APES
Alec Humphries
Chapter 4 Guided Reading
1: List the symptoms and vectors (how spread) of the following disease:
* H1N1 (Swine Flu): Travels rapidly, widespread. Symptoms are unusual
tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat.
* West Nile Virus: Travels through mosquitoes/birds. Symptoms are
headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat.
* SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Traveled through modern
transportation. Symptoms are cough, difficulty breathing.
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the
future? Human population grows, people live in new habitats. A higher
population causes an increase of disease.
3: Define the following:
* Population Dynamics: General study of population change.
* A Population: A group of individuals of the same species that live in the
same area.
* Species: Individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
* Demography: Statistical study of the human populations.
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
The 5 key points
-abundance
-birth rate
-death rate
-growth rate
-age structure
APES
Alec Humphries
Chapter 4 Guided Reading
5: What are the 4 phases of the human population?
1. Hunter Gatherers
2. Agricultural Revolution
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Modern era
6: Define the following terms:
*Crude Birth Rate: Number of births per 1000 individuals per year.
*Crude Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
*Crude Growth Rate: Net number added per 1000 individuals per year.
* TFR (Total Fertility Rate): Average number of children expected to be born
to a woman throughout child-bearing years.
* Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) Number of years it takes for a
population to double. 70 divided by annual growth rate.
* Life Expectancy Rate: Average number of years a newborn infant can expect
to live given current mortality rates
* GNP Per Capita: Gross National Product, which includes value of all domestic
and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
A curve that shows a small population growing rapidly, but once growth rate
slows down, population will eventually become constant.
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
Number of individuals in a population at some later time 2 equals the number
of individuals in a population at time 1 plus the difference of number of birth
and death rates plus the difference of number of immigrants and number of
emigrants.
APES
Alec Humphries
Chapter 4 Guided Reading
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
Growth rate equals the difference of crude birth rate and crude death rate
divided by total number of population.
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group.
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
Thomas Malthus stated that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly
multiplying human population on a finite resource base. He says that human
population is really a problem. His arguments were based off three simple
premises: food is necessary for people to survive, "Passion between the sexes is
necessary..."-so children will continue to be born and the power of population
growth is indefinitely greater than power of earth to produce subsistence.
Having a population that surpasses the amount of resources the biosphere can
give us will lead to a rapid death rate in populations.
12: What is the demographic transition?
Three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred
during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life
expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to
which an individual of a species can live. Life expectancy is the average number
of years and individual can expect to live.
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Japan has the highest life expectancy and sixteen other nations (including
Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia) have the second highest.
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
78 years
APES
Alec Humphries
Chapter 4 Guided Reading
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
* Short-Term Factors: Disruption of food distribution in a country because of
drought or shortage of energy for transportation.
* Intermediate-Term Factors: Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants
such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries.
*Long-Term Factors: Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and
climate change.
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of
science and of values.
New knowledge leads to new technology, which leads to a greater impact on
individuals on Earth's resources and higher density of human beings.
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population
growth?
Delaying the age of first childbearing and birth control are simple ways of
slowing population growth.
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate,
and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b)
modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
a) Modern Medicine- Death rates drop, birth rate is high. Growth rate is stable
b) Modern Agriculture- High growth rate. Low birth and death rate
c) Modern Industry- Death rates drop, birth rates drop. Growth rate is zero
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not
always good for a population”?
Some resource that an individual likes to use can become a pollute that
resource for a population later on.
APES
Alec Humphries
Chapter 4 Guided Reading
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an
outbreak of an epidemic disease?
Environmental factors that are likely to increase chances of an outbreak are
because of having a bigger population size.
23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect
replacement-level fertility to be achieved—before, during, or after the
demographic transition?
Demographic transition is a three stage pattern of change in birth rates and
death rates that occur during the process of industrial/economic development
of Western Nations. One would expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved
during demographic transition.
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how
would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased:
Explain.(a) birth rates: Go down because everyone is getting a job due to high
income
(b) death rates: Go down, because there would be more medicine due to more
money
(c) average family size: Go down, because there is less children needed to
support a family
d) age structure of the population? : More elderly people, because there
would be less young people because of higher income.