TRI KURNIA PUTRI UTAMI
145311030
1A-INGGRIS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
BRUCELLOSIS DISEASES LIVESTOCK ANIMAL
Created by:
MOCHAMAD SAEFFULLOH
FKIP Biology Student
Grade 3C
Galuh University
Jl. R.E Martadinata No. 150, Campus Unigal Ciamis
Phone/Fax: (0265) 776787
ABSTRACT
Background
Brucellosis diseases is a reproductive disease, miscarriage / abortion caused by
infectious microorganisms such as brucellosis bacteria that can attack livestock such as
cattle, goats, deer, pigs, sheep, and other livestock. The disease attacks the
reproductive organs and lead to miscarriage. Brucellosis disease can be transmitted to
other animals, zoonotic are can be transmitted to humans. Animals that infected with
brucellosis bacteria can undergo abortion, retained placenta, orchitis and epididinitiis.
In humans that disease is transmitted through direct contact with animals that have
been infected with brucellosis bacteria or through the affected skin wound, and the
consumption of milk or milk products that are not in the first fermentation. Mutations
of livestock in Indonesia to increase the population and consumers of meat cattle, the
primary cause of infectious brucellosis diseases and quickly expanded. With the rapid
spread of brucellosis disease is necessary countermeasures and prevention of this
disease is quite dangerous, it is good for livestock, or in humans.
Keywords: prevention, mitigation, brucellosis, and livestock.
Preliminary
Background
In generally in Indonesia, people are more familiar with this diseases just a
miscarriage in cattle, but the fact that this disease not only in cattle but in other livestock,
can even be transmitted to humans (zoonosis). Brucellosis disease or miscarriage /
abortion contagious is one of the animal diseases transmitted quite quickly positioned
because of transmission between regions and across borders, and require strict traffic
arrangements cattle (DITJENNAK, 1988). Brucellosis resulting in high rates of
miscarriage in cattle, calves born dead / weak, infertility, sterility and decline in milk
production (Hubbert et al., 1975). Programs of prevention and control of brucellosis in
cattle in Indonesia is not optimal, because it has not been shown that the optimal results
actually increases the spread of this disease. Therefore brucellosis be one of the main
national priority to do prevention, mitigation and eradication of the disease brucellosis.
Then as the policy basis is the operational implementation of eradication of brucellosis,
which made the government refers to the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 828
of 1998 on observation, traffic surveillance, vaccination and cut conditional.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the disease brucellosis, how the
brucellosis disease clinical symptoms that struck livestock , ways of transmission of the
disease brucellosis, and what actions should be done in the prevention and control of
disease brucellosis.
Discussion
A. Farm Animals
Farm animals are animals raised by humans as a source of food and beverage,
industrial raw material resources, or as a human job aid. Farm animals can be any animal,
but usually refers to mammals and fowl. Mammals examples are goat, buffalo, cattle,
sheep, pigs, and horses. Fowl examples are chicken, duck, swan, duck. Raising is the
breeding activity and cultivate livestock to get the dam benefit from these activities.
Examples of some farm animals:
• Cows
Cows kept primarily for meat and milk used as a food ingredient. Besides manure can also be
used. Cows is quite popular to bred because it can get benefit greatly by industry.
• Goats
Although not as big as cows and goats famous for its smell is not pleasant, but goats have
benefits, in addition to the meat can be processed into food, the skin is also edible, and manure is
a very good organic fertilizer to grow crops.
• Buffalo
In Indonesia, the buffalo is a tool of man, especially in the villages used plow fields. In addition
buffalo milk used to make mozzarella cheese, buffalo leather is used for shoes or leather material
motorcycle helmet.
• Pig
In Indonesia, the spread of swine limited, because the majority of the population is Muslim. But
they were non-Muslims utilize pigs as food preparations.
In an effort to breed and breed livestock, often there are barriers in keeping
livestock, the cause is because some types of diseases can attack the animal. Examples of
diseases that can affect livestock is brucellosis disease. This disease is quite dangerous
because these animals had a miscarriage / abortion, which can be transmitted to other
animals and can also be transmitted to humans (zoonotic).
B. Brucellosis Disease
Brucellosis Disease is reproductive disease, miscarriage / abortion caused by
infectious microorganisms such as brucellosis bacteria that can attack livestock such as
cattle, goats, deer, pigs, sheep, and other livestock.
Brucellosis bacteria classification:
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobakteria
Class: Alpha Proteobakteria
Order: Rhizobiales
Family: Brucellaceae
Genus: Brucella
Some examples of species of brucellosis which can infect farm animals:
o Bacterial infections in animals, namely cattle Brucellosis bacteria abortion.
o Bacterial infection of cattle sheep / goat which militensis brucellosis bacteria.
o Bacterial infection of pigs that is brucellosis bacteria suis.
o Bacterial infections in dogs are brucellosis bacteria canis
Brucellosis disease including zoonotic disease that the disease is contagious and can also infect
humans. Brucellosis disease spread quickly and very dangerous for other livestock. Besides this
disease can cause economic losses due to miscarriage and reproductive disorders suffered by
livestock is infected with the bacteria brucellosis.
C. The Clinical Symptoms of Livestock Patients Brucellosis
This clinic symptoms of the brucellosis disease is abortion/miscarriage or among
the society better known as miscarriage. Miscarriage usually occurs in gestation 5 to 9
months of pregnancy, aborted fetal membranes visible edema, hemorrhage, necrotic and
the viscous exudates and the retention of the placenta, maturities and dirt out of the
vagina. More than half of livestock, particularly cattle which showed a high agglutination
titer high presentation in the udder. In addition brucellosis disease is causing lesions
hygrometer especially in the area around the knee. These lesions are shaped as a simple
strain or wrap synovial joints, which contain clear fluid or pus or fibrin flakes. The slow
lorries higroma occurrence due to a Troma then Brucellosis bacteria residing in the blood
to form colonies in the joint area. Other clinical signs that milk production in cows which
dropped dramatically. In the mammary gland showed no clinical symptoms although
there is milk in the Brucellosis bacteria. Farm animals are also always discharge vaginal
that is both infectious and cloudy.
At stud brucellosis disease can attack the testicles and lead to orhcitis and
epididymitis and disorder in the ampoule gland and seminal vesicles. Brucellosis also
cause abscesses and necrosis of the testicles and additional sex glands. So that the semen
taken from the bulls may contain brucellosis bacteria.
• Cows
The clinical symptoms are noticeable among abortion, especially in the age of advanced
pregnancy (8-9 months). Generally cows miscarried only once on a pregnancy subsequent.
Nonetheless cows who miscarried were still carrying brucellosis aborts up to 2 years.
• Pig
Raises arthritis, osteomyelitis, bursitis and spondylitis. Sometimes also determined posterior
paralysis caused by discus necrosis intervertebrales. At boar found Brucella suis oschitis but not
found in semen or urine. Compared with cows abortion is relatively rare in pigs.
• Dogs
Brucella canis is the main causes sterility in males and abortion in the parent. Dogs suffering
from acute brucellosis experiencing swelling prefemuralis and submandibular lymph nodes. In
the male dog brucellosis causes orchitis testicular looks swell so much later followed atrophy,
testicular looks smaller because spermatozoa forming cells were damaged.
D. How Brucellosis Disease Transmission In Livestock
Most likely mode of transmission among cattle is through water or food contaminated by the
fetal membranes or discharge from the womb of an animal patient who has been infected with
the brucellosis bacteria. This brucellosis disease transmission through cattle lick-lick it, and
brucellosis bacteria enter the body through mucous membranes conjugative or through skin
friction. For the occurrence of infections through conjugative required approximately 1.5 million
brucellosis bacteria. Transmission from an infected male to female parent brucellosis can occur
through natural mating or can also be done through the process of artificial insemination with
sperm through intra-uterine containing brucellosis bacteria. Brucellosis disease transmission can
also occur through the digestive tract, the genital tract, tract mucous membranes, the affected
skin wounds and milk drunk by the child's parent farm animals, but the infection through
mother's milk likely very small.
Transmission to humans can be via digestion, for example drinking uncooked milk derived from
cattle brucellosis patients. Direct contact, transmission through mucus or affected skin wounds,
such as direct contact with the fetus or placenta of cattle brucellosis patients may also lead to the
transmission of brucellosis in humans.
E. Abnormalities Animal Brucellosis Patients After Death
Livestock disease brucellosis, the changes seen after death in these animals, namely:
- Changes in the placenta with patches on the surface layer of chorionic.
- Fluid fetus looks cloudy yellow brown and sometimes mixed with pus.
- In the male animal discovered in the process of retaining testicles, followed by necrosis.
F. Measures for Disease Prevention and Control Brucellosis
Prevention efforts should be done, so that animals are not exposed to the disease brucellosis,
namely:
- In accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 828 of 1998 on Guidelines for
Animal Disease Eradication of Contagious abortion (Brucellosis) in cattle, the eradication
method done by test and laugher (cuts conditional).
- Monitoring the traffic of livestock done carefully and continuously to be free from disease,
especially brucellosis. Livestock entering into a territory must complete the letter information
Negative Brucellosis. - Sanitary measures, for example, is: the rest be reduce abortion, fetus and
placenta is burned, the materials commonly used disinfected with disinfectant (phenol and
cresol), avoid mating between males to females who experience miscarriage, children born
livestock from the holding brucellosis patients should be given milk from brucellosis-free
holding, animal patient in dairy cows implemented cuts conditional and equipment should be
washed and destroyed, do not immediately put a substitute livestock and livestock pens are
cleaned up sterile patients.
– Livestock surrogate who has no brucellosis-free certificate can be entered when once tested
serologically negative of brucellosis bacteria. While having a brucellosis-free certificate
serological tests carried out at intervals of 50 to 100 days after included in a group of cattle that
are free of the disease.
- By doing marriage in artificial insemination of livestock, in order to produce healthy offspring
farm animals.
- Vaccination strain 19 at the age of 3-7 months to prevent the brucellosis disease in cattle.
- Provision of antiseptics and antibiotics on sick animals, if there are symptoms of brucellosis
immediately do special handling or checked to experts.
- Newly purchased farm animals in quarantine, checked and tested first, after being properly
cared maintained, because when they are exposed to the brucellosis disease has been no effective
drugs for the treatment of this disease.
Countermeasures should be done if there are cases of animals that have been exposed to the
brucellosis disease, namely:
- Cattle brucellosis patients are placed in a separate place from healthy cattle.
- For the prevention of infection in healthy cattle, the cattle brucellosis patient should
immediately cut conditional. The whole organs, lymph nodes, udder and bone must be destroyed
by burning.
Closing
Conclusion
Namely reproductive disease brucellosis disease, miscarriage / abortion caused by infectious
microorganisms such as brucellosis bacteria that can attack livestock. The clinical symptoms of
brucellosis animal disease include fever and miscarriage / abortion, discharge from the vagina
that are infectious and muddy color, change the udder, hygrometer lesions around the knee, milk
production in cows dropped dramatically and testes in males experiencing orhkitis and
epididymitis. How to brucellosis disease transmission is through infected water and feed brocella
bacteria, genital tract of marriage, gastrointestinal tract, mucous membrane channel, the affected
skin wounds, milk drunk by his mother, and cages and tools exposed to brucellosis bacteria.
Brucllosis disease prevention and control is to control the traffic of livestock, sanitary measures,
free Cert diseases in farm animals such as cattle, avoid direct contact with animal brucellosis
patients, vaccination, administration of antiseptics and antibiotics, marriage is artificial
insemination of livestock, livestock new quarantine, checked and tested first, brucellosis patients
kept away from animals that are invalid or do cuts conditional.
Reference
Anonim. (2010). Penyakit Sapi. Fromhttp://nakstppmlg.weebly.com/penyakit-sapi.html, 22 April
2012.
Anonim. (2011). Penyakit Hewan Brucellosis.
Fromhttp://www.disnak.jabarprov.go.id/index.php?mod=penyakitHewan&idMenukiri=551&id
Menu=554/, 22 April 2012.
Anonin. (2011). Penyakit Brucellosis Pada Ternak.
Fromhttp://www.deptan.go.id/dinakkeswan_jateng/detaildata.php?id=273, 22 April 2012.
Anonim. (2012). Brucellosis (Penyakit Keluron Menular Pada ternak). From
http://reeduanei.info/2012/03/brucellosis-penyakit-keluron-menular-pada-ternak/, 22 April 2012.
DITJENNAK. 1981. Penyakit Keluron Menular (Brucellosis). Pedoman Pengendalian Penyakit
Menular. Bina Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan.Dirjen Peternakan. Jakarta.