinite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Garnet and Mica.
Preparation of Maps showing distribution of metallic and non-metallic deposits of
India.
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
23
SEMESTER-V- Elective Paper-VI
Paper-VI- (b): Ground Water Exploration
Unit-I
Hydrogeology - Scope and application of Hydrogeology. Hydrological
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Transpiration. Evapotranspiration.
Ground Water: Origin and Occurrence of ground water, Vertical distribution of
sub-surface water, zone of aeration-soil water, vadose water, capillary fringe. Zone of
saturation - water table. Perched water table. Recharge and discharge areas.
(12 hrs)
UNIT-II
Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge. Properties of Aquifer - porosity, retension
of water in rocks, yield of water from rocks (specific yield and specific retension),
Darcy’s law, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, velocity of groundwater flow, storage
co-efficient. Types of aquifers: confined, semi-confined, unconfined. Homogeneous,
Heterogeneous. Isotropic and Anisotropic aquifers. Igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks as aquifers.
(12 hrs)
UNIT-III
Quality of Ground Water - Physical, chemical and Biological characteristics of
groundwater. Suitability of groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.
Pollution of Ground Water; Pollution in relation to urban, industrial and Agricultural
sources. Brief account of saline water intrusion.
(12 hrs)
UNIT – IV
Ground Water Investigations: Scope of investigations, Methods of groundwater
explorations. Brief account of Geologic, hydrogeologic, Geobotanical investigations,
Introduction to Remote Sensing techniques. Geophysical Exploration: Basic principles of
Geophysical exploration methods - Electrical methods - Schlumberger and Wenner
configuration, Resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Soundings.
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Management of Groundwater, Groundwater balance, recharge, (natural and
artificial) and discharge. Safe yields and over draft. Cojunctive use of surface and
groundwater. Utilization of groundwater. Groundwater resource evaluation-water table
fluctuation method and rainfall infiltration method. Ground water provinces of India.
Concept of water shed management.
(12 hrs)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
24
Text Books:
1. Groundwater hydrology
2. Hydrogeology
-
D.K.Todd
K.R.Karanth
Reference Books:
1. Apphed Hydrogeology
2. Hydrogeology
3. Ground Water
- Fetter.
- S.N.Davis and R.J.M.Dewiest
- H.M.Raghunath
LAB-VI (b) (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Fifth semester
Elective Practical VI ( b) - Ground Water Exploration
Calculation of porosity and permeability from the given data
Chemical analysis of Water.
Estimation of pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in water
Classification of ground water for use in drinking and irrigation purposes
Preparation and interpretation water table maps
Well inventory data collection
Electrical resistivity survey
Observation of satellite imagery maps for geological and hydro geological purposes
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
25
SEMESTER-VI
Paper- VII- Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics
Unit-I
Scope of mineral prospecting and exploration. Prospecting criteria and guides structural, lithological and staratigraphical guides. Geochemical prospecting – primary
and secondary dispersion – Geochemical association and path finders.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Geophysical Exploration - brief description and application of gravity method gravimeters.
Brief description and application of magnetic method - magnetometers.
Brief description and application of seismic method - geophones.
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Brief description and application of electrical method - Resistivity meter.
Brief description and application of radioactive method - G-M Counter and,
Scintillometer.
Photogeology – Aerial photographs, Remote sensing and Aerial photography
techniques used in mineral exploration.
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
Sampling Technique: Definition of sampling, Methods of sampling – Channel,
chip, grab, car, groove, wagon, Pitting and trenching and drill hole sampling. Coning and
quartering. Estimation of ore reserves.
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Principles of mineral Economics. Classification of mineral deposits. National
Mineral policy. Mineral concession Rules. Mineral conservation and substitution. Status
of mineral production in India.
(12 hrs)
Text Books:
3. Mining Geology
3. Principles of mineral dressing
-
Reference Books:
2. Mineral Economics
1. Geological Prospecting & Exploration
-
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
-
McKinnstry
A.M. Gaudin
-
R.K.Sinha & N.L.Sarma.
V. M. Kneiter
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
26
LAB-VII (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Sixth semester
Practical- VII- Mineral Exploration
Estimation of ore reserves: Bedded type and vein type (Extended area and included area
methods problems)
Sieve analysis problems- calculation of standard statistical parameters based on sieve
analysis data
Sampling Techniques – Preparation of composite sample of sediment by coning and
quartering methods
Field work: Submission of Dissertation / Field Report. Study of toposheets and field work in
the neighbouring areas and also other places of geological importance.
Note: Field training camp: Ten days during vacation/ Working Days (Compulsory)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
27
SEMESTER-VI
Elective Paper-VIII
Paper-VIII- (a): Mining Geology and Ore Dressing
Unit-I
Mining methods- Classification of mining methods; criteria for selection of mining
method.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Brief description of quarrying, open cast mining methods - Stepping and Bench forms,
Transport, Earth movers. Mine explosives. Brief description of alluvial mining- panning,
Longtome, Rockers and Ground sluicing.
(12
hrs)
Unit-III
Underground mining methods- Shafts, Cross-cuts, Tunnels, Mine ventilation,
Mine supports, Drainage, Pumping, Mine Haulage. Stopping methods in mining. Mining
hazards and Safety measures.
(12 hrs)
Unit-IV
Mineral Processing- necessity and advantages of concentration. Ore dressing
techniques- Crushing, Grinding, Jigging, Froth flotation method, Gravity separation,
Heavy fluid separation, Magnetic separation method and Sieve analysis.
(12 hrs)
Unit-V
Drilling methods - Rotary drilling, Percussion drilling, Diamond drilling, Churn drilling,
Cable tool drilling and Auger drilling.
(12 hrs)
Text Books:
1. Courses in mining geology
2. Mining geology
-
R.N.P.Arogyaswamy
McKinnstry
Reference Books:
1. Geological prospecting and exploration
2. Mineral economics
-
V.M.Kneiter
R.K.Sinha& N.L.Sarma
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
28
LAB-VIII (a) (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Sixth semester
Elective Practical VIII a)- Mining Geology and Ore Dressing
Exercises on mine sampling and determination of tenor and estimation of ore reserves
Study of ore and industrial minerals collected in mines.
Preparation of mine plan
Separation of ore and gangue minerals
Seperation of magnetic and non magnetic ores
Heavy mineral seperation
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
29
SEMESTER-VI
Elective Paper-VIII
Paper-VIII- (B): Environmental Geology
Unit-I
Scope and Concept of environmental geology - environmental awareness - Role of
Geologist in environmental protection and planning. A brief study of water and air
pollution.
(12 hrs)
Unit-II
Land use planning: Soils, Types and Classification of soils - Site selections - Waste
disposal - environmental effects, Waste recycling - Land cover - Application of remote
sensing.
(12 hrs)
Unit-III
Mining impact on the environment - Health hazards - Mineral resource depletion.
Environmental considerations in location and construction of dams, reservoirs and
tunnels.
(12 hrs)
Unit - IV
Geological Hazards - floods, shifting of river courses - land slides - earthquakes Prediction and Protection. Man made hazards.
(12 hrs)
Unit - V
Beach erosion - sedimentation - coastal zone protection & Management – coastal
engineering constructions - their effects and remedial measures. Land slides- causes and
preventive measures.
(12 hrs)
Text Books:
1. Environmental Geology
2. Environmental Geology
-
D.R.Coats
E.A.Keller
Reference Books:
1. Environmental Geology
2. Environmental Geology
-
C.W. Montgeomery
K.S.Valdiya
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
30
LAB-VIII (b) (Practicals)
50 Marks
At the end of Sixth semester
Elective Practical VIII b) - Environmental Geology
Soil testing – determination of pH and EC of the soil
Estimation of erosion and sedimentation of soils
Grain size analysis
Chemical analysis of surface and sub surface water and sediments
Collection of Industrial polluted water and determine the heavy metals in polluted water
Graphical representation of water analysis data and classification of waters
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
31
MODEL QUESTION PAPER ( For all Semesters)
B.Sc.,GEOLOGY
Time: 3hours
Max.Marks:75
Section A
Answer any Five questions, each question carry 5 Marks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
Section B
Answer all questions, each question carry 10 Marks
5x5=25 marks
5x10=50 marks
UNIT - I
9(a)
Or
(b)
UNIT - II
10(a)
Or
(b)
UNIT – III
11(a)
Or
(b)
UNIT - IV
12(a)
Or
(b)
UNIT -V
13(a)
Or
(b)
1.Prof.V.Veeraiah
2.Prof. N. Balayerikala Reddy
3.Dr. L. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
32