Fig. 1 CO2 band at 1.6 m observed on June 17, 2008 by TCCON at Park Falls
(Wisconsin) with solar zenith angle of 22.5.
Fig. 2. Calibration curve of CO2. Red points for using H2O as dry air standard
(0.73±1.49 ppm); Black points for using O2 as dry air standard (-5.02±0.49 ppm).
Dots for Parkfalls site and diamonds for Lamont site.
Fig. 3. (a) Original CO2 profile in black line and perturbed CO2 profile in blue line. (b)
Changes of CO2 (∆𝑥) are mostly in boundary layer. (c) Calculated differences of the
radiances. Black is the difference of two forward model simulations. The red is the
estimates of the difference using linear equation (9). Their residuals plotted in (d)
are three orders of magnitude smaller than the noise level (dotted line in c).
Fig. 4 (a) The square root of the diagonal in CO2 covariance matrix. (b) The 2-D plot
of the CO2 covariance matrix.
Figure 5 CO2 profiles measured by aircraft (black) and TES Geos-chem assimilation
(red) at SGP on the same day in 2009. Their best agreements are mostly above 600
hPa in free troposphere.
Figure 6 The comparison of TCCON total column CO2 with smoothed aircraft CO2
(black, with cloud filter) and the comparison of PBL CO2 by TCCON/TES with
smoothed aircraft PBL CO2 (red). Similar comparison of PBL CO2 by TCCON a priori
is also plotted in blue dots to provide a view of improvement by combining TCCON
and TES data.
Fig. 7 (a) Monthly mean column averages and PBL CO2 in 2009 at Lamont. Flight
column-averaged estimates in black solid line. TCCON column averages in black
dots. Flight PBL estimates in red solid line and TCCON/TES PBL estimates in red
dots. (b) The difference of PBL CO2 and column-averaged CO2 by flight (solid line)
and by TCCON/TES (dots). The agreements to the flight estimated differences are
better.
Unit (ppm)
Day
(yymmdd)
090108
090116
090129
090204
090211
090219
090221
090304
090308
090314
090316
090318
090329
090407
090408
090420
090421
090423
090517
090518
090520
090526
090528
090530
090604
090607
090610
090612
090616
090621
090623
090629
090701
090706
090715
Without cloud filter
Actual Sample
Bias
(1 × 𝜎)
#
-5.05
0.31
167
-5.20
0.30
171
-5.31
0.30
170
-5.08
0.26
169
-4.85
0.52
132
-5.41
1.08
102
-5.01
0.41
131
-4.42
3.49
24
-5.39
0.52
163
-4.84
0.99
108
-5.64
0.37
157
-5.47
1.44
163
-5.65
0.88
104
-5.54
0.26
98
-5.67
0.42
129
-6.36
1.45
93
-5.98
0.29
131
-5.88
0.33
131
-5.86
0.32
130
-4.86
0.32
131
-4.98
0.58
90
-5.79
0.62
96
-5.56
0.30
130
-5.37
0.34
130
-5.66
0.38
128
-6.69
1.16
3
-6.06
1.63
47
-6.49
1.26
102
-6.99
0.34
129
-6.52
0.28
97
-6.22
0.34
131
-5.52
0.36
123
-5.8
0.86
126
-4.66
1.56
53
-7.94
1.49
4
With cloud filter
Expected
Actual Sample
𝜎(𝐒̂𝐦
Bias
(1 × 𝜎)
# 𝜎(𝐒̂𝐦 ) + 𝐒̂𝐬 )
-5.03
0.30
161
0.27
0.79
-5.20
0.30
171
0.33
0.81
-5.32
0.30
169
0.34
0.84
-5.08
0.26
169
0.33
0.81
-5.00
0.49
90
0.33
0.82
-5.28
0.38
96
0.33
0.83
-5.00
0.42
130
0.34
0.84
-4.27
N/A
1
0.32
0.75
-5.42
0.39
132
0.32
0.78
-4.69
0.42
102
0.33
0.80
-5.67
0.27
154
0.32
0.76
-5.38
0.44
112
0.32
0.76
-5.75
0.28
76
0.33
0.79
-5.54
0.26
98
0.33
0.79
-5.70
0.40
121
0.32
0.76
-6.27
0.44
69
0.32
0.78
-5.99
0.29
130
0.32
0.77
-5.89
0.30
122
0.32
0.74
-5.86
0.32
130
0.32
0.77
-4.86
0.32
131
0.32
0.75
-5.08
0.50
75
0.32
0.74
-5.79
0.36
86
0.32
0.75
-5.56
0.30
130
0.32
0.75
-5.37
0.34
130
0.32
0.73
-5.66
0.38
128
0.32
0.75
-6.12
N/A
1
0.31
0.71
-6.44
1.27
27
0.32
0.73
-6.62
0.35
72
0.32
0.73
-6.99
0.34
128
0.31
0.71
-6.52
0.28
95
0.31
0.71
-6.23
0.32
129
0.31
0.70
-5.5
0.32
118
0.31
0.71
-5.9
0.46
119
0.31
0.72
-4.76
0.33
43
0.32
0.73
-6.63
N/A
1
0.31
0.70
090731
090802
090803
090822
090823
090901
091019
091101
091102
091103
091111
091122
091218
091220
091227
Mean
1×𝜎
-5.33
-5.39
-7.82
-5.56
-6.37
-4.65
-7.80
-6.11
-6.33
-6.60
-6.47
-6.05
-5.86
-5.30
-5.61
-5.78
0.78
0.36
0.29
0.31
1.24
0.38
0.70
N/A
0.36
0.33
0.35
1.25
0.52
0.47
0.38
0.66
0.67
127
131
130
7
130
103
1
130
131
131
89
82
127
101
10
108
-5.34
-5.39
-6.06
-5.65
-6.37
-4.67
-7.78
-6.11
-6.33
-6.60
-6.40
-6.01
-5.86
-5.30
-5.29
-5.71
0.67
0.34
0.29
0.33
1.05
0.38
0.66
N/A
0.36
0.33
0.35
0.63
0.39
0.47
0.38
1.18
0.39
125
131
130
3
130
102
1
130
131
131
67
68
127
101
3
100
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.32
0.73
0.72
0.70
0.73
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.77
0.78
0.82
0.79
0.84
0.78