01.11A Module 1 Online Quiz Review
Module 01.00 Review
Data (Lessons 01.03 through 01.05)
 How to analyze data
The analysis of data from an experiment compares known and unknown values in the data. The
experiments are always repeated several times to make sure the results are valid. When an
experiment is valid, it means the results are consistent over time and reproducible by you or by
another scientist following the same procedure. Based on the results of the farmer's experiment,
he would analyze the data by creating charts or graphs of the growth of the plants over time.

Be able to pull out the data that is stated from a table, chart, graph
 Be able to identify how an outcome could result from the data given in a table, chart,
graph
 Be able to draw conclusions from evidence/data
Scientific Method (Lessons 01.03 through 01.05 plus 01.09)
 What are the 6 steps of the scientific method; know them in order
The 6 steps of the scientific method are hypothesis, research, purpose, experiment, analysis, and
conclusion.
 Be able to describe what happens in each step of the scientific method
Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the collected data, a scientist will refer back to the original
hypothesis and ask: Was the original hypothesis correct or incorrect? Sometimes this is very
simple and the conclusion is obvious. On occasion, finding that the hypothesis is incorrect leads
to new discoveries. Sometimes, the results are inconclusive, and the scientist must design a new
experiment or complete further research. Analysis: The analysis of data from an experiment
compares known and unknown values in the data. The experiments are always repeated several
times to make sure the results are valid. When an experiment is valid, it means the results are
consistent over time and reproducible by you or by another scientist following the same
procedure. Based on the results of the farmer's experiment, he would analyze the data by creating
charts or graphs of the growth of the plants over time. Experiment: The farmer would then
design and carry out a test to try to get an answer to the original question and observation. The
farmer would record the data on a data sheet. He will also want to write down the steps he used
to carry out his experiment in case it needs to be repeated. This is called the procedure. The
farmer would make sure his procedure and data are accurately reported so that he could share the
information with others or repeat the procedure at a later time. Variables: Scientists use
experiments to search for relationships in nature and find answers to their questions. In other
words, they design experiments to test if a change in one quantity or factor will affect another
factor in the way their hypothesis predicted. These changing quantities are called variables. A
variable is any factor or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. An experiment
usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled. The farmer would
want to list all of the variables in his experiment, such as the amount of sunlight the plants
receive, the temperature, the nutrients in the soil, the amount of water in the soil, and the type of
plants. Independent: The independent variable is the one that the scientist has chosen to change
within an experiment in order to test the hypothesis. A good experiment should test, or vary, only
one variable so the scientist can be confident that the observations made are a result of the
changes made to the independent variable. The farmer would change only the amount of
nutrients in the soil. If he changed more than this variable, he would not know if the answer to
his original question was correct. Dependent: The scientist will observe what happens to the
dependent variable over the course of the experiment to see how it responds to the change made
to the independent variable. The observations made and data collected regarding the dependent
variable are caused by, and depend on, the changes made to the independent variable. By
changing the amount of one nutrient in the soil, the farmer can see the results in the growth of his
plants. The rate of plant growth or the health of the plant is the dependent variable. The change
in the dependent variable "depends" on what is done with the independent variable. Controlled:
Experiments also have controlled variables. Controlled variables are the factors a scientist
chooses to keep constant over the course of the experiment to make sure that anything that
happens to the dependent variable is caused only by the independent variable. In the example
experiment, factors like temperature, water, and exposure to sunlight must be kept constant
(controlled variables) in the soil to make sure any changes to the plant growth (dependent
variable) are actually caused by the changes to the amount of nutrients in the soil (independent
variable). Purpose: The purpose of a scientific investigation is what you are trying to find out or
the question you are trying to answer. An initial observation (e.g., the sky is blue) will prompt an
appropriate question (e.g., why is the sky blue?). For example, if a farmer noticed that his crops
were dying he may ask the question, "What factors caused these plants to die?" Research: You
have learned that science is a body of knowledge. It is important that you research what other
scientists have already observed and discovered. It's possible that someone has previously tested
your observation or something related to it. If the farmer wishes to know why his plants are
dying, he would research reasons why that type of plant might not grow. The farmer might
conduct this research at the library or a local garden center or on the Internet. Avoiding Bias:
Bias is a preconceived opinion or partiality that can influence the results of a test. No matter how
hard we try to be objective, bias can sneak into our research, observations, and judgments. It is
important that scientists do everything possible to avoid bias in their investigations. Hypothesis:
After researching what other scientists already know, the farmer will need to hypothesize about
what he thinks will happen. Forming a hypothesis involves an understanding of current scientific
knowledge and creativity to look at the problem or question in a way that will lead to the
predicted outcome. For instance, the farmer notices that the dying plants seem to be yellow and
brown, so he could conclude that there are not enough nutrients in the soil. He would form the
hypothesis, "The lack of nutrients in the soil is causing the plants to die."

Know how to write a formal hypothesis correctly
Write it in an “If, then” sentence. Example: If sea lion deaths are related to toxic algae, then
areas with toxic algae will have higher sea lion deaths.
Dependent/Independent Variable (Lessons 01.03 through 01.05 plus 01.09)


Be able to identify and label both a dependent and an independent variable
Dependent: The observations made and data collected regarding the dependent variable are
caused by, and depend on, the changes made to the independent variable. The change in the
dependent variable "depends" on what is done with the independent variable.
Independent: The independent variable is the one that the scientist has chosen to change
within an experiment in order to test the hypothesis. A good experiment should test, or vary,
only one variable so the scientist can be confident that the observations made are a result of
the changes made to the independent variable.
Hydrologic/Water Cycle (Lesson 01.06)
 Know the main steps of the water cycle by their correct name and what happens in each step
Evaporation: The sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, and the ocean and turns it into vapor or
steam, which then rises into the air.
Condensation: The vapor cools and turns into tiny water droplets that attach to each other and
form clouds.
Precipitation: Water falls from the clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Runoff: Some water stays on the earth’s surface and flows into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
Percolation: Other water seeps down into the earth’s natural underground reservoirs called
aquifers.
Then the cycle begins again, as water from the earth’s surface evaporates into the air.

Relate how the water cycle affects weather and/or weather patterns
The water cycle is affects the weather because it creates rain, sleet, hail, or snow. When
water is evaporated into the air, it can be created into one or more of those properties. The
water cycle is also related in major storms such as tornados, hurricanes, tsunamis, and more.
Properties of Water (be able to define, see in an example, and why useful in
ocean) (Lesson 01.07 and 01.09)
Universal solvent
Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances, which is why it is such a
good solvent. And, water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances
than any other liquid.
What about it makes it be considered the universal solvent
Water is an amazing molecule. It's chemical structure of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom make it great at dissolving other substances and unique in its behavior. A liquid that
contains dissolved substances is called a solvent. So many things dissolve easily in water, it's
often called the universal solvent.
 Density
Density is a measure of the mass of a substance per unit of volume.
 Concepts related to it (floating, etc.)
Ocean water holds dissolved salts so it has a greater density than fresh water. This is an
important property of ocean water, especially to all the large ocean animals that live there.
Whales are so large that if they lived on land they would suffocate under their own body weight.
They are able to live in the ocean because the density of the ocean water supports their weight.
Objects are able to float more easily on denser liquids than on liquids that are less dense.
 How is affects fresh vs. salt water
Salt water is denser than fresh water and gives salt water better buoyancy.

How it affects hot vs. cold water
When water temperature increases the density decreases as it forms steam. As the temperature of
water goes down the density of the water will increase.

At what temperature does maximum density (point where water freezes and density starts
to decrease again after increasing as it got colder) occur?
The temperature of water affects its density. When water temperature increases the
density decreases as it forms steam. As the temperature of water goes down the density
of the water will increase. Water will get denser the colder it gets until it reaches
Maximum Density. When water reaches maximum density it starts to expand as it
freezes this causes the water to become less dense. The cold ocean water will continue to
sink as it nears its freezing point. Water will reach maximum density at 4 degrees
Celsius. This is the temperature that the water will begin to freeze and the density will
decrease. The cold ocean water will continue to sink as it nears its freezing point. Then
the ice will float at the surface.

Heat Capacity
Heat capacity, or specific heat, refers to the amount of heat energy that is required to raise one
gram of water by one degree Celsius without inducing a phase change (from solid to liquid,
liquid to gas, etc.).
 Solvent Property
A liquid that contains dissolved substances is called a solvent. So many things dissolve easily in
water, it's often called the universal solvent. Because of this solvent property, ocean water is
composed of a wide variety of substances. There is always sodium chloride (salt) but also many
other mineral salts too.
 Salinity
Salinity is measured by the amount of salt found in 1000 grams of sea water. Salinity affects the
density of the water, and this leads to a layering effect with the saltier water sinking below the
water with less salt. You will find different levels of salinity all throughout the oceans. The
varying salinity levels depend on whether freshwater has been added by precipitation, or
removed from evaporation. The water in high latitudes or closest to a continent is more likely to
be affected by dry winds causing evaporation, fresh water from a nearby river of stream, or
melting ice diluting the salt levels. Generally speaking, the water in the center of the ocean has
the highest salinity levels.
 Surface Tension, Cohesive Property, Adhesion
Water is a polar molecule, thus it tends to bond to other water molecules via a process called
cohesion. Water can also bond with other molecules. This is termed adhesion. Surface tension is
a measure of the strength of the water's surface film. So, the cohesion of water molecules to each
other creates a strong film-like layer on the surface of the water. This property of water is
responsible for allowing objects to float on the surface of a body of water, or even allow some
aquatic insects to walk on water. Surface tension is also a requirement in the formation of waves
from wind energy.
 Specific Heat
Specific heat refers to the amount of heat energy that is required to raise one gram of water by
one degree Celsius without inducing a phase change (from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.).
Specific heat is also known as heat capacity.
Thermohaline Current Lesson 01.09)

Which 2 components create a thermohaline current?
Temperature and salinity create a thermohaline current.
Bay of Fundy (Lesson 01.10)
 Be able to describe about the tides that occur in the Bay of Fundy and their unusual
occurrences related to them
The Bay of Fundy experiences four types of tidal effects: the vertical tidal effect, tidal bore,
horizontal tidal effect, and tidal rapids, whirlpools, and rips. The vertical tidal effect gives Fundy
the highest tides in the world. These tides reach approximately 50 feet. The tidal bore are
outflowing rivers flowing back upstream as the tide comes in. This creates 10-12 feet waves. The
horizontal tide effect can be seen for 6 hours each at high and low tide. The last tidal effects are
the tidal rapids, whirlpools and rips. The Old Sow is the largest whirlpool in the western
hemisphere and the second largest in the world.