Alexinder Virdee
March 14, 2013
ENC 1102
Leslie Wolcott
Annotated Bibliography
It’s a well known fact that depression can occur in children at a very young age. They
may present signs and symptoms that are not typical of adult depression. If depression goes
unrecognized in childhood it can lead to pathological features, which may not be as amenable to
treatment at later ages. It is important that pediatricians, psychologists, and professional workers
in the field recognize the importance of identifying the risks. Socioeconomic circumstances
come into play as well as ethnicity. The risks of depression vary by ethno cultural grouping, this
may relate to the support systems which each group has. Certain studies have shown that
depression may be less common in African Americans and Asians vs. Whites and Hispanics.
There are many factors associated with mental health issues. In order to identify children at risk
in these varied groups, the use of standardized tools has become vital in screening for depression
and suicide risks in young children and adolescents. In particular the PHQ-9-M (Patient Health
Questionnaire modified for teens) and the BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) both have a high
sensitivity and specificity for identifying children that are at risk.
Prevalence of Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders among Incarcerated Youth
Niranjan S. Karnik, Marie V. Soller, Allison Redlich, Melissa A. Silverman, Helena C. Kraemer,
Rudy Haapanen, and Hans Steiner. "Prevalence Differences of Psychiatric Disorders
among Youth after Nine Months or More of Incarceration by Race/Ethnicity and
Age." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved21.1 (2010): 237-50. Print.
Author is from the department of Pediatrics, University of Texas- Houston Medical
School, and Houston, TX.
According to the article, youths who were sent to prison had high a high occurrence of
psychiatric disorders. Meaning, the majority of young adults incarcerated had mental disorders
that could be a determining factor for the reason of their behavioral issues. The article sparks
from a study of around 1, 024 incarcerated young adults who complied by filling out
questionnaires. These contained a (BDI) or Beck Depression Inventory and a Patient Health
Questionnaire otherwise known as a (PHQ). The study includes sex and ethnic group
comparisons with interesting findings from the incarcerated youth. According to the findings,
there were no major differences when it came to sex for moderate to severe depression but when
it came to ethnicity there were. African American males and females had less drug and alcohol
abuse compared to white who had more anxiety disorders.
This study is important as it shows a correlation that children, who are
incarcerated, are youths who have been exposed to elements of depression. These results need to
be looked at and analyzed because its results are very important for the future generations. This
study is a step in analyzing how youths are raised and some destructive forces may have on their
developmental process.
The Prevalence of ADHD, ODD, Depression, and Anxiety in a Community Sample of 4- year
Olds
Helen J. Binns, et al. "The Prevalence of ADHD, ODD, Depression, and Anxiety in a
Community Sample Of 4-Year-Olds." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology 38.3 (2009): 315-328. Education Source. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.
Authors belong to the department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, institute of Psychology,
and the Department of Pediatrics.
This study involves examining the epidemiology of preschoolers’ psychopathology. Using
structured interviews the 796 4- year old subjects were examined and given a questionnaire
which reported back several diagnoses of disorders such as ADHD, ODD, GAD, etc. This article
states that race or ethnicity differences were not significant to the study. However, the
background of an individual child may increase risk factors associated with these disorders. This
study works in order to give more awareness to people that these disorders can be very stable and
have long term negative implications to a child’s health. Some ideas that were thought to exist
only in older adolescents are becoming apparent in younger children such as depression.
The study of psychopathology in children is quite complex. This is important to understand
because a major goal for pediatricians would be for the reduction of the prevalence of these
common disorders.
Contextual Factors and Anxiety in Minority and European American youth presenting for
treatment across two urban university clinics
Philip Kendall, et al. "Contextual Factors and Anxiety in Minority and European American
Youth Presenting For Treatment across Two Urban University Clinics." Journal of
Anxiety Disorders 26.4, Sp. Iss. SI (2012): 544-554. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present.
Web. 28 Feb. 2013.
Authors are members of the department of psychiatry and psychology; they also have obtained
degrees at highly established universities such as Temple, Illinois at Chicago, and Pennsylvania.
Youths showing symptoms were tested in this study through the use of an anxiety scale,
depression inventory, and a checklist. The participants of the study were involved in a
comparison among the European American minority with anxious youth. The results showed
different levels of anxiety among the youths and ethnic minorities in disadvantaged areas.
Anxiety disorders, especially among adolescents, is one of the most commonly found mental
disturbances that pediatricians diagnose. This exemplifies the importance of proper treatment for
these children.
Mental Health Problems and Overweight in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents:
Effects of Race and Ethnicity
Belue R, Francis L, Colaco B. Mental Health Problems and Overweight in a Nationally
Representative Sample of Adolescents: Effects of Race and Ethnicity. Pediatrics [serial
online]. n.d.; 123(2):697-702. Available from: Science Citation Index, Ipswich, MA.
Accessed March 13, 2013.
Author’s credentials are from the departments of Health Policy and Administration and
Biobehavioral health at Pennsylvania State University.
This study examines a population of youth ages 12- 17 years and figures the relation
between mental health problems and weight. The researcher’s methodology uses a
children’s health data survey in which that shows the relationship between BMI of the
individuals and mental health problems that person may have. In accordance with the
major topic of this paper ethnicity is also a variable in this study. This study shows that
there is a direct effect between race or ethnicity and mental health and BMI.
These findings are important as they show the reported mental health problems increased
with BMI class. A conclusion of this should be that pediatricians should certainly look at
obesity and mental issues because there is certainly more of a probability of this
occurring in these types of patients. Another variable to consider with this comparison is
ethnicity because what one race may consider someone to be obese the other may not.
This should be looked at with consideration by the pediatrician diagnosing a patient.
Depression in Medicaid Covered Youth Differences by Race and Ethnicity
Richardson L, DiGiuseppe D, Garrison M, Christakis D. Depression in Medicaid-covered youth:
Differences by race and ethnicity. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine [serial
online]. n.d.; 157(10):984-989. Available from: Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present,
Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 13, 2013.
Author credentials include working for the child health institute and studies of
epidemiology, pediatrics, and psychology.
According to the article racial disparities has been used in antidepressant use among
those covered by Medicaid. Methodology of this study uses logistic regression methods
which evaluated the association of race or ethnicity with diagnosis of depression as well
as treatment of depression. The analysis of the study includes all controlled subjects from
a rural environment. Other variables such as race and sex were also controlled in this
study.
The results of this study are important as statistics show that by the age of 18 years
twenty percent of youths will or have experienced one episode of major depression.
These youths are at serious health risks which include suicide, failure of school, and drug
usage. The results showed a comparison that had Whites and Hispanics had a higher risk
of depression than Asians or Blacks. This study then concludes that racial and ethnic
disparities are prevalent among the treatment of diagnosed depression.
The National Center on Indigenous Hawaiian behavioral health study of prevalence of
psychiatric disorders in Native Hawaiian adolescents
Andrade N, Hishinuma E, Waldron J, et al. The national center on indigenous Hawaiian
behavioral health study of prevalence of psychiatric disorders in native Hawaiian
adolescents. Journal of the American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry
[serial online]. n.d.; 45(1):26-36. Available from: Science Citation Index, Ipswich, MA.
Accessed March 13, 2013.
Author credentials include working within the National Center on Indigenous Hawaiian
Behavioral Health, Department of Psychiatry, and John A. Burns School of Medicine
The purpose of this study is to show Hawaiian youths and compare the prevalence of
disorders among a community based sample. The results were compared to non Hawaiian
youths such as Native Americans. The results show that rates for disorders will be higher
within girls. Comparatively, results were externalizing disorders will be higher among
boys. How the results were made was by the use of meta-analysis and a diagnostic review
for the subjects. This diagnostic included scores for depression, suicide attempts, and a
diagnosis for various disorders.
The study concludes by stating that Hawaiian females and its youth are at high risk for
psychiatric disorders. Researchers conclude that further studies of these risks are
imperative for the health of future generations of Hawaiians.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of
diverse ethnicity
Carmody D. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college
students of diverse ethnicity. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
[serial online]. March 2005; 9(1):22-28. Available from: Academic Search Premier,
Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 13, 2013.
Author credentials include working for the department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood
Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
This study is introduced in order to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Beck
depression inventory. The study uses a diverse sample of college students to have
conclusive results. The 502 students and their results were then compared with the results
published in a test manual. The Beck depression inventories as the results conclude in the
study state that this is a reliable instrument to use for screening depression in populations
of college students with different ethnicities.
This study is very important as major depression goes undiagnosed in many patients for
general populations of people of many different descents. Many primary care physicians
did not even realize the depression in their patients so the Beck depression inventory is a
vital tool in having the chance to asses a patient’s depression severity.
Ethnic and Gender Disparities in needed adolescent mental health care
Thomas J, Temple J, Perez N, Rupp R. Ethnic and gender disparities in needed adolescent
mental health care. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved [serial online].
February 2011; 22(1):101-110. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed
March 13, 2013.
Author credentials include having medical degrees and writing for the Journal of Health
Care for the Poor and Undeserved, also professor and assistant professor of Preventative
Medicine and community health director.
Adolescents are at high risk for psychological problems as stated by the article, and many
of them seem to go unnoticed. This is more prevalent in low- income families and also the
ethnically diverse youth. The participants of this study include over a thousand ethnically diverse
high school students from a town in Texas. Parental consent was needed for the use of some of
the screening tools which included screening instruments, psycho educational materials, and
community referral information. The participants of this study completed these tests and results
were made during normal class hours.
This study is very important for ethnically diverse as well as all types of youth simply
because psychological problems amongst them occur in about one in five suffering from a
mental illness. The purpose then would be to raise awareness among pediatricians in order to
gain more knowledge that depression amongst youths of different ethnicities should not go
unnoticed and there needs to be more awareness as to limit the amount of kids who suffer from
major mental illnesses. The study concludes that to do this there needs to be financial factors
present in order to address ethnic differences that are associated with health care.
Symptoms of DSM- III – R major depression among Anglo, African and Mexican American
adolescents
Roberts R, Chen Y, Solovitz B. Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression among Anglo,
African and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders [serial
online]. 1995; 36(1-2):1-9. Available from: Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present, Ipswich,
MA. Accessed March 13, 2013.
Author credentials include School of Public Health and department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral sciences, medical school, University of Texas at Houston Health Science
center.
Major depression was examined in this study using a sample of 334 adolescents ages 1217 of different ethnicities. The study was used to examine ethno cultural differences in
the phenomenology of the DSM – II- R. With the three different ethnic groups that were
examined (Anglo, African, and Mexican American) the study revealed minimal
differences among the youths in accordance with any major depressive disorders.
Another important thing to note was that there were no major differences between boys
and girls from the study.
This study is important in analyzing depression amongst a minority adolescent group in
the United States. According to the study the results conclude more similarities than
differences with the results of the minority groups compared to that of other adolescents.
The article also reveals that better understanding of adolescent depression and cultural
differences or the role of culture will provide a richer conceptualization for studying
ethnic minorities.
Reliability of the Terry: A mental cartoon-like screener for African- American children
Bidaut-Russell M, Valla J, Thomas J, Bergeron L, Lawson E. Reliability of the Terry: A mental
cartoon-like screener for African-American children. Child Psychiatry and Human
Development [serial online]. 1998; 28(4):249-263. Available from: Biological Abstracts
1969 - Present, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 14, 2013.
Author credentials include known universities such as University of North Texas,
University of Montreal, and St. Louis University school of Medicine.
The terry was specifically designed for screening of African American children
diagnosing patients with disorders such as ADHD, ODD, etc. The terry, as concluded by
many results from the examinations is a useful and reliable tool to use when assessing
children of this ethnicity. Furthermore, the results from the patients who were diagnosed
with ADHD can be sure as this test is excellent in determining if a patient has this sort of
condition. According to the article about twenty percent of American youth have
experienced serious emotional or behavioral problems as they have been developing.
Apparently, when it comes to minorities the rates are even higher for these children to
have serious mental conditions that need to be addressed and diagnosed so they can be
further taken care of. An important variable to note when it comes to diagnosis is that it’s
in part due to different cultures. Researchers and participants need to study the different
backgrounds and ethnicities. Doing this, they will have a better understanding of the risk
factors.
This study is very important for pediatricians to use appropriate screening measures and
for them to be able to diagnose their patients properly. A reason as to why this is
important is because it becomes increasingly difficult to treat adults because their
behavioral and emotional patterns become difficult to change. If pediatricians are able to
diagnose their patients during their adolescent years they may have a better ability to
handle their conditions.
Who gets care? Mental health service use following a school-based suicide prevention program
Kataoka S, Stein B, Nadeem E, Wong M. Who gets care? Mental health service use following a
school-based suicide prevention program. Journal of the American Academy Of Child
And Adolescent Psychiatry [serial online]. n.d.; 46(10):1341-1348. Available from:
Science Citation Index, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 14, 2013.
Author credentials include University of California, working with RAND Corporation,
Western Psychiatric Institute and clinic, University of Pittsburgh, and the Los Angeles
Unified School district
This study uses students in order to examine the symptomology as well as the mental
health service. There were 95 randomly selected parents who were instructed promptly 5
months before their child’s contact with the district’s suicide prevention program.
Depressive symptoms but not attempted suicides are what predicted the community
mental health service use. These children were of different ethnic backgrounds so there
was no discrimination among the races. The school base system did not differ the
students by their race or ethnicity.
School based mental health service is certainly a very important way for the underserved
populations for those at risk of suicide may receive care. The article states that suicide
risk is a very high health concern as many children may be at risk for this extreme
measure. Suicide among youth’s ages 10 to 19 years of age is the third leading cause of
death. Rates are starting to increase dramatically and need their needs to be a school base
evaluation as to decrease those cases. As a prevention strategy for suicide the programs
that help with suicide prevention are developing risk and preventative factors that are
known to influence suicidal behavior.
Prediction of major depression and dysthymia form CES-D scores among ethnic minority
adolescents
Prescott C, McArdle J, Carlton B, et al. Prediction of major depression and dysthymia form
CES-D scores among ethnic minority adolescents. Journal of the American Academy Of
Child And Adolescent Psychiatry [serial online]. n.d.; 37(5):495-503. Available from:
Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 14, 2013.
Author credentials include having PhDs and Medical Degrees at known universities.
This study comes from the center for Epidemiologic studies depression scale and is a
widely used instrument in assessing depression. This system consists of 20 different
items in a community sample. This instrument has a very high reliability with samples of
diverse ages and different ethnic backgrounds. There have been many studies on
examining the factor structure and how that may differ among American ethnic groups.
The validity however of the CES- D among different ethnic groups has not been studied
extensively.
The results of the ethnically and culturally different high school students does provide
strong support for the usefulness of this instrument the CES- D as a screening tool. The
findings of this study are consistent with other studies of similar comparisons using the
screening tools to assess major depression among ethnically diverse adolescents in
American society.