Structure Test Position
and
motion
Fulcrum
Proximal arm
Distal Arm
Norm.
Value
(AAOS)
Lateral midline of
humerus (use lat
epicondyle for ref.)
Lateral midline of
humerus (use lat
epicondyle for ref.)
Anterior midline of
humerus (med
epicondyle for
reference)
Ulna (olecranon
process and ulnar
styloid for ref)
180
Shoulder
Flexion
supine
Lateral aspect of gr.
Tubercle
Midaxillary line of
thorax
Extension
prone
Lateral aspect of gr.
Tubercle
Midaxillary line of
thorax
Adbuction
supine
Acromion
Parallel to midline of
sternum
Medial
Rotation
Supine, arm 90* bent away
from body, elbow bent 90*, use
towel under upper arm to make
arm parallel to floor
Same as medial rot.
Olecranon process
Perpendicular or
parallel to floor
Olecranon process
Perpendicular or
parallel to floor
Ulna (olecranon
process and ulnar
styloid for ref)
90
Elbow and
Forearm
Flexion
supine
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral midline of
humerus (use center
of acromion for ref)
150
Extension
supine
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral midline of
humerus (use center
Lateral midline of
radius (radial head
and styloid process
for ref)
Lateral midline of
radius (radial head
Lateral
Rotation
60
180
70
0
of acromion for ref)
and styloid process
for ref)
Dorsal aspect of
forearm, just
proximal to the
styloid process of
radius and ulna
Parallel to styloid
processes of radius
and ulna
Same as above
except ventral
aspect of forearm
Pronation
Seated, arms bent at 90*
Lateral and proximal to
ulnar styloid process
Anterior midline of
humerus
Supination
Same as pronation
Medial and proximal to
ulnar styloid process
Same as pronation
Seated, shldr abducted to 90*
with elbow flexed to 90* and
forearm resting on supportive
surface. Palm faces ground
(midway b/w supination and
pronation)
Same as wrist flxn
Seated, shldr abducted to 90*
with elbow flexed to 90* and
forearm and hand resting on
supportive surface. Palm faces
ground (midway b/w
supination and pronation
Same as radial dev
Lateral aspect of wrist
over triquetrum
Lateral midline of
ulna (olecranon and
ulnar styloid process
for ref)
Lateral midline of
5th metacarpal
80
Same as flxn
Dorsal aspect of wrist
over capitate
same
Dorsal midline of
forearm
same
Dorsal midline of 3rd
metacarpal
70
20
Same
Same
same
30
Wrist
Flexion
Extension
Radial
deviation
Ulnar
deviation
80
80