Properties of Selected Elements
Introduction:
The sections of the periodic table reflect the electron configurations of the
elements and the sublevels occupied by the electrons. It is the electron configuration of
the atom that determines its chemical reactivity. An element’s position in the periodic
table is directly related to the size of the element’s atoms. The size of the atoms increases
as you go down each column and decreases as you go from left to right. Elements whose
atoms have identical arrangements of electrons in their highest energy levels have similar
properties and make up a family of elements in the periodic table (vertical columns).
Elements on the Periodic Table are grouped into metals, nonmetals and metalloids based
on some key physical and chemical properties.
Elements combine chemically to form compounds. Bulk properties (physical and
chemical) are determined by microscopic structures and interactions between atoms, ions
and molecules. Common household substances span the whole range of materials from
ionic compounds to molecular compounds, and to elements.
Purpose:
Students will investigate and determine the physical and chemical properties of
selected elements and common household chemicals to further students’ understanding of
relationships between microscopic structures/interactions and bulk properties.
Materials / Equipment:
Aluminum
Carbon
Silicon
Sulfur
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Nail
24 cell well plate
Forceps
Conductivity tester
1.0 M HCl, 5 mL
0.1 M CuCl2, 5 mL
Well-plate grid paper
Spatula
Kimwipes
Distilled water
400-mL beaker as waste
jar
Safety:
 Always wear safety glasses and apron in the chemistry lab.
 Never eat or drink in the chemistry lab.
 Hydrochloric acid solution is corrosive to eyes and skin.
 Cupric chloride solution is toxic if ingested.
 Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and all body tissues.
Pre-lab questions:
1. What is an element?
2. What are the general features of the Periodic Table of Elements?
3. Draw the flow chart for classification of properties.
4. What is a metal?
5. What is a nonmetal?
6. What is a metalloid?
7. What are required for any material to conduct electricity?
8. What is brittleness?
9. What is malleability?
Procedure:
 Part A – Physical Properties
1. Bulk samples are gathered on one bench. Data on physical properties should
be collected mainly from the bulk samples. Groups should be rotating the
elements and work collaboratively.
2. Observe and record the color of each element in the Data Table. Is the sample
silver, gray, colored, etc…? Be very specific in recording observations.
3. Observe and record the luster of each element in the Data Table. Is the
sample lustrous and shiny, slightly shiny, dull?
4. Record any other physical properties that are observed about each element in
the Data Table. Be specific in the observations. What form is the sample in?
Is the sample crystalline, flaky, rough, smooth, flat and plate-like, rocky, in
strips? Is there any odor or are any vapors given off? (Note: Avoid breathing
any vapors directly. Instead of smelling a sample directly, waft the vapors
from the sample toward your nose.)
5. Determine whether each element is malleable or brittle. To do this, position a
nail on the sample and gently tap the nail with a hard, solid object (hammer,
piece of wood, small book). A material is malleable if it flattens or bends
without shattering. A sample is brittle if it shatters or cracks into pieces when
struck. Record your results in the Data Table.
6. Use the conductivity apparatus to test the conductivity of each sample. Touch
both electrodes to the element being tested. Make sure both electrodes make
solid contacts with the sample and are not touching each other. Pay close
attention to the relative intensity of the light. Record accordingly.

Part B – Chemical Properties
1. Take a clean well plate. Note the well plate is labelled rows A-D and cell 1-6.
Each micro-well can be identified with a combination of the row letter and
cell number. For example micro-well B3 is located on row B and cell 3. Use
the forceps or metal spatula to place elements from sample vials in the well
plate. Carefully record micro-plate designations in data table. For each
element, transfer small amount into two separate wells. Total number of
samples is 14. 7 elements for each chemical in Steps 2 and 3.
2. Obtain one pipet full of HCl Determine the reactivity with acid of each
sample by adding 10 drops of 3 M HCl to one well of each sample—a total of
7 wells will have the acid in them.
3. Obtain one pipet full of CuCl2. Determine the reactivity with cupric chloride
solution of each sample by adding 10 drops of CuCl2 to the remaining wells.
Observe and record the results in the Data Table.
4. Evidence for a chemical reaction may be the formation of gas bubble and/or
discoloration on the surface of the element. Some reactions may be slow to
start—be patient. Observe and record results in the Data Table.
5. After allowing the samples to react (about 5 minutes) carefully decant the HCl
off the samples with the pipet and transfer to the small waste beaker at your
station. Decant the CuCl2 into another waste beaker. Empty the solid samples
into the trash, but do NOT try to rinse the well plates! This is tricky to do
without splattering water everywhere—just let your teacher do it!
Post-lab questions:
1. Review the data gathered for the seven elements. Sort the seven elements into
groups, based on similarities and differences in their physical and chemical
properties. Using this information plus information from your book, classify each
group as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
2. Are there any inconsistencies within the groups you made? Do any elements
seem to have properties of both groups? Which? Explain.
3. Look at the location on the periodic table of each of the eight elements tested in
this lab. How do the properties of these elements compare to their general
position on the periodic table? Make generalizations about the position of the
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on the periodic table.
4. Predict the physical and chemical properties of the following elements which
were not tested in this lab—selenium, calcium, and cobalt.
Extension Questions/Activities:
1. Given the following melting point data, are there any generalizations you can
make about the melting points of metals versus nonmetals? Are there any
exceptions? Explain.
Aluminum
Carbon
Copper
Magnesium
Silicon
Sulfur
Zinc
660ºC
3652ºC
1063ºC
649ºC
1410ºC
113ºC
420º
Properties of Selected Elements
Data Table
Element
Aluminum
Carbon
Copper
Magnesium
Silicon
Sulfur
Zinc
Chemical
Symbol
Color
Luster
Other
Physical
Properties
Result of
Tapping
Reaction
with Acid
Reactions
with CuCl2
Conductivity