SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1
DISTRIBUTION OF THE 213 WHO-5 STUDIES ACCORDING TO FIELDS/CONDITIONS, OBJECTIVES, POPULATION/COUNTRY, AND OUTCOMES (RESULTS)
REFERENCE
1
2
3
Field/Condition Objective
Population/Country
Results/outcomes
N = 51
(51 patients, 51 controls)
Former primary
hyperparathyreoidism
patients (after
parathyroidectomy)
Median WHO-5 scores were 72 (56-80)
among the former patients and 76 (6880) among the controls. The intervals in
parentheses indicate the interquartile
ranges (25-75%), p = 0.15 (not
statistically significant).
AMSTRUP, A.K.,
Endocrinology
REJNMARK, L. and
MOSEKILDE, L., 2011.
Patients with surgically cured
primary hyperparathyroidism
have a reduced quality of life
compared with populationbased healthy sex-, age-, and
season-matched controls.
European Journal of
Endocrinology, 165(5), pp.
753-760.
AUJLA, N., SKINNER, T.C.,
Endocrinology
KHUNTI, K. and DAVIES,
M.J., 2010. The prevalence of
depressive symptoms in a
white European and South
Asian population with
impaired glucose regulation
and screen-detected Type 2
diabetes mellitus: a
comparison of two screening
tools. Diabetic medicine : a
journal of the British Diabetic
Association, 27(8), pp. 896905.
To examine to what extent
former patients regain
Quality of life after
parathyroidectomy
compared with healthy
controls
To compare the
identification of prevalent
depressive symptoms by
the World Health
Organization-5Wellbeing
Index (WHO-5) and Centre
for Epidemiological Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D)
for South Asian and white
European people, male
and female, attending a
diabetes screening
programme, and to explore
the adequacy of the
screening tools for this
population. An additional
aim was to further explore
associations of depressive
symptoms with impaired
glucose regulation (IGR)
and Type 2 diabetes
mellitus (Type2 DM).
N = 1,154
White European individuals
aged between40 and 75
years were recruited, while
people of South ethnicity
were recruited from age 25 to
75 years. People were only
eligible to participate if they
had not previously diagnosed
asType2 DM.
AWATA, S., BECH, P.,
YOSHIDA, S., HIRAI, M.,
SUZUKI, S., YAMASHITA,
To assess: 1) Reliability
and validity of Japanese
WHO-5 as a brief well-
N = 129
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
mellitus
Endocrinology
Denmark
UK
Unadjusted prevalence of depressive
symptoms with the WHO-5, for people
with Type2 DM was 42.3% (47.4% in
white European; 28.6% in South Asian)
and for IGR 30.7% (26% in white
European; 45.8% in South Asian). With
the CES-D,the prevalence in Type2 DM
was 27.2% (25.4% in white European;
31.8% in South Asian) and for IGR
30.7% (27.8% in white European; 40.7%
in South Asian). Statistically
significant differences in the prevalence
of depressive symptoms for sex or
ethnicity were not identified. Odds ratios
adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity
showed no significant association of
depression with Type2 DM or IGR, with
either WHO-5 or CES-D. Agreement
was moderate (κ = 0.48, 95%
confidence intervals 0.42–0.54), and
reduced when identifying depressive
symptoms in people with Type2 DM. For
this group, a WHO-5 cut-point of ≤ 10
was optimal.
Cronbach’s alpha and the Loevinger
coefficient were estimated to be 0.89
and 0.65, respectively. A factor analysis
1
4
5
6
M., OHARA, A., HINOKIO, Y.,
MATSUOKA, H. and OKA, Y.,
2007. Reliability and validity
of the Japanese version of
the World Health
Organization-Five Well-Being
Index in the context of
detecting depression in
diabetic patients. Psychiatry
and clinical neurosciences,
61(1), pp. 112-119.
being scale. 2)
Discriminatory validity of
WHO as screening tool for
current dep. episodes in
diabetic patients.
BAHRMANN, A., ABEL, A.,
Endocrinology
ZEYFANG, A., PETRAK, F.,
KUBIAK, T., HUMMEL, J.,
OSTER, P. and BAHRMANN,
P., 2013. Psychological
insulin resistance in geriatric
patients with diabetes
mellitus. Patient education
and counseling
BROWNE, J.L., SCIBILIA, R. Endocrinology
and SPEIGHT, J., 2013. The
needs, concerns, and
characteristics of younger
Australian adults with Type 2
diabetes. Diabetic medicine :
a journal of the British
Diabetic Association, 30(5),
pp. 620-626.
To determine the extent to
which geriatric patients
with diabetes mellitus
experience psychological
insulin resistance (PIR)
N = 67
Geriatric patients with
diabetes mellitus
Via an internet-based
survey to improve
understanding of the
emotional well-being and
unmet needs of younger
adults with Type 2
diabetes, and to inform
service provision for this
group.
N = 149
living with Type 2 diabetes,
aged 18–
39 years, and living in
Victoria.
COMELLAS, M., WALKER,
E.A., MOVSAS, S., MERKIN,
S., ZONSZEIN, J. and
STRELNICK, H., 2010.
Training community health
promoters to implement
diabetes self-management
support programs for urban
minority adults. The Diabetes
educator, 36(1), pp. 141-151.
Endocrinology
Japan
identified only one factor. The WHO-5-J
was significantly correlated with a
number of major diabetic complications,
depression, anxiety, and subjective
quality of life. ROC analysis showed that
the WHO-5-J can be used to detect a
current depressive episode (area under
curve: 0.92; 95% confidence interval:
0.85–0.98). A cut-off of <13 yielded the
best sensitivity/specificity trade-off:
sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 78%. The
WHO-5-J was thus found to have a
sufficient reliability and validity,
indicating that it is a useful instrument
for detecting current depressive
episodes in diabetic patients.
WHO-5 values were 17.7 ± 6.2 for all
patients, 17.2 ± 6.4 for insulin-naive
patients and 18.1 ± 6.0 for insulin
treated patients.P = 0.59
Germany
There was no association between age
and either WHO-5 score or PAID-5
score (r = 0.03 and r = –0.01, both P >
0.05).
However, WHO-5 score and diabetesrelated
Australia
distress were significantly correlated,
r = –0.30, P < 0.001. Higher BMI was
weakly but significantly associated with
low WHO-5 score (r = 0.18, P < 0.05).
To develop, implement,
N = 17
In the WHO-5, there were no significant
and evaluate a peer-led
Adults with diabetes
differences with items on feeling
diabetes self-management participated in a new peer-led cheerful; feeling calm and relaxed, fresh
support program in English 5-session diabetes training
and
and Spanish for a diverse, program
rested; or doing things that interest
urban, low-income
them. There was, however, a significant
population
USA
and positive increase in people reporting
being more active and vigorous (P =
0.03). No
significant differences were found
2
7
8
9
DE WIT, M., POUWER, F.,
GEMKE, R.J.B.J.,
DELEMARRE-VAN DE
WAAL, H.A. and SNOEK,
F.J., 2007. Validation of the
WHO-5 well-being index in
adolescents with type 1
diabetes. Diabetes care,
30(8), pp. 2003-2006.
Endocrinology
DYSON, P.A., BEATTY, S.
Endocrinology
and MATTHEWS, D.R., 2010.
An assessment of lifestyle
video education for people
newly diagnosed with type 2
diabetes. Journal of human
nutrition and dietetics : the
official journal of the British
Dietetic Association, 23(4),
pp. 353-359.
FURUYA, M., HAYASHINO,
Endocrinology
Y., TSUJII, S., ISHII, H. and
FUKUHARA, S., 2010.
Comparative validity of the
WHO-5 Well-Being Index and
two-question instrument for
screening depressive
symptoms in patients with
type 2 diabetes. Acta
Diabetologica, .
To assess of the reliability
and validity of the WHO-5
in adolescents with type 1
Diabetes.
N = 91
Pediatric outpatient clinic
adolescents with Type 1
diabetes
The Netherlands
To evaluate changes in
patient knowledge about
type 2 diabetes,
biomedical indices and
quality of life in connection
with lifestyle video
education
N = 39
Newly diagnosed type 2
diabetics
UK
To compare the test
performance of a twoquestion instrument with
that of WHO-5 for
screening depressive
symptoms in type 2
diabetes
N = 153
Patients with type 2 diabetes
Japan
between the total Well-Being scores
from pre- to post intervention. At post
intervention, the total mean score was
15.1.
CFA confirmed the one-factor structure;
Cronbach’s alpha of this 5-item scale
was 0.82. The WHO-5 showed a
moderate to strong correlation with the
CES-D (r = -0.67), with the mental
health (r = 0.60) and self-esteem (r =
0.43) subscales of the CHQ-CF87, and
with the DFCS (r = -0.34), confirming
concurrent validity. ROC curve analysis
confirmed the WHO-5 cutoff point of <13
for identification of mild to severe
depressive affect (sensitivity 89% and
specificity 86%).
No significant changes in quality of life
(WHO-5 score) from baseline to 6
months follow-up. No significant
differences between intervention group
and control group
The two-question instrument had a
sensitivity of 53.6% (95% CI, 39.7–
67.0%) and specificity of 67.7% (95%
CI, 58.1–74.9%). With the conventional
cutoff point equal to or less than 13
points, the WHO-5 had a sensitivity of
57.1% (95% CI, 43.2–70.3%) and
specificity of 82.5% (95% CI, 81.9–
94.9%). The area under the ROC curve
for the WHO-5 and two-item
questionnaire, an indicator of
discriminatory power, was 0.81 and
0.73, respectively, showing a statistically
significant difference (p = 0.0453). The
two-question instrument had statistically
lower discriminatory power than the
WHO-5 in screening depressive
symptoms in patients with diabetes.
3
10
11
12
13
GORTER K et al (2010) The
European EUCCLID pilot
study on care and
complications in an
unselected sample of people
with type 2 diabetes in
primary care
Endocrinology
HAJOS, T.R., POLONSKY,
Endocrinology
W.H., POUWER, F.,
GONDER-FREDERICK, L.
and SNOEK, F.J., 2014.
Toward defining a cutoff
score for elevated fear of
hypoglycemia on the
hypoglycemia fear survey
worry subscale in patients
with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes care, 37(1), pp. 102108.
HAJOS, T.R., POUWER, F.,
Endocrinology
DE GROOTH, R.,
HOLLEMAN, F., TWISK,
J.W., DIAMANT, M. and
SNOEK, F.J., 2012. The
longitudinal association
between glycaemic control
and health-related quality of
life following insulin therapy
optimisation in type 2
diabetes patients. A
prospective observational
study in secondary care.
Quality of life research : an
international journal of quality
of life aspects of treatment,
care and rehabilitation, 21(8),
pp. 1359-1365.
HAJOS, T.R., POUWER, F.,
Endocrinology
SKOVLUND, S.E., DEN
OUDSTEN, B.L.,
GEELHOED-DUIJVESTIJN,
P.H., TACK, C.J. and
SNOEK, F.J., 2013.
To test the feasibility of the
set-up and logistics of a
cross-sectional European
study on Care and
Complications in patients
with type 2 diabetes in
primary care (EUCCLID) in
12 European countries
N = 103
Patients with T2DM from two
primary care practices in
each participating country
Belgium, Denmark, France,
Greece, Hungary, Israel, the
Netherlands, Norway, Spain,
Turkey, Ukraine, UK
N = 1530
Patients with type 2 diabetes
treated in primary and
secondary care settings
The mean value of psychological wellbeing was moderately reduced, so was
the general well-being. WHO-5 mean
(SD): 63.5 (22.7). Range between
countries: 35.2-82.4. Men (N = 47): 67.5
(21.8), Women (N = 56): 60.2 (23.1)
To determine a cut-off
score for clinically
meaningful fear of
hypoglycemia on the
Hypoglycemia Fear Survey
Worry subscale
The Netherlands
WHO-5 cut-off score used: 50 or lower
as indication of suboptimal well-being.
WHO-5 score:
Total sample: 56, % suboptimal wellbeing: 37%
Patients on insulin: 56, % suboptimal
well-being: 38%
Patients on oral medication: 57,%
suboptimal well-being: 36%
To test whether
improvement in HbA1c as
marker of glycaemic
control following
intensifying insulin therapy
is associated with
improvements in HRQolL
N = 447
Sub-optimally controlled type
2 diabetes patients
Association observed between
improving HbA1c by optimising insulin
therapy in type 2 diabetes and
improvement in HRQol
To examine psychometric
and screening properties
for depression of the
WHO-5 in a large sample
of Dutch outpatients with
diabetes.
N = 933
Outpatients with type 1 or
type 2 diabetes
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
A one-factor structure of the WHO-5
index was verified by confirmatory factor
analysis for patients with Type 1 and
Type 2 diabetes. Moderate to strong
correlations were observed between the
WHO-5 index and the Patient Health
4
Psychometric and screening
properties of the WHO-5 wellbeing index in adult
outpatients with Type 1 or
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic medicine : a journal
of the British Diabetic
Association, 30(2), pp. e63-9.
14
15
16
HENDRIECKX, C.,
Endocrinology
HALLIDAY, J.A., BOWDEN,
J.P., COLMAN, P.G.,
COHEN, N., JENKINS, A.
and SPEIGHT, J., 2014.
Severe hypoglycaemia and
its association with
psychological well-being in
Australian adults with type 1
diabetes attending specialist
tertiary clinics. Diabetes
research and clinical practice,
.
HOCHBERG, G., PUCHEU,
Endocrinology
S., KLEINEBREIL, L.,
HALIMI, S. and
FRUCTUOSO-VOISIN, C.,
2012. WHO-5, a tool focusing
on psychological needs in
patients with diabetes: the
French contribution to the
DAWN study. Diabetes &
metabolism, 38(6), pp. 515522.
HUIS IN T VELD, E.M.J.,
Endocrinology
MAKINE, C., NOUWEN, A.,
KARSDA, C., KADIOGLU, P.,
KARSDA, K. and POUWER,
F., 2011. Validation of the
Turkish version of the
problem areas in diabetes
scale. Cardiovascular
Psychiatry and Neurology, .
To investigate severe
hypoglycaemia (SH) in
adults with type 1 diabetes
and its associations with
impaired awareness of
hypoglycaemia (IAH),
clinical, psychological and
sociodemographic factors.
N = 422
Attendees of three specialist
diabetes clinics in Melbourne
(54% women)
Via an observational study
to further understand the
impact of diabetes on the
psychological well-being of
people with diabetes, using
the French version of the
WHO-5 questionnaire.
N = 2213
Patients with chronic disease
(CD) (1670 with diabetes) in
general practice or
diabetologist settings
Questionnaire scores, the Problem
Areas in Diabetes scores and the Short
Form-12 mental component scores (r =
0.55–0.69, P < 0.001). Receiver
operating characteristic curves showed
that a WHO-5 index cut-off of < 13
performed best as an indication for likely
depression, with sensitivity compared
with a Patient Health Questionnaire
score ≤ 10 and ≤ 12 of 0.79 and 0.88,
respectively, and specificity of 0.88 and
0.76, respectively.
WHO-5 score:
Severe hypoglycaemia: 50.2
No severe hypoglycaemia: 59.0
Australia
France
To assess the factor
N = 154
structure and validity of the Patients with insulin-naïve
Turkish version of the
type 2 diabetes.
PAID
Turkey
The WHO-5 showed satisfactory
psychometric properties in a large
sample of French diabetic patients. The
scale is unidimensional and highlighted
differences in well-being, which was
lower in diabetic women, in patients with
other chronic diseases and in those
treated with insulin.
WHO-5 had an internal consistency of
0.87 in this sample.
5
17
18
KEMPF, K. and MARTIN, S., Endocrinology
2013. Autonomous exercise
game use improves metabolic
control and quality of life in
type 2 diabetes patients - a
randomized controlled trial.
BMC endocrine disorders,
13(1), pp. 57-6823-13-57.
KLEEFSTRA, N.,
Endocrinology
HORTENSIUS, J.,
LOGTENBERG, S.J.,
SLINGERLAND, R.J.,
GROENIER, K.H.,
HOUWELING, S.T., GANS,
R.O., VAN BALLEGOOIE, E.
and BILO, H.J., 2010. Selfmonitoring of blood glucose in
tablet-treated type 2 diabetic
patients (ZODIAC). The
Netherlands journal of
medicine, 68(1), pp. 311-316.
To test the hypothesis that
the autonomous use of the
interactive exercise game
Wii Fit Plus in T2DM
patients over a period of
12 weeks improves
metabolic control, with
HbA1c reduction as the
primary outcome and
weight loss, reduction of
cardiometabolic risk
factors, physical activity
and quality of life as
secondary outcomes
To investigate the effects
of self-monitoring of blood
glucose (SMBG) in
patients with T2DM who
were in persistent
moderate
glycaemiccontrol whilst
not using Insulin.
N = 176
Type 2 DM
Germany
N = 308
Adult outpatients with type1
or type 2 diabetes
The Netherlands
Well-being increased significantly during
12-week intervention in intervention
group and in control group but did not
change during waiting phase.
Percentage of patients with WHO-5 raw
score < 13 at baseline:
Intervention group: 31
Control group: 36.
Only depression measurement using the
WHO-5 reached a statistical significance
in the intervention group after
intervention and in the control group
when comparing the waiting and the
intervention phase
WHO-5 scores:
SMBG
Baseline (mean ± SD)
68.0 ± 20.7
1 year (mean ±SD)
74.4±14.5
Control
Baseline (mean ± SD)
71.0±17.9
1 year (mean ±SD)
76.3±11.4
Change between groups (95%CI)
-0.6 (-8.2, 7.0)
19
20
KLIS, S., VINGERHOETS,
A.J., DE WIT, M.,
ZANDBELT, N. and SNOEK,
F.J., 2008. Pictorial
Representation of Illness and
Self Measure Revised II
(PRISM-RII): a novel method
to assess perceived burden
of illness in diabetes patients.
Health and quality of life
outcomes, 6, pp. 104.
LEHMANN, V., MAKINE, C.,
Endocrinology
To evaluate the validity of
the revised version of the
Pictorial Representation of
Illness and Self Measure
(PRISM-RII) as a visual
measure of suffering in
diabetes patients.
N = 39
Patients undergoing cardiac
resynchronization therapy
(CRT) and implantation of
cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
for congestive heart failure
(no significant differences were found
concerning the WHO-5)
WHO-5 mean scores (SD):
Whole sample: 64.0 (21.8)
Type 1 DM: 66.6 (16.7)
Type 2 DM: 62.5 (24.4)
Germany
Endocrinology
To investigate the
N = 151
The correlation of the CES-D with the
6
21
22
23
KARSIDAG, C., KADIOGLU,
P., KARSIDAG, K. and
POUWER, F., 2011.
Validation of the Turkish
version of the Centre for
Epidemiologic Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D) in
patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. BMC medical
research methodology, 11,
pp. 109.
LLOYD, C.E., ROY, T.,
Endocrinology
BEGUM, S., MUGHAL, S.
and BARNETT, A.H., 2012.
Measuring psychological wellbeing in South Asians with
diabetes; a qualitative
investigation of the PHQ-9
and the WHO-5 as potential
screening tools for measuring
symptoms of depression.
Diabetic medicine : a journal
of the British Diabetic
Association, 29(1), pp. 140147.
LOGTENBERG, S.J.,
Endocrinology
KLEEFSTRA, N.,
HOUWELING, S.T.,
GROENIER, K.H., GANS,
R.O. and BILO, H.J., 2010.
Health-related quality of life,
treatment satisfaction, and
costs associated with
intraperitoneal versus
subcutaneous insulin
administration in type 1
diabetes: a randomized
controlled trial. Diabetes care,
33(6), pp. 1169-1172.
LOGTENBERG, S.J., VAN
Endocrinology
BALLEGOOIE, E., ISRAELBULTMAN, H., VAN LINDE,
A. and BILO, H.J., 2007.
Glycaemic control, health
status and treatment
psychometric properties of
the Turkish version of the
Centre for Epidemiologic
Studies Depression Scale
(CES-D) in patients with
type 2 diabetes
Outpatients with type 2
diabetes
To develop culturally
competent translations of
the PHQ-9 and WHO-5
into two South Asian ethnic
minority spoken languages
(Mirpuri and Sylheti) in
both written and audio
format. To be used as
screening tools for
measuring symptoms of
depression in diabetes
N = 35
Adults with Type 2 diabetes
from two South Asian minority
ethnic groups in Birmingham
To investigate the effects
of Continuous
IntraPeritoneal Infusion
Insulin (CIPII) compared
with subcutaneous insulin
(CSII) on health-related
quality of life and treatment
satisfaction and to perform
a cost analysis in type 1
diabetes
N = 23
Adult subjects with type 1
diabetes inadequately
controlled with subcutaneous
insulin regimens
To assess glycaemic
control,health status and
treatment satisfaction in
subjects treatedwith
Continuous IntraPeritoneal
Infusion Insulin (CIPII)
N = 48
Patients who started on
Continuous intraperitoneal
insulin infusion (CIPII)
between 1983 and 2005
WHO-5 was the strongest (r = - 0.70)
Turkey
UK
The Netherlands
In terms of stated preference of
questionnaire, 3 out of 4 Mirpuri women
and 4 out of 5 Mipuri men preferred the
WHO-5 to the PHQ-9, giving as reason
that it was easier and quicker to
complete and the wording was easy.
3 out of 4 Sylheti women and all 5
Sylheti men preferred the WHO-5, citing
the positive nature of the questions as
well as ease of completion as reasons
WHO-5 scores:
At baseline: Group A (CIPI): 48.4, Group
B (SC-insulin) 43.7
at period 1: Group A (CIPI) 67.6, Group
B (SC-insulin) 43.7
at period 2 : Group A (SC insulin):45.5,
Group B (CIPI) 62.3
Mean score on the WHO-5 was 52.7
(SD 28.6) (n=30).
Median score for treatment satisfaction
was 32 (n=28).
There where no differences between
men and women regarding scores on
7
satisfaction with continuous
intraperitoneal insulin
infusion. The Netherlands
journal of medicine, 65(2), pp.
65-70.
The Netherlands
SF-12, WHO-5 or DTSQ (p > 0.1).
Intervention group:
Baseline: 48.4
End point: 67.6
Control group:
Baseline: 43.7
End point: 45.0
24
25
NICOLUCCI, A., KOVACS
Endocrinology
BURNS, K., HOLT, R.I.,
COMASCHI, M.,
HERMANNS, N., ISHII, H.,
KOKOSZKA, A., POUWER,
F., SKOVLUND, S.E.,
STUCKEY, H., TARKUN, I.,
VALLIS, M., WENS, J.,
PEYROT, M. and DAWN2
STUDY GROUP, 2013.
Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes
and Needs second study
(DAWN2): cross-national
benchmarking of diabetesrelated psychosocial
outcomes for people with
diabetes. Diabetic medicine :
a journal of the British
Diabetic Association, 30(7),
pp. 767-777.
PAPANAS, N., TSAPAS, A.,
Endocrinology
PAPATHEODOROU, K.,
PAPAZOGLOU, D., BEKIARI,
E., SARIGANNI, M.,
PALETAS, K. and
MALTEZOS, E., 2010.
Glycaemic control is
correlated with well-being
index (WHO-5) in subjects
with type 2 diabetes.
Experimental and clinical
endocrinology & diabetes :
official journal, German
Society of Endocrinology
To assess psychosocial
outcomes in people with
diabetes across countries
for benchmarking.
N = 8596
Adults with diabetes across
17 countries:
Algeria, Canada, China,
Denmark, France, Germany,
India,
Italy, Japan, Mexico, the
Netherlands, Poland, Russian
Federation, Spain, Turkey,
the UK and the USA
To examine the potential
N = 156
correlation of WHO-5 well- Patients with type 2 diabetes
being index with glycaemic
control and chronic
Greece
complications in subjects
with type 2 diabetes.
P = 0.05
A WHO-5 psychological well-being score
below the overall mean was found in
Italy, Poland, Russian Federation and
Algeria, while the highest scores were in
Mexico and Denmark
Mean WHO-5 score was 18.98 ± 5.79
The same correlation between HbA 1c
and wellbeing was observed for almost
all (4 out of 5) items comprising the
WHO-5 questionnaire. Indeed, the
individual scores of questions 1 – 4 were
significantly negatively correlated with
HbA 1c .
Only question 5 (Life interesting) did not
show this association.
8
26
27
28
29
[and] German Diabetes
Association, 118(6), pp. 364367.
PEYROT, M., SKOVLUND,
S.E. and LANDGRAF, R.,
2009. Epidemiology and
correlates of weight worry in
the multinational Diabetes
Attitudes, Wishes and Needs
Study. Current medical
research and opinion, 25(8),
pp. 1985-1993.
Endocrinology
POUWER, F., GEELHOEDEndocrinology
DUIJVESTIJN, P.H., TACK,
C.J., BAZELMANS, E.,
BEEKMAN, A.J., HEINE, R.J.
and SNOEK, F.J., 2010.
Prevalence of comorbid
depression is high in outpatients with Type 1 or Type
2 diabetes mellitus. Results
from three out-patient clinics
in the Netherlands. Diabetic
medicine : a journal of the
British Diabetic Association,
27(2), pp. 217-224.
PURI, K., SAPRA, S. and
Endocrinology
JAIN, V., 2013. Emotional,
behavioral and cognitive
profile, and quality of life of
Indian children and
adolescents with type 1
diabetes. Indian journal of
endocrinology and
metabolism, 17(6), pp. 10781083.
ROLIGHED, L., AMSTRUP,
Endocrinology
A.K., JAKOBSEN, N.F.,
SIKJAER, T., MOSEKILDE,
To examine the
epidemiology of worry
about weight among adults
with diabetes and whether
this weight worry was
associated with worse
quality of life and diabetes
self-management.
N = 5088
Adults with type 1 or type 2
diabetes from the multinational DAWN study.
Random samples of
approximately 500 were
obtained from each of 11
regions in Asia,Australia,
Europe, and North America,
representing 13 countries
Australia, France, Germany,
India, Japan, Netherlands,
Poland, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, Spain, UK, USA
N = 772
Random sample of diabetes
out-patients from three
diabetes clinics
To determine the
prevalence of depression
among adult outpatients
with Type 1 (T1DM) or
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM)
using both self-report
(The Netherlands)
measures and a diagnostic
interview, and to establish
demographic and clinical
characteristics associated
with depressive affect.
Poor psychological well-being (WHO-5<
50):
Low weight worry: 38.0%
High weight worry: 49.4%
P<0.001 for unadjusted comparison of
low and high weight worry
Using the commonly used criterion of
WHO-5 score < 52, 33–36% of T1DM
patients and 37–43% of
T2DM patients reported poor emotional
well-being. Exactly the
same percentages were found when the
alternative cut-off value
WHO-5 < 50 was used.
To assess the quality of
life(QoL), emotional wellbeing, behavioral, and
cognitive profile of
children/adolescents with
T1D diagnosed at least 6
months prior.
N = 49
WHO-5 score, n=34 (mean ± SD):
Children (age 6-18) with Type 74.6 ± 19.4
1 diabetes
Evaluation of muscle and
balance function, quality of
life and well-being in 58
N = 116
(58 patients, 58 controls)
Patients with asymptomatic
India
PHPT patients had significantly reduced
well-being (p < 0.001) compared with
controls. Well-being was positively
9
30
31
32
L., CHRISTIANSEN, P. and
REJNMARK, L., 2014.
Muscle function is impaired in
patients with "asymptomatic"
primary hyperparathyroidism.
World journal of surgery,
38(3), pp. 549-557.
ROY, T., LLOYD, C.E.,
Endocrinology
PARVIN, M., MOHIUDDIN,
G.B. and RAHMAN, M., 2012.
Prevalence of co-morbid
depression in out-patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus
in Bangladesh. BMC
psychiatry, 12(1), pp. 123.
SIKJAER, T., ROLIGHED, L., Endocrinology
HESS, A., FUGLSANGFREDERIKSEN, A.,
MOSEKILDE, L. and
REJNMARK, L., 2014. Effects
of PTH(1-84) therapy on
muscle function and quality of
life in hypoparathyroidism:
results from a randomized
controlled trial. Osteoporosis
international : a journal
established as result of
cooperation between the
European Foundation for
Osteoporosis and the
National Osteoporosis
Foundation of the USA, .
PHPT patients and 58
population-based matched
controls
primary hyperparathyroidism
Examination of the
prevalence and factors
associated with depression
in out-patients with type 2
diabetes in Bangladesh
N = 417
Diabetes outpatients from
three diabetes clinics
The effects of treatment
with 100 μg parathyroid
hormone (PTH) (1–84) or
an identical placebo on
muscle function and quality
of life (QoL) was studied in
hypoparathyroid patients.
N = 62
(9 men and 53 women) aged
31–
78 years with chronic
hypoparathyroidism
SNOEK, F.J., KERSCH, N.Y., Endocrinology
ELDRUP, E., HARMANBOEHM, I., HERMANNS, N.,
KOKOSZKA, A.,
MATTHEWS, D.R.,
MCGUIRE, B.E., PIBERNIKOKANOVIC, M., SINGER, J.,
DE WIT, M. and SKOVLUND,
S.E., 2011. Monitoring of
Individual Needs in Diabetes
(MIND): baseline data from
the Cross-National Diabetes
To test the feasibility and
impact of implementing the
computer-assisted
Monitoring of Individual
Needs in Diabetes (MIND)
procedure - aimed at
improving recognition and
management of the
psychological needs of
diabetic patients in
individual care
N = 1567
Adult diabetes type 1 and 2
patients
Denmark
Bangladesh
Denmark
Croatia, Denmark, Germany,
Ireland, Israel, the
Netherlands, Poland, UK
associated with age (p = 0.001) and
negatively associated with the PTH level
(p < 0.001). In all, 13 patients and 2
controls scored <28%, suggesting
depression (p < 0,001). Well-being was
not reduced in asymptomatic PHPT
patients
Depression prevalence is common in
out-patients with type 2 diabetes in
Bangladesh, where recognition,
screening and treatment levels remain
low
At baseline, the WHO-5 Well Being
Index was 56 IQR [40–72] points, with a
minimum of 8 and maximum of 88 and
did not differ between
groups. Six (10 %) patients scored
below 28, which indicates a state of
depression; 14 (24 %) patients had a
score between 28 and 50, indicating
poor emotional well-being; whereas 39
(66 %) scored above 50 (normal). There
were no significant differences in
percentage change from baseline to end
of study in association with treatment
allocation. The score in patients treated
with PTH increased by 11 IQR [−2.8–
38.3]%, while patients treated with
placebo increased by 13.6 [−2.5–
38.3]%, (p=0.80).
The mean well-being score (WHO-5) for
the total group was 60.3 ± 22.5, and
11.4% (n = 178) had a score indicative
of likely depression (WHO-5 ≤ 28).
A moderate correlation (r = -0.47, P <
0.01) was found between WHO-5 and
PAID, confirming that both constructs
are related but not identical.
10
33
34
35
36
Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs
(DAWN) MIND study.
Diabetes care, 34(3), pp. 601603.
SNOEK, F.J., KERSCH, N.Y., Endocrinology
ELDRUP, E., HARMANBOEHM, I., HERMANNS, N.,
KOKOSZKA, A.,
MATTHEWS, D.R.,
MCGUIRE, B.E., PIBERNIKOKANOVIC, M., SINGER, J.,
DE WIT, M. and SKOVLUND,
S.E., 2012. Monitoring of
Individual Needs in Diabetes
(MIND)-2: follow-up data from
the cross-national Diabetes
Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs
(DAWN) MIND study.
Diabetes care, 35(11), pp.
2128-2132.
SNOEK, F.J., SKOVLUND,
Endocrinology
S.E. and POUWER, F., 2007.
Development and validation
of the insulin treatment
appraisal scale (ITAS) in
patients with type 2 diabetes.
Health and quality of life
outcomes, 5, pp. 69.
ADDLEY, K., BURKE, C. and Stress
MCQUILLAN, P., 2010.
Impact of a direct access
occupational physiotherapy
treatment service.
Occupational medicine
(Oxford, England), 60(8), pp.
651-653.
BARBOUR, B., SAADEH, N.
and SALAMEH, P.R., 2012.
Psychological distress in
Lebanese young adults:
Constructing the screening
tool 'BDS-22'. International
Stress
To test the effects of
implementing computerassisted Monitoring of
Individual Needs in
Diabetes (MIND) in routine
diabetes care on
psychological status and
glycemic control,identify
predictors of poor
psychological outcomes,
and evaluate care
providers’ experiences.
N = 891
Adult diabetes type 1 and 2
patients
Testing the reliability and
validity of the insulin
treatment appraisal scale
(ITAS) in insulin treated
type 2 diabetes patients
N = 282
Type 2 diabetes patients
recruited from the Harris
Interactive Chronic Ilness
Panel
Croatia, Denmark, Germany,
Ireland, Israel, the
Netherlands, Poland, UK
For the group as a whole, mean
wellbeing scores (WHO-5) did not
change significantly between baseline
and follow-up.
See article Table 1
Post-hoc analyses revealed that both
among insulin treated as well as insulin
naive patients, a WHO-5 score of < 28
was associated with a significantly
higher score on ITAS.
USA
To examine the impact of a
direct access
physiotherapy treatment
service in an occupational
setting
To develop and validate a
Lebanese adapted scale
for psychological distress
screening in Lebanese
young adults
N = 231
(WHO-Five completers: N =
46)
Employees of the Northern
Ireland Civil Service
accessed a physiotherapy
treatment service by selfreferral through their line
management
UK
N = 500
(354 (70.8%) females and
146
males) Lebanese young
adults, 254 university
students and 246 workers
In the WHO (Five) Well-Being Index,
69% (n = 46) reported an overall
improvement in well-being (when using
an improvement in WHO-5 score of
more than 10).
Concerning BDS-22 factors association
with WHO-5, Spearman's r ranged from
-0.55 to -0.32, equalling a value of -0.61
for the total score (p < 0.001).
11
Journal of Culture and Mental
Health, 5(2), pp. 94-108.
37
38
39
with lower education.
Validation sample: 248
university students (57.5%
females and 42.5% males).
Their mean age was 20
years. WHO-5 used here.
Lebanon
N = 62
30 women and 32 men
recruited through flyers
around the university of
Osnabrück. Mean age was
32.7 years (range 14 to 57
years)
BAUMANN, N., KASCHEL,
Stress
R. and KUHL, J., 2005.
Striving for Unwanted Goals:
Stress-Dependent
Discrepancies Between
Explicit and Implicit
Achievement Motives Reduce
Subjective Well-Being and
Increase Psychosomatic
Symptoms. Journal of
personality and social
psychology, 89(5), pp. 781799
Three studies investigated
the relevance of affect
regulation, stressful life
events, and congruence
between explicit
achievement orientation
and implicit achievement
motive for subjective wellbeing and symptom
formation.
BECH, P., ANDERSEN, M.B., Stress
BECHANDERSEN, G.,
TONNESEN, S.,
AGNARSDOTTIR, E. and
BORG, V., 2005. Workrelated stressors, depression
and quality of life in Danish
managers. European
Psychiatry, 20(Suppl3), pp.
S318-S325.
COLE, R., HAYES, B.,
Stress
JONES, D. and SHAH, S.,
Sep 2013. Coping strategies
used by school staff after a
crisis: A research note.
Journal of Loss and Trauma,
18(5), pp. 472-481.
By use of valid
questionnaires to
investigate work-related
stress and distress in
Danish managers
N = 2198
(1256 former and 942 active
managers)
To begin to explore the
coping strategies used by
school staff after a crisis
event, and to investigate
measures that might prove
valuable for future
research.
N=7
Staff in schools that had
received support for a crisis
or critical incident from the
Kent Educational Psychology
Service within the last 2
years.
Germany
Denmark
Israel
40
DRESSING, H., BAILER, J.,
Stress
To determine the
N = 6379
Subjective well-being was assessed by
four items of the five-item
well-being index proposed by the
World Health Organization (WHO,
1998). Participants were asked to
indicate how each of the statements
applied to them “right now” (instead of
“during the last two weeks”). Example
items are the following: “I feel cheerful
and in good
spirits”; “I feel calm and relaxed.” (The
item “I woke up feeling fresh and rested”
was not appropriate for our focus on
momentary well-being.)
Internal consistency was .80.
WHO-5 coefficient of homogeneity =
0.69 (0.40 or higher indicate acceptable
scalability).
Decreased quality of life (WHO-5 score
< 13): Former managers: 37.2 %. Active
managers: 27.3 %
Very different levels of well-being were
reported. Clearly, these cannot be
attributed to experiencing critical events
necessarily, but in both cases where a
low level of well-being was reported,
there was also a relatively high level of
reported reactions to the critical event. In
the case of Participant 4, however, a
high level of event impact was
associated with a more positive level of
well-being.
WHO-5 mean score:
12
41
42
43
ANDERS, A., WAGNER, H.
and GALLAS, C., 2014.
Cyberstalking in a large
sample of social network
users: prevalence,
characteristics, and impact
upon victims.
Cyberpsychology, behavior
and social networking, 17(2),
pp. 61-67.
DRESSING, H., KUEHNER,
Stress
C. and GASS, P., 2005.
Lifetime prevalence and
impact of stalking in a
European population:
epidemiological data from a
middle-sized German city.
The British journal of
psychiatry : the journal of
mental science, 187, pp. 168172.
FEICHT, T., WITTMANN, M., Stress
JOSE, G., MOCK, A., VON
HIRSCHHAUSEN, E. and
ESCH, T., 2013. Evaluation
of a seven-week web-based
happiness training to improve
psychological well-being,
reduce stress, and enhance
mindfulness and flourishing: a
randomized controlled
occupational health study.
Evidence-based
complementary and
alternative medicine : eCAM,
2013, pp. 676953.
GAO, J., WEAVER, S.R.,
Stress
DAI, J., JIA, Y., LIU, X., JIN,
K. and FU, H., 2014.
Workplace social capital and
mental health among Chinese
employees: a multi-level,
cross-sectional study. PloS
one, 9(1), pp. e85005.
prevalence of
cyberstalking victimization,
characteristics of victims
and offenders, and the
impact of cyberstalking on
the victims' well-being and
mental health
Members of a German social
internet network
Victims of cyberstalking: 11.47
Non-victims: 13.38
To study both lifetime and
point prevalence of
stalking and the
behavioural and
psychological
consequences for the
victims
N = 679
400 women, 279 men
Random sample from the
population of Mannheim
An examination of the
impact of a web-based
happiness training on
psychological and
physiological parameters,
by self-report and objective
means, in an occupational
health setting
N = 147
See article table p. 7 under QoL
German-speaking, employed,
adult volunteers from 2
departments of a local
insurance company with a
total of 4330 Employees.
To examine the
association between
workplace
social capital and health
status among Chinese
employees in a large,
multilevel, cross-sectional
study.
N = 2,796
Employees identified from 35
workplaces in Shanghai
during March to November
2012
Germany
WHO-5 score of stalking victims was
11.2, s.d.=6.4 whereas the score of nonvictims was 15.6, s.d.=5.6
Germany
Germany
China
In total, 34.9% of workers reported poor
mental health (WHO-5,13). After
controlling for individual-level
sociodemographic and lifestyle
variables, compared to workers with the
highest quartile of personal social
capital, workers with the third, second,
and lowest quartiles exhibited 1.39 to
3.54 times greater odds of poor mental
13
health.
44
45
46
47
HANLEY, A., GARLAND, E.L. Stress
and BLACK, D.S., Mar 2014.
Use of mindful reappraisal
coping among meditation
practitioners. Journal of
clinical psychology, 70(3), pp.
294-301.
HAYASHINO, Y.,
Stress
UTSUGIOZAKI, M.,
FELDMAN, M.D. and
FUKUHARA, S., 2012. Hope
modified the association
between distress and
incidence of self-perceived
medical errors among
practicing physicians:
Prospective cohort study.
PLoS ONE, 7(4), pp. Art
e35585-7.
IRELAND, M.J., Dec 2013.
Stress
Meditation and psychological
health: Modeling theoretically
derived predictors,
processes, and outcomes.
Mindfulness, 4(4), pp. 362374.
JUNG,J., ERNSTMANN,N.,
Stress
NITZSCHE,A., DRILLER,E.,
KOWALSKI,C., LEHNER,B.,
STIELER-LORENZ,B.,
FRIEPORTNER,K.,
SCHMIDT,A., PFAFF,H.
2012. Exploring the
association between social
capital and depressive
symptoms: results of a survey
in German information and
To examine whether
coping through mindful
reappraisal would be
common among
mindfulness practitioners
from an array of traditions.
N = 118
69 female, 40 male, 9
undisclosed
Meditation practitioners
To evaluate the
relationship between
medical errors, hope and
burnout among practicing
physicians.
N = 836
Hospital-based physicians
practising in Japan
To uncover fundamental
aspects of variability in
meditation
practice; test the role of
several primary and
secondary processes
believed to be responsible
for positive effects, and to
explore a range of positive
and negative outcomes
believed to be closely
laigned with the original
intended outcomes of
meditation practices.
To examine the
association between social
capital at
work and depressive
symptoms in employees.
N = 1,120
meditation practitioners
See article table pp. 298-99 under 'well
being'
USA
Physicians who have low levels of hope
are more likely to report self-perceived
errors than those with average or high
levels of hope
Japan
See article tables.
59 countries
N = 328
employees from six
companies in the German
information and
communication technology
sector
See article Table 3
Germany
14
48
49
50
51
52
communication technology
companies. Journal of
Occupational and
Environmental Medicine, 54
(1), 23-29.
KERPER, L.F., SPIES, C.D.,
LOSNER, M., SALZ, A.,
TAFELSKI, S., BALZER, F.,
WEISGERLACH, E.,
NEUMANN, T., LAU, A.,
GLAESMER, H., BRAHLER,
E. and KRAMPE, H., 2012.
Persistence of psychological
distress in surgical patients
with interest in
psychotherapy: Results of a
6-month follow-up. PLoS
ONE, 7(12), pp. Art e51167.
KOPP, M.S., STAUDER, A.,
PUREBL, G., JANSZKY, I.
and SKRABSKI, A., 2008.
Work stress and mental
health in a changing society.
European journal of public
health, 18(3), pp. 238-244.
KUEHNER, C., GASS, P. and
DRESSING, H., 2012.
Mediating effects of stalking
victimization on gender
differences in mental health.
Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 27(2), pp. 199-221.
LEE, K.H., KIM, J.E., KIM,
Y.K., KANG, D.M., YUN,
M.J., PARK, S.G., SONG,
J.S. and LEE, S.G., 2013.
Long working hours and
emotional well-being in
korean manufacturing
industry employees. Annals
of occupational and
environmental medicine,
25(1), pp. 38-4374-25-38.
LUNAU, T., BAMBRA, C.,
EIKEMO, T.A., VAN DER
Stress
Stress
Stress
Stress
Stress
To investigate whether
self-reported psychological
distress and alcohol use
problems of surgical
patients change between
preoperative baseline
assessment and postoperative 6-month followup examination.
N = 1,157
(4,568)
Patients from surgical fields
To analyze the association
between work-related
factors and self-reported
mental and physical health
after controlling for
negative affect and hostility
as personality traits
To investigate gender
differences in mental
health and possible
mediating effects of
stalking victimization in a
community sample
N = 5863
Economically active
Hungarians (Hungarostudy
2002)
To assess the impact of
long work hours on
emotional well-being.
amongst Korean
employees
To determine the
association between a
See article Table 2, Table 4, and Table 5
Germany
See Table 1, and Table 3.
(Modified WHO-5 version)
Hungary
N = 665
Postal survey of community
residents on the experience
of stalking and various mental
health indicators
Germany
N = 993
Employees of manufacturing
industry
South Korea
N = 24,096
Employees in 27 European
In the present sample the internal
consistency of the WHO-5 amounted to
α = 90.
See article Table 2, and Table 3.
Regarding WHO-5, the reference group
turned out to be the largest where
52.4% scored between 51–100 points,
while 23.3% scored between 29–50
points and was identified as a low-mood
group and 17.2% scored 28 points or
less and was identified as a possible
depression group.
By using data from the EWCS, we were
able to conduct analyses for work–life
15
WEL, K.A. and DRAGANO,
N., 2014. A balancing act?
Work-life balance, health and
well-being in European
welfare states. European
journal of public health, .
53
54
55
56
MARTOS, T. and KOPP,
M.S., 2012. Life goals and
well-being: Does financial
status matter? Evidence from
a representative Hungarian
sample. Social Indicators
Research, 105(3), pp. 561568.
MERGLEN, A., FLATZ, A.,
BELANGER, R.E.,
MICHAUD, P.A. and SURIS,
J.C., 2014. Weekly sport
practice and adolescent wellbeing. Archives of Disease in
Childhood, 99(3), pp. 208210.
MUNIR, F., NIELSEN, K.,
GARDE, A.H., ALBERTSEN,
K. and CARNEIRO, I.G.,
2012. Mediating the effects of
work-life conflict between
transformational leadership
and health-care workers' job
satisfaction and psychological
wellbeing. Journal of nursing
management, 20(4), pp. 512521.
NIELSEN, K. and DANIELS,
K., 2012. Does shared and
differentiated transformational
leadership predict followers'
working conditions and well-
poor work–life balance and countries
poor health across a
variety of European
countries and to explore
the variation of work–life
balance between
European countries.
Stress
balance and health in 27 European
countries. Multilevel models were
applied to take account of the
hierarchical structure of the data. The
sample was large enough to conduct
multivariate statistical analyses with
appropriate confounder control.
Although the health measures used in
the analyses are self reported, it was
shown that the WHO-5 index is an
appropriate screening instrument for
depressive disorders in epidemiological
studies.
N/A
To analyze the role of
financial status (income)
and subjective financial
status in association with
indicators of well-being
N = 4,841
Hungarian speaking adult
residents (Hungarostudy)
Stress
To determine sport
durations that were
associated with poor
wellbeing.
N = 1245
Adolescents (16–20 years)
from the general Swiss
population
Switzerland
The means of WHO-5 Well-Being
Index were 15.95 in the low group,
17.58 in the average group,18.13 in the
high group and 17.00 in the very high
group.
Stress
To explore the mediating
effects of work–life conflict
between transformational
leadership and job
satisfaction and
psychological wellbeing.
N = 188
Staff working within Danish
elderly care
Well-being at follow-up, mean (SD):
67.63
To examine how grouplevel and differentiated
transformational leadership
shape followers'
perceptions of their
N = 425 (employees) / 56
(leaders)
Leaders and their employees
from two large Danish
companies
Stress
Hungary
Denmark
See article Table 1, Table 2, Table 3,
and
Table 4
16
being? The Leadership
Quarterly, 23(3), pp. 383-397.
57
58
59
60
NIELSEN, K. and RANDALL,
R., 2012. The importance of
employee participation and
perceptions of changes in
procedures in a teamworking
intervention. Work & Stress,
26(2), pp. 91-111.
Stress
PANICKER, N.R., SHARMA,
P.N. and AL-DUWAISAN,
A.R., 2008. Psychological
distress and associated risk
factors in bronchial asthma
patients in Kuwait. Indian
journal of medical sciences,
62(1), pp. 1-7.
Stress
SANDERS, K.M., STUART,
A.L., WILLIAMSON, E.J.,
JACKA, F.N., DODD, S.,
NICHOLSON, G. and BERK,
M., 2011. Annual high-dose
vitamin D3 and mental wellbeing: randomised controlled
trial. The British journal of
psychiatry : the journal of
mental science, 198(5), pp.
357-364.
Stress
SAXENA, P. and
MEHROTRA, S., Sep 2010.
Emotional disclosure in dayto-day living and subjective
well being. Psychological
Studies, 55(3), pp. 208-218.
Stress
working conditions and
individual subjective wellbeing
To examine the links
between pre-intervention
working conditions and
well-being, levels of
participation in planning
and implementation,
employees’ reports of
changes in procedures,
and intervention outcome
To find the extent of
psychological distress and
associated risk factors in
bronchial asthma patients
in Kuwait
Denmark
N = 447
(447 pre-intervention, 274
post-intervention)
Staff from two Danish elder
care centres
Denmark
N = 204
Patients at Kuwait's allergy
center (moderate-to-severe
asthma or allergic
rhinitis)/healthy controls
Kuwait
To examine if vitamin D
supplementation has a
beneficial effect on mood
in community-dwelling
older women; if a single
annual large dose of
vitamin D has a role in the
prevention of depressive
symptoms; and if there is
an association between
serum 25-hydroxyvitamin
D levels and mental health.
To explore the association
of emotional disclosure
with selected
intrapersonal and
interpersonal variables and
their role in prediction of
Affective well-being mean (SD):
Pre-intervention: 66.47 (17.21)
Post-intervention: 67.63 (15.76)
N = 2258
Randomly selected subset of
Community dwelling women
aged > 70 with an identified
risk factor for hip fracture
and/or at high risk of low
vitamin D and osteoporosis
A significantly large proportion (69%) of
patients were found to be
psychologically distressed, compared to
24% among controls (P < 0.001,
OR = 7.5; 95% CI: 4-14). As many as
83.3% of cases, in the younger (20-30
years) age group, were distressed (P <
0.044), compared to other age groups. A
declining trend in proportion of
distressed cases with increasing age
was observed (P < 0.013). A higher
proportion of females (73.8%) and
Kuwaitis (71.6%) with distress were
observed, both among cases and
controls.
See Table 1, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4 (a)
Australia
N = 209
Males and females between
21 and 60 years of age with
minimum 12 years of formal
education who could speak
English or Hindi
WHO-5 score:
Mean (SD): 17.50 (4.64)
Cronbach's alpha was 0.92
17
61
SCHUTTE, S., CHASTANG,
J.F., MALARD, L., PARENTTHIRION, A., VERMEYLEN,
G. and NIEDHAMMER, I.,
2014. Psychosocial working
conditions and psychological
well-being among employees
in 34 European countries.
International archives of
occupational and
environmental health, .
Stress
62
SKRABSKI, A., KOPP, M.,
ROZSA, S., RETHELYI, J.
and RAHE, R.H., 2005.
Life Meaning: An
Important Correlate
Stress
63
STIEGER, S., BURGER, C.
and SCHILD, A., 2008.
Lifetime prevalence and
impact of stalking:
Epidemiological data from
Eastern Austria. European
Journal of Psychiatry, 22(4),
pp. 235-241.
Stress
64
BECH, P., HANSEN, H.V.
And KESSING, L.V., 2006.
The internalising and
externalising dimensions of
affective symptoms in
depressed (unipolar) and
bipolar patients.
Depression
subjective well being in
day-to-day living.
To explore the
associations between
psychosocial working
conditions and
psychological well-being
among employees in 34
European countries.
Another objective was to
examine whether these
associations varied
according to occupation
and country
To examine whether
Meaning in life has an
influence on health
status in the Hungarian
population
India
N = 33,443
(16,512 men and 16,931
women) 34 European
countries
See article Table 1
(EU27, Norway, Croatia, the
Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Turkey, Albania,
Montenegro, and Kosovo)
N = 12,640
Hungarian participants in
HungaroStudy 2002
In the total sample of individuals after
controlling for gender, age, and
education, life meaning scores showed
strong correlations with the World Health
Organization well-being scale, with selfHungary
rated absence of depression, with selfrated health, and with self-rated
absence of disability
To investigate the
N = 400
The WHO-5 Well-Being Index score of
prevalence and impact of
Persons living in Vienna and stalking victims was significantly poorer
stalking in a general
surrounding Eastern Austrian than that of participants with no prior
population sample
areas found through personal stalking experience (x = 12.8 ± 5.1 vs. x
= 15.3 ± 4.7; t[372] = 3.18, p = 0.002;
contacts
medium effect size Cohen’s d = 0.51).
Austria
On the categorical level, 52% of the
victims and 27% of the non-victims
scored in the pathological range of 12
and below (χ2 [1] = 11.4, p = 0.001),
which is
in line with the data reported by
Dressing et al. (57% v. 27%).
No significant differences in stalking and
well-being between rural and urban
areas.
To analyse the
N = 458
WHO-5 scores (SD):
internalising and
244 unipolars and 214
Depressives: 50.02 (26.51), p ≤ 0.01
externalising dimensions of bipolars + control group
Bipolars: 58.83 (25.52), p ≤ 0.01
affective states in
Patients with unipolar or
Female Depressives: 49.4 (26.4), p ≤
depressed (unipolar)
bipolar disorder - identified by 0.01
and bipolar patients
the Danish Psychiatric
Female Bipolars: 59.6 (26.2), p ≤ 0.05
approximately 2 years after Central Research Register
Controls: 66.9 (19.5)
18
65
66
67
68
Psychotherapy and
psychosomatics, 75(6), pp.
362-369.
BLOM, E.H., BECH, P.,
HOGBERG, G., LARSSON,
J.O. and SERLACHIUS, E.,
2012. Screening for
depressed mood in an
adolescent psychiatric
context by brief selfassessment scales--testing
psychometric validity of
WHO-5 and BDI-6 indices by
latent trait analyses. Health
and quality of life outcomes,
10, pp. 149-7525-10-149.
BOLIER, L., HAVERMAN, M.,
KRAMER, J., WESTERHOF,
G.J., RIPER, H., WALBURG,
J.A., BOON, B. and
BOHLMEIJER, E., 2013. An
internet-based intervention to
promote mental fitness for
mildly depressed adults:
randomized controlled trial.
Journal of medical Internet
research, 15(9), pp. e200
BOYER, P.; Montgomery,S.;
Lepola,U.; Germain,J.M.;
Brisard,C.; Ganguly,R.;
Padmanabhan,S.K.;
Tourian,K.A, 2008.Efficacy,
safety, and tolerability of
fixed-dose desvenlafaxine 50
and 100 mg/day for major
depressive disorder in a
placebo-controlled trial.
Int.Clin.Psychopharmacol.,23,
5, 243-253,
ELLERVIK, C., KVETNY, J.,
CHRISTENSEN, K.S.,
VESTERGAARD, M. and
BECH, P., 2014. Prevalence
of depression, quality of life
and antidepressant treatment
Depression
discharge from psychiatric
hospitals in Denmark.
Denmark
To test the psychometric
validity of WHO-5 and BDI6 in the adolescent
psychiatric context
N = 66
Adolescent (aged 14-18)
patients diagnosed with major
depressive disorder
Sweden
Depression
Depression
Depression
WHO-5 is psychometrically applicable in
an adolescent psychiatric context of
clinically depressed teenagers to assess
the dimension of wellness. The WHO-5
scale has the advantage of a
salutogenic approach and could be used
as an initial screening instrument for
depressed mood in a clinical context.
To study the clinical effects
of a fully automated selfhelp intervention (Psyfit) in
mild to moderately
depressed adults in the
general population seeking
self-help.
N = 284
Completers-only Baseline mean WHO-5
(284 at baseline)
score: Psyfit: 11.27, control: 11.45
Mild to moderately depressed 6-month WHO-5 score: Psyfit 12.72: ,
adults in the general
control: 12.59
population seeking self-help
To assess the efficacy,
safety, and tolerability of
desvenlafaxine 50 and 100
mg/day for major
depressive disorder
N = 483
Outpatients with Major
depressive disorder
To evaluate the point
prevalence of ICD-10
depression and to describe
the prevalence of
antidepressants received
by the respondents in the
N = 14787
Participants in a Danish
general suburban population
study
The Netherlands
The overall well-being measured by total
WHO-5 score showed significant
improvements for both doses (50 mg,
P=0.006; 100 mg, P<0.001).
South Africa, Croatia,
Estonia, Finland, France,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Romania, and Slovakia
Denmark
The mean WHO-5 score decreased
significantly across the different ICD-10
depression categories ( P 0.01) from no
depression (60.4), mild (28.7), moderate
(22.9) and severe (16.5).
Using the WHO-5 as a measure of
19
69
70
71
72
in the Danish General
Suburban Population Study.
Nordic journal of psychiatry, .
GESUS study and the
correspondence to their
subjective well-being on
the WHO-5 questionnaire.
GROSSE HOLTFORTH M et Depression
al 2012 Fostering Cognitiveemotional processing in the
treatment of depression: A
preliminary investigation in
exposure-based cognitive
therapy: Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics;81:259–260
GUICO-PABIA, C.J.,
Depression
FAYYAD, R.S. and SOARES,
C.N., 2012. Assessing the
relationship between
functional
impairment/recovery and
depression severity: a pooled
analysis. International clinical
psychopharmacology, 27(1),
pp. 1-7.
To assess the
generalizability of EBCT in
a sample of depressed
Swiss outpatients
N = 21 (completers)
Depressed Swiss outpatients
To explore the relationship
between measures of
functional impairment and
depression symptom
severity, aiming to define a
clinically relevant treatment
effect on the SDS and
WHO-5 which could be
equivalent to a standard
definition of clinical
effectiveness in the
treatment of patients with
MDD.
To determine whether
single items and two-item
combinations of the WHO5 will suffice when
screening for depression in
primary care
N = 3530
Outpatients with major
depressive disorder enrolled
in 10 desvenlafaxine clinical
trials
Intervention group:
Baseline: 23.6
End point (8 weeks): 50.8
N = 431
Primary care patients (18
facilities)
To assess and to compare
diagnostic accuracy of
three screening
questionnaires (Brief
Patient Health
Questionnaire, General
Health Questionnaire-12,
WHO-5) in identifying
N = 448
Primary care patients (18
facilities)
Single items proved rather inadequate.
Only marginal differences in
performance were found between two
questions and the longer screening
instrument with respect to major
depression, dysthymia and “any
depressive disorder”. Only marginal
differences were found for the
performance of each possible two-item
combination of the WHO-5.
WHO-5 is superior in sensitivity and
false-negative rate, which can be
considered the most important aspects
for screening purposes. In addition, the
smaller value of the negative LR for
WHO-5 indicates greater diagnostic
ability as compared to the other two
screening tools. On the other hand,
HENKEL, V., MERGL, R.,
Depression
COYNE, J.C., KOHNEN, R.,
MOLLER, H.J. and HEGERL,
U., 2004. Screening for
depression in primary care:
will one or two items suffice?
European archives of
psychiatry and clinical
neuroscience, 254(4), pp.
215-223.
HENKEL, V., MERGL, R.,
Depression
KOHNEN, R., ALLGAIER, A.., MOLLER, H.-. and
HEGERL, U., 2004. Use of
brief depression screening
tools in primary care:
Consideration of
heterogeneity in performance
positive wellbeing demonstrated that for
people with a current depressive
episode, the WHO-5 sum score was
significantly lower among persons on
antidepressant medication than in those
not receiving antidepressants
Not reported
Switzerland
Control group:
Baseline: 26.3
USA and various international End point (8 weeks): 44.0
sites
P < 0.01
Germany
Germany
20
in different patient groups.
General hospital psychiatry,
26(3), pp. 190-198.
73
74
75
76
HENKEL, V., MERGL, R.,
KOHNEN, R., MAIER, W.,
MOLLER, H.J. and HEGERL,
U., 2003. Identifying
depression in primary care: a
comparison of different
methods in a prospective
cohort study. BMJ (Clinical
research ed.), 326(7382), pp.
200-201.
HENKEL, V.,
MOEHRENSCHLAGER, M.,
HEGERL, U., MOELLER,
H.J., RING, J. and WORRET,
W.I., 2002. Screening for
depression in adult acne
vulgaris patients: tools for the
dermatologist. Journal of
cosmetic dermatology, 1(4),
pp. 202-207
HOGBERG, G.,
GUSTAFSSON, S.A.,
HALLSTROM, T.,
GUSTAFSSON, T.,
KLAWITTER, B. and
PETERSSON, M., 2012.
Depressed adolescents in a
case-series were low in
vitamin D and depression
was ameliorated by vitamin D
supplementation. Acta
Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway :
1992), 101(7), pp. 779-783
KESSING, L., HANSEN, H.
and BECH, P., 2006. General
depression across various
patient subpopulations and
to assess the accuracy of
the unaided clinical
assessment of primary
care physicians in the
same subgroups.
Depression
Depression
Depression
Depression
specificity values indicate that there are
several patients screening positive on
both the WHO-5 and the GHQ-12 for
whom a diagnosis of depression could
not be confirmed by means of the CIDI
interview. The positive predictive value,
as well
as the positive LR, is more favourable
for the B-PHQ than for the other two
screening Instruments.
The sensitivity of the family doctor's
unaided clinical diagnoses was 0.65.
WHO-5 produced significantly greater
sensitivity (0.93) than the other
measures (GHQ-12 and B-PHQ). WHO5 showed a specificity of 0.64.
To compare two
approaches to diagnosing
depression in primary care:
routine screening or
evaluation when clinical
presentation triggers
suspicion of depression,
and to compare three
different screening tools for
use in primary care
To identify a screening tool
to identify depression in
adult acne patients
N = 431
Primary care patients (18
facilities)
N/A
WHO-5 outperformed HADS, B-PHQ
and GHQ-12 in terms of sensitivity as
well as taking least time to complete and
evaluate.
To study the relationship
between depression in
adolescents and vitamin D
in a case-series that
included effects of vitamin
D supplementation.
N = 54
Depressed adolescents
Basal 25 OHD levels correlated
positively with well-being at baseline
according to the WHO-5 score (r = 0.42,
p < 0.05) . After supplementation, no
correlation was observed. After vitamin
D supplementation, well-being increased
significantly (p < 0.001). No differences
between boys and girls or between
medicated and nonmedicated subjects
were found.
To investigate general
health and well-being
N = 493
Patients identified via the
Germany
Sweden
WHO-5 mean scores (SD):
Depressive disorder: 50.0 (26.2)
21
health and well-being in
outpatients with depressive
and bipolar disorders. Nordic
Journal of Psychiatry, 60(2),
pp. 150-156.
77
78
79
among patients with
depressive and patients
with bipolar disorders and
to relate these findings to
socio-demographic and
clinical variables.
KRIEGER, T.,
Depression
ZIMMERMANN, J.,
HUFFZIGER, S., UBL, B.,
DIENER, C., KUEHNER, C.
and GROSSE HOLTFORTH,
M., 2014. Measuring
depression with a well-being
index: further evidence for the
validity of the WHO WellBeing Index (WHO-5) as a
measure of the severity of
depression. Journal of
affective disorders, 156, pp.
240-244.
KROGH, J., SALTIN, B.,
Depression
GLUUD, C. and
NORDENTOFT, M., 2009.
The DEMO trial: A
randomized, parallel-group,
observer-blinded clinical trial
of strength versus aerobic
versus relaxation training for
patients with mild to moderate
depression. Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry, 70(6), pp.
790-800.
KUKREJA, B., DATTA, V.,
BHAKHRI, B.K., SINGH, P.
and KHAN, S., 2012.
Persistent postnatal
depression after preterm
Depression
Danish Psychiatric Central
Research Register as
diagnosed with depressive
disorder (258) or
mania/bipolar disorder (235)
at first ever discharge or at
the third discharge from a
psychiatric ward
Bipolar disorder: 57.6 (26.0)
The differences in general health (P =
0.1) and well-being (P = 0.4) between
patients with depressive and patients
with bipolar disorder were not
statistically significant.
The only significant associations were
between BDI-21 and general health and
Denmark
between BDI-21 and well-being.
To investigate the
N = 414
The WHO-5 demonstrated strong
measurement invariance of 1) Formerly depressed
measurement invariance regarding the
the WHO-5 across
outpatients and matched
presence or absence of a current MDE.
depressed and nonhealthy subjects.
The WHO-5 showed a very high
depressed individuals, as
2) Currently depressed
negative association with self- and
well as the shape and
outpatients as well as
observer-rated measures of depressive
specificity of its
remitted and never depressed symptoms, especially in the range of
relationship to measures of subjects recruited from the
mild to moderate symptoms. These
depression severity
community.
associations were still substaniated after
3) Currently depressed
controlling for measures of anxiety
outpatients from a major
symptoms
depression RCT
To assess the benefit and
harm of exercise training in
adults with clinical
depression
Germany
N = 165
Patients fulfilling ICD-10
criteria for unipolar
depression referred by
GP/psychiatrist
Denmark
To assess psychological
well-being and presence of
persistent postnatal
depression in mothers
after preterm delivery
N = 200
(100 subjects/100 controls)
Mothers of preterm (< 37
weeks of gestation) newborns
requiring at least 2 weeks of
Baseline (3 training groups), mean (SD):
Strength: 20 (12.3)
Aerobic: 20 (10.1)
Relaxation: 23 (11.5)
WHO-5 postintervention (4-month),
mean (SD):
Strength: 52.8 (21.8)
Aerobic: 41.7 (24.0)
Relaxation: 45.2 (20.8)
WHO-5 postintervention (12-month),
mean (SD)
Strength: 46.0 (26.1)
Aerobic: 46.9 (22.7)
Relaxation: 47.8 (23.4)
WHO-5 score less than 13 or a score of
0 or 1 in an item: 29 % in study group,
2% in control group
22
delivery. Archives of
Women's Mental Health,
15(1), pp. 73-74.
80
81
82
83
neonatal intensive care and
mothers of full-term healthy
babies
LIEBOWITZ, M.R., YEUNG,
Depression
P.P. and ENTSUAH, R.,
2007. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial
of desvenlafaxine succinate
in adult outpatients with major
depressive disorder. Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(11),
pp. 1663-1672.
LINNEN, H., KRAMPE, H.,
Depression
NEUMANN, T., WEISSGERLACH, E., HEINZ, A.,
WERNECKE, K.-. and
SPIES, C.D., 2011.
Depression and essential
health risk factors in surgical
patients in the preoperative
anaesthesiological
assessment clinic. European
journal of anaesthesiology,
28(10), pp. 733-741.
MARTINY, K., 2004.
Depression
Adjunctive Bright Light in
Non-Seasonal Major
Depression. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, 110(Supl425),
pp. 7-28.
MARTINY, K., LUNDE, M.,
and BECH,P. 2010.
Transcranial low voltage
pulsed electromagnetic fields
in patients with treatmentresistant depression.
Depression
Evaluation of the efficacy
and tolerability of
desvenlafaxine succinate
in the treatment of major
depressive disorder
India
N = 234
Adult outpatients with a
primary diagnosis of MDD
(DSM-V criteria)
WHO-5 mean score at baseline 6.6. For
completers at 8 weeks: Placebo group:
11.7, Desvenlafaxine group: 13.0
USA
To investigate the
frequency of
depression,essential
health risk factors and
hospital length of stay of
patients in preoperative
anaesthesiological
assessment
N = 5429
Patients in preoperative
anaesthesiological
assessment
To evaluate the capability
of bright light treatmentto
shorten the delay of the
onset of action of
antidepressive drug
treatment and to
investigatewhether an
earlier response can be
sustained throughout the
study period, thus leading
to a higher response and
remission Rate at endpoint.
To evaluate the
antidepressant effect of a
new principle using lowintensity transcranially
applied pulsed
electromagnetic fields (T-
N = 102
Patients with non-seasonal
major depression
29.7% showed WHO-5 scores ≤ 13,
indicating clinically relevant depressive
state, 70.3% had WHO-5 scores above
13, indicating positive well-being
Germany
Denmark
WHO-scores (Mean (SD)):
Baseline:
Dim light: 6.7 ( 3.2)
Bright light: 6.6 (3.2)
Week 5:
Dim light: 10.8 (2.9)
Bright light: 11.9 (2.5)
N = 50
Patients with treatmentresistant depression
Denmark
Results from the patient rated WHO-5
Index showed that the group treated
with active T-PEMF had an increase in
adjusted predicted scores (higher wellbeing), from baseline to end point, from
18.2 (11.4) to 41.4 (24.3) compared with
23
Biological Psychiatry, 68 (2),
pp. 163-169
84
85
86
87
MARTINY, K., LUNDE, M.,
Depression
UNDEN, M., DAM, H. and
BECH, P., 2005. Adjunctive
bright light in non-seasonal
major depression: Results
from patient-reported
symptom and well-being
scales. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, 111(6), pp.
453-459.
MARTINY, K., REFSGAARD, Depression
E., LUND, V., LUNDE, M.,
SORENSEN, L.,
THOUGAARD, B.,
LINDBERG, L. and BECH, P.,
Sep 2012. A 9-week
randomized trial comparing
chronotherapeutic
intervention (wake and light
therapy) to exercise in major
depressive disorder patients
treated with duloxetine.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
73(9), pp. 1234-1242.
MOLLER LEIMKUHLER,
A.M., HELLER, J. and
PAULUS, N.C., 2007.
Subjective well-being and
'male depression' in male
adolescents. Journal of
affective disorders, 98(1-2),
pp. 65-72.
Depression
MOLLERLEIMKUHLER, A.M. Depression
PEMF) in combination with
antidepressants in patients
with treatment-resistant
depression.
To test the efficacy of
bright light therapy asan
adjunct to antidepressant
treatment (sertraline) in
patients with non-seasonal
major depression.
To investigate whether a
new chronotherapeutic
intervention combining
wake therapy with bright
light therapy and sleep
time stabilization could
induce a rapid and
sustained augmentation of
response and remission in
major depressive disorder
an increase in the sham-treated group
from 19.0 (12.6) to 31.6 (24.1). This
difference was not statistically significant
(p = 0.16).
N = 102
Patients with non-seasonal
major depression
Denmark
N = 75
Patients with DSM-IV Major
Depressive Disorder from
hospital in- and outpatient
departments and psychiatric
practices
Denmark
WHO-scores (Mean (SD)): Baseline:
Dim light: 6.7 ( 3.2)
Bright light: 6.6 (3.2)
Week 5:
Dim light: 10.8 (2.9)
Bright light: 11.9 (2.5)
Baseline-adjusted estimated mean
scores on the WHO-5, MDI, and SCL-92
scales were statistically significantly
improved in the wake therapy group
compared to the exercise group after the
intervention phase
Intervention group:
Baseline: 12.0
End point (9 weeks): 58.0
Control group:
Baseline: 18.0
End point (9 weeks): 50.0
To further validate the
concept of male
depression by obtaining
information on symptoms
reported by males and
analyzing the dimensional
structure of the Gotland
Scale of Male Depression.
N = 1004
Young men at registration for
military/alternative service
To assess general well-
N = 995
Germany
P < 0.05
WHO-Five mean score for all the male
adolescents (n = 1,004): 55.28. When
applying the WHO scoring for mental
vulnerability (raw score < 13), 44,2% of
the respondents appeared to be at risk
of depression. When this subgroup was
again screened for male depression with
the more specific Gotland Scale for Male
Depression, 35.2% of the adolescents
showed possible signs of male
depression. With respect to the total
sample, the Gotland Scale generates a
depression risk for 22.0% of the
respondents.
WHO-5 percentage (SD)
24
and YUCEL, M., 2010. Male
depression in females?
Journal of affective disorders,
121(1-2), pp. 22-29.
88
89
90
91
NEWNHAM, E.A., HOOKE,
G.R. and PAGE, A.C., 2010.
Monitoring treatment
response and outcomes
using the World Health
Organization's Wellbeing
Index in psychiatric care.
Journal of affective disorders,
122(1-2), pp. 133-138.
NEWNHAM, E.A., HOOKE,
G.R. and PAGE, A.C., 2010.
Progress monitoring and
feedback in psychiatric care
reduces depressive
symptoms. Journal of
affective disorders, 127(1-3),
pp. 139-146.
Depression
SINNOTT, C., QUIGLEY, F.
and MORRIS, M., 2014.
Promoting exercise in
patients with depression:
lessons learned from a brief
educational intervention. The
European journal of general
practice, 20(1), pp. 32-35.
Depression
SOARES, C.N.,
KORNSTEIN, S.G., THASE,
M.E., JIANG, Q. and GUICO-
Depression
Depression
being, the risk and the
symptoms of male
depression dependent on
biological sex and genderrole orientation on
instrumental (masculine)
and expressive (feminine)
personality traits in an
unselected community
sample of males and
females
To develop and evaluate
the effectiveness of a
feedback system
presenting feedback on
patient progress for group
therapy within psychiatric
inpatient settings suitable
for use in psychiatric
services.
To assess the clinical
validity of the WHO
Wellbeing Index WHO-5
for use as a measure of
individual treatment
response and outcome in
mental health care.
University students, mainly
from medical and dental
faculties
Germany
N = 1308
Inpatients and day patients at
a private psychiatric hospital
Australia
N = 318
Inpatients and day patients at
a private psychiatric hospital
(+ WHO-5 for 152
undergraduates participating
in a laboratory)
Australia
To evaluate a pragmatic
educational intervention
promoting exercise to a
group of patients
diagnosed with
depression, in a
community setting
N = 35
Patients with depression
enrolled via convenience
sampling from community
based psychiatry clinics
To evaluate the effects of
desvenlafaxine therapy on
functioning and well-being
N = 2913
Adult outpatients meeting
DSM-IV criteria for Major
Ireland
Males: 54.90 (20.36)
Females: 55.44 (20.67)
The level of general well-being in the
sample is similar for males and
females.It is significantly lower
compared to German population norms,
which are 77.00 (13.67) for men < 40
years and 74.47 (13.92) for women < 40
years (p=0.001)
The mean WHO-5 score for all patients
at Day1 of therapy was 8.45 (SD=5.31),
11.26 (SD=5.73) at Day 3,11.94
(SD=6.0) at Day 5, 13.31 (SD=5.17) at
Day 7, and 13.65 (SD=5.84) at Day 9
Significant improvement over time was
evident for both feedback conditions so
that on average, patients improved in
well-being as a result of therapy
(F(1,569)=237.1, p<0.001).There was no
significant difference in wellbeing scores
at Day 9 between feedback conditions
for those patients on track or not on
track (F(1,569)=1.14, p=0.287). Thus
feedback to staff and patients about
scores on the WHO-5 did not
significantly improve patients' wellbeing
by Day 9.
Two-thirds of the participants (n = 21)
scored less than 13 on WHO-5 at
baseline. 3 months after the intervention
(response rate 49%, n = 17), 9
participants had lower well-being scores,
6 had higher well-being scores and 2
were unchanged (mean pre-intervention
score 10.1, mean post-intervention
score 9.76).
Short-term treatment with
desvenlafiaxine was associated with
greater improvement compared with
25
PABIA, C.J., 2009. Assessing
the efficacy of desvenlafaxine
for improving functioning and
well-being outcome measures
in patients with major
depressive disorder: a pooled
analysis of 9 double-blind,
placebo-controlled, 8-week
clinical trials. The Journal of
clinical psychiatry, 70(10), pp.
1365-1371.
92
93
94
ZIERAU, F., BILLE, A.,
RUTZ, W. and BECH, P.,
2002. The Gotland Male
Depression Scale: a validity
study in patients with alcohol
use disorder. Nordic journal
of psychiatry, 56(4), pp. 265271.
in major depressive
disorder
Depressive Disorder
Europe, South Africa
Depression
AGGER, I., RAGHUVANSHI, Psychology
L., SHABANA, S., POLATIN,
P. and LAURSEN, L.K., 2009.
Testimonial therapy. A pilot
project to improve
psychological wellbeing
among survivors of torture in
India. Torture : quarterly
journal on rehabilitation of
torture victims and prevention
of torture, 19(3), pp. 204-217
BRASSAI, L., PIKO, B.F. and Psychology
STEGER, M.F., 2011.
Meaning in life: is it a
protective factor for
adolescents' psychological
health? International Journal
of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1),
pp. 44-51.
To compare the Gotland
Male Depression Scale to
the Major Depression
Inventory
N = 87
Male patients with alcohol
dependence disorder
Denmark
To improve psychological
N = 23
well-being in torture victims Torture survivors
in India
India
To examine meaning in life
as a protective factor in
Romanian adolescents.
Additionally, to provide a
novel, multidimensional
assessment of several
healthrelated variables
(substance abuse, health
risk behaviors,
psychological health), and
N = 1977
Secondary school students,
aged 15 to 19
Romania
placebo with respect to work, family
functioning and social functioning and
overall well-being in patients with Major
Depressive Disorder.
Predictor analysis: treatment effect of
desvenlafaxine compared with placebo
increased as patients became more
functionally impaired and decreased as
well-being baseline increased.
Younger age and Hispanic race/ethnicity
were found to be predictive of
improvements on WHO-5
Internal validity of WHO-5:
Cronbach's alpha = 0.88
Loevinger coefficient = 0.63
WHO-5 scores:
Patients receiving antidepressants,
N=7 (Mean ± SD):
49.1 ± 24.6
Patients not receiving antidepressants,
N=80 (Mean ± SD):
61.4 23.7
(not statistically significant)
Significant improvement in overall WHO5 score (Pre average: 7.7; Post average:
14.9)
Cronbach’s alpha was 0.70 in this
sample.
Psychological well-being (%)
Low (≤11):
Males: 35.8; Females: 58.5
High:
Males: 64.2, Females: 41.5
26
95
96
97
CARLI, V., WASSERMAN,
Psychology
C., WASSERMAN, D.,
SARCHIAPONE, M., APTER,
A., BALAZS, J., BOBES, J.,
BRUNNER, R., CORCORAN,
P., COSMAN, D.,
GUILLEMIN, F., HARING, C.,
KAESS, M., KAHN, J.P.,
KEELEY, H., KERESZTENY,
A., IOSUE, M., MARS, U.,
MUSA, G., NEMES, B.,
POSTUVAN, V., REITERTHEIL, S., SAIZ, P., VARNIK,
P., VARNIK, A. and HOVEN,
C.W., 2013. The saving and
empowering young lives in
Europe (SEYLE) randomized
controlled trial (RCT):
methodological issues and
participant characteristics.
BMC public health, 13, pp.
479-2458-13-479.
DENNY, S., DE SILVA, M.,
Psychology
FLEMING, T., CLARK, T.,
MERRY, S., AMERATUNGA,
S., MILFONT, T., FARRANT,
B. and FORTUNE, S.A.,
2014. The Prevalence of
Chronic Health Conditions
Impacting on Daily
Functioning and the
Association With Emotional
Well-Being Among a National
Sample of High School
Students. The Journal of
adolescent health : official
publication of the Society for
Adolescent Medicine, 54(4),
pp. 410-415.
GARDNER, B., CANE, J.,
Psychology
RUMSEY, N. and MICHIE,
to explore potential gender
differences regarding the
role of life meaning in
adolescent health.
To describe
methodological and field
procedures in the SEYLE
RCT among adolescents
as well as to present the
main characteristics of the
recruited sample
N = 12395
Adolescents from eleven
European countries
WHO-5 Cronbach's alpha: 0.799
To describe the prevalence
of self-reported chronic
health conditions among
high school students in
New Zealand, the extent to
which the condition
impacts on their activities
and socialization, and to
explore the association
between the level of
impact of the illness or
disability and the emotional
well-being of students with
chronic health conditions
N = 1628
Students with self-reported
chronic health conditions
among high school students
in a national survey
WHO-5 scores:
Mean = 16.5, SD = 5.6
Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89
To report pre–post
changes in Body Mass
N = 4,418
Health Trainer Service (HTS)
New Zealand
Students with a chronic health condition
that impacted on their socializaton had
the lowest well-being scores with a
mean of 12.89, followed by students with
chronic health conditions that impacted
on their activities (mean 14.89).
Students with CHC that did not impact
on socialization or activites: mean 16.86
WHO-5 raw score:
Baseline, M (SD): 11.71 (4.94)
27
98
99
100
101
S., Oct 2012. Behaviour
change among overweight
and socially disadvantaged
adults: A longitudinal study of
the NHS Health Trainer
Service. Psychology &
Health, 27(10), pp. 11781193.
ITO, K., MORIKAWA, S.,
Psychology
OKAMURA, T.,
SHIMOKADO, K. and
AWATA, S., 2014. Factors
associated with mental wellbeing of homeless people in
Japan. Psychiatry and clinical
neurosciences, 68(2), pp.
145-153.
KARREMAN, A. and
Psychology
VINGERHOETS, A.J.J.M.,
2012. Attachment and wellbeing: The mediating role of
emotion regulation and
resilience. Personality and
Individual Differences, 53(7),
pp. 821-826.
Index (BMI), associated
behaviours and cognitions
among NHS Health Trainer
service users who set
dietary or physical activity
goals during a 12-month
period.
Clients
3503 (79%) were female and
660 (17%) were of Asian or
Black ethnicities
This study aimed to
determine the frequency of
low mental well-being and
associated factors among
homeless people in Japan.
N = 423
Homeless persons (392 men
and 31 women) living in two
areas of Tokyo
MOMTAZ, Y.A., HAMID, T.,
Psychology
IBRAHIM, R., YAHAYA, N.
and CHAI, S.T., 2011.
Moderating effect of religiosity
on the relationship between
social isolation and
psychological well-being.
Mental Health, Religion &
Culture, 14(2), pp. 141-156.
To examine the
moderating effect of
religiosity on the
relationship between social
isolation and psychological
well-being among a
sample of 1415
community-dwelling older
Malay Muslims age 60
years and over
To examine whether the
relations between
organizational volunteering
and positive affect,
negative affect, and
resilience are modified by
OKUN, M.A., RIOS, R.,
CRAWFORD, A.V. and
LEVY, R., 2011. Does the
relation between volunteering
and well-being vary with
health and age? The
Psychology
UK
Japan
To obtain better insight into
the associations between
attachment styles and
psychological well-being,
by testing the possible
mediating roles of emotion
regulation (i.e., reappraisal
and suppression) and
resilience.
End point (post HTS), M (SD): 16.03
(4.48)
Mean difference (95% CI): 4.33 (4.00,
4.66)
P < 0.001
N = 632
Community sample (visitors
to a Dutch radio program
website who responded to an
invitation to participate in the
study by navigating to the
Tilburg University website
containing study materials.
Online questionnaires were
completed
The Netherlands
N = 1415
Elderly Malay Muslims
Investigation of the distribution of mental
Well-being scores on the WHO-5-J was
restricted to the 396 (93.6%) participants
with no missing values. The mean score
± SD was 11.81 ± 5.35. When a cut-off
criterion of 12/13 was used, the
frequency of low mental well-being was
57.1%.
WHO-5 mean (SD) 58.96 (18.78)
The mean of psychological well-being
was 62.3 (SD = 22.54)
Malaysia
N = 4,161
Cross-sectional data from the
2008 Arizona Health Survey
of residents 18 years old and
older
After recoding each item, item mean
scores were created. Higher scores
indicate greater positive affect. The
actual and potential minimum and
maximum values were 1 and
5,respectively. By and large, participants
28
International Journal of Aging
& Human Development,
72(3), pp. 265-287.
102
103
104
105
respondents’ age and
number of chronic health
conditions.
USA
PAXTON, R.J., MOTL,
R.W., AYLWARD, A. and
NIGG, C.R., Dec 2010.
Physical activity and
quality of life-The
complementary influence
of self-efficacy for
physical activity and
mental health difficulties.
International Journal of
Behavioral Medicine,
17(4), pp. 255-263.
REEVES, S Breakfast habits,
beliefs and measures of
health and wellbeing in a
nationally representative UK
sample. Appetite 60 (2013)
51–57
Psychology
To examine the roles of
self-efficacy and mental
health difficulties in the
physical activity and
QoL relationship and to
determine if
demographic
characteristics alter
these relationships
N = 196
Older adults from ten
organizational settings on
the island of Oahu in
Hawaii
US
Psychology
To report UK adult
breakfasting habits, beliefs
and the relationship of both
with measures of
personality, health and
wellbeing including
physical activity and body
mass index (BMI)
N = 1068
Nationally representative
sample of adults completing
internet survey
ROGERS, M.E., CREED,
P.A. and SEARLE, J., 2012.
Person and environmental
factors associated with wellbeing in medical students.
Personality and Individual
Differences, 52(4), pp. 472477.
SCHENSTROM, A.,
RONNBERG, S. and
BODLUND, O., 2006.
Mindfulness-based cognitive
attitude training for primary
care staff: A pilot study.
Complementary Health
Practice Review, 11(3), pp.
Psychology
Examination of important
N = 755
person and environment
Medical school students in
variables that might predict years 2-6
psychological well-being in
medical students
Australia
Psychology
To explore feasibility and
outcomes of a
mindfulness-based
cognitive attitude training
program for health care
personnel.
UK
N = 52
Staff from various categories
of caregivers within a primary
care setting
experienced moderately high levels of
positive affect (M = 3.69, SD = 0.69).
The internal consistency reliability for the
measure of positive affect, as estimated
by coefficient alpha, was .79.
Mean WHO-5: 14.06 (2.94)
Breakfasting frequency was found to
positively correlate with
conscientiousness (Rho 0.12), wellbeing
(Rho 0.16) and age (Rho 0.23; all pvalues < 0.01) and general health (Rho
0.15; p < 0.05). These findings indicate
that individuals who are more
conscientious and who score more
highly on the cognitive restraint scale
are more likely to have breakfast. Health
and wellbeing are also correlated (Rho
0.49;p < 0.05).
Extraversion, conscientiousness,
professional expectations and lifestyle
expectations were positively associated
with well-being, while academic stress
(as the strongest predictor), neuroticism,
and concern about debt were negatively
associated.
As a group, participants demonstrated
significant positive changes reflected in
all assessment scales after completing
the course
Sweden
29
144-152.
106
107
108
109
110
SKARET, E., BERG, E.,
RAADAL, M. and KVALE, G.,
2005. Factors related to
satisfaction with dental care
among 23-year olds in
Norway. Community dentistry
and oral epidemiology, 33(2),
pp. 150-157.
Psychology
SQUIRES, L.A., RUSH, F.,
Psychology
HOPKINSON, A. and VAL,
M., 2013. The physical and
psychological impact of using
a computer-based
environmental control system:
a case study. Disability and
rehabilitation.Assistive
technology, 8(5), pp. 434443.
TABOR, A.S. and MILFONT,
T.L., Jun 2013. Family social
support during the
predeparture period: The
experience of British
migrants. International
Journal of Psychology, 48(3),
pp. 291-299.
THEGE, B.K., BACHNER,
Y.G., KUSHNIR, T. and
KOPP, M.S., 2009.
Relationship between
meaning in life and
smoking status: Results
of a national
representative survey.
Addictive Behaviors,
34(1), pp. 117-120
Psychology
THEGE, B.K., STAUDER,
A. and KOPP, M.S., 2010.
Relationship between
Psychology
Psychology
Prevalence and distribution
of satisfaction with dental
care among 23-year olds
in Norway. Specifically,
possible characteristics
and experiences during
childhood and
adolescence associated
with dissatisfaction with
dental care at age 23
To evaluate a new
computer-based
environmental control
system, Subvenio, in terms
of its physical and
psychological impact in a
single case study of a 46year-old woman with a
severe physical disability,
tetraplegia
N = 666
23-year olds taken from a
random sample of
adolescents surveyed at age
18
To explore the action
stage, with a focus on the
stress, wellbeing, and
social support systems of
predeparture migrants who
were in the process of
moving between highincome countries.
To examine the
relationship between
life meaning and
smoking status in a
large national
representative sample.
A total of 12,643
people
were interviewed in the
Hungarostudy 2002
surve
To examine whether in
a relationship exists
between meaning in life
N = 95
British participants from
online forums for migrants to
New Zealand.
Being very dissatisfied associated with a
low score on general well-being,
previous experiences of pain and dislike
of the dentist
Norway
N=1
46-year-old woman with a
severe physical disability,
tetraplegia
High wellbeing was consistently
reported,suggesting that Subvenio use
did not change her wellbeing.
UK
Cronbach's alpha = 0.90
New Zealand
N = 12,643
Current and former
smoker
participants in
HungaroStudy 2002
See article Tables
Hungary
N = 3506
Current smokers from the
Hungarostudy 2002
See article Tables
30
meaning in life and
intensity of smoking: Do
gender differences exist?
Psychology & Health,
25(5), pp. 589-599
111
112
113
114
UTTER, J., DENNY, S.,
ROBINSON, E., FLEMING,
T., AMERATUNGA, S. and
GRANT, S., Nov 2013.
Family meals and the wellbeing of adolescents. Journal
of paediatrics and child
health, 49(11), pp. 906-911.
Psychology
WISMEIJER, A.A. and VAN
Psychology
ASSEN, M.A., 2013.
Psychological Characteristics
of BDSM Practitioners. The
journal of sexual medicine,
10(8), pp. 1943-1952.
WOOD, A., UTTER, J.,
Psychology
ROBINSON, E.,
AMERATUNGA, S.,
FLEMING, T. and DENNY,
S., 2012. Body weight
satisfaction among New
Zealand adolescents:
Findings from a national
survey. International Journal
of Adolescent Medicine and
Health, 24(2), pp. 161-167.
ZORN, B., AUGER, J.,
Psychology
VELIKONJA, V., KOLBEZEN,
M. and MEDEN-VRTOVEC,
H., 2008. Psychological
factors in male partners of
infertile couples: relationship
with semen quality and early
miscarriage. International
and intensity of
smoking as measured
by cigarettes smoked
per day and whether
there are gender
differences in this
respect
To describe the
relationships between
family meals and family
connectedness, parental
monitoring and parent–
child communication and
determines if frequent
family meals are
associated with better
mental well-being and
fewer risktaking
behaviours among
adolescents.
To compare scores of
BDSM practitioners and a
control group on various
fundamental psychological
characteristics
Hungarian representative
cross-sectional survey
To examine the prevalence
of, and the individual,
social, and familial factors
associated with, bodyweight satisfaction among
New Zealand male and
female adolescents
N = 9107
Students between the age of
12 and 18.
To evaluate whether
psychological factors in
males affect semen quality
and pregnancy.
N = 1076
Male infertility clinic
outpatients
Hungary
N = 9107
Secondary school students
The median score was 17. The mean
score was 16.6 (standard error 0.09).
New Zealand
N = 902
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Slovenia
WHO-5 mean scores (SD)
Submissive:14.54 (5.19)
Switching: 14.66 (5.04)
Dominant: 16.02 (4.94)
Controls: 13.69 (5.64)
The mean WHO-Five Well-being scores
were higher for both males (x = 18.28)
and females (x = 17.33) who reported
being happy with their weight, indicating
higher levels of mental and emotional
well-being compared with those males (x
= 15.30) and females (x = 13.01) who
were unhappy with their weight.
Indication of significant positive
relationship between the level of sperm
concentration and the WHO-5, whereas
no correlation was found between
psychological factors and sperm rapid
progressive motility and normal
morphology. Possible depression in
males is related to decreased sperm
31
journal of andrology, 31(6),
pp. 557-564
115
BECH, P., OLSEN, L.,
Clinical
KJOLLER, M. and
psychometrics
RASMUSSEN, N., 2003.
Measuring well-being rather
than the absence of distress
symptoms: A comparison of
the SF-36 mental health
subscale and the WHO-Five
well-being scale. International
Journal of Methods in
Psychiatric Research, 12(2),
pp. 85-91
116
BERG, E., GJENGEDAL, H.,
BERGE, M.E. and TROVIK,
T.A., 2012. Denture wearer's
perception of ambient care,
part 1: validation of a
preliminary scale. Acta
Odontologica Scandinavica,
70(6), pp. 622-628.
Clinical
psychometrics
117
BOYE, K., 2009. Relatively
different? How do gender
differences in well-being
depend on paid and unpaid
work in Europe? Social
Indicators Research, 93(3),
Clinical
psychometrics
concentration, and poor coping with
stress is associated with increased
occurrence of early miscarriage
To compare the WHO-5
N = 9542
Although the WHO-Five and the SF-36
and the SF-36 Mental
Danish general population.
mental health subscale were found to be
Health subscale in the
4681 males, 4924 females;
unidimensional, the WHO-Five had a
measurement of well-being mean age = 44.9 years, with significantly lower ceiling effect than the
a standard deviation of 16.9
mental health subscale.
years.
The analysis identified the three
depression symptoms in the mental
Denmark
health subscale as responsible for the
ceiling effect. The WHO-Five was also
found to be significantly superior to the
mental health subscale in terms of its
sensitivity in differentiating between
those persons whose health had
deteriorated over the past year and
those whose health had not.
In conclusion, the WHO-Five, which
measures psychological well-being,
reflects aspects other than just the
absence of depressive symptoms.
In this Danish population sample the
WHO-5 mean (SD): 68.7 (19.0)
(Males: 70.6 (18.2), Females: 66.9
(19.5)
To investigate if a
N = 117
It was hypothesized that the Ambient
preliminary Ambient Care
Patients who had received
Care Scale (ACS) would be unable to
Scale (ACS), intended to
complete dentures in both
distinguish between participants with
measure ambient care in
jaws in the period 1997–2005 high and low WHO-5-scores. If it were,
complete denture wearers, at Bergen School of Dentistry the ACS would merely be an expression
had acceptable reliability
of the patients’ psychological well-being.
and validity.
Norway
This hypothesis was confirmed by the
results indicating that the ACS was able
to distinguish between patients that are
overall satisfied or not satisfied with
ambient care, dentures or oral health.
The correlation between ACS and the
WHO-index was 0.06 (p = 0.48).
To investigate whether
N = 13425
In the present sample, Cronbach’s Alpha
absolute hours spent on
European men and women
is 0.82.
paid work and housework
involved in heterosexual
account for the lower well- relationships,
WHO-5 mean (SD):
being among women as
married/cohabiting,
All: 15.19 (5.01)
compared to men in
aged 20–65 and either
Women: 14.66 (5.26)
32
pp. 509-525.
118
119
CHATURVEDULA S, Joseph
C (2007) Dimensions of
psychological well-being and
personality in military aircrew:
A preliminary study Ind J
Aerospace Med 51(2), 2007
DE AZEVEDO-MARQUES,
J.M. and ZUARDI, A.W.,
2011. COOP/WONCA charts
as a screen for mental
disorders in primary care.
Annals of family medicine,
9(4), pp. 359-365.
Europe, and whether the
associations between wellbeing and hours of paid
work and housework differ
by gender attitudes and
social context
Clinical
psychometrics
Clinical
psychometrics
120
DYER K et al (2013)
Clinical
Development and
psychometrics
psychometrics of the five item
daily index in a psychiatric
sample
121
HALL, T., KRAHN, G.L.,
Clinical
HORNER-JOHNSON, W. and psychometrics
To identify the general
level of PWB in fifty (50)
military aircrew and to find
the association between
PWB and personality.
To evaluate the validity
and feasibility of the
COOP/WONCA Charts as
a mental disorders screen
by comparing them both
with other questionnaires
previously validated and
with the assessment of a
mental health specialist
using a structured
diagnostic interview.
To establish the Daily
Index-5 as a
psychometrically sound
and clinically valid
measure of treatment
response in psychiatric
care for use as a
companion measure with
the WHO-5 Wellbeing
Index
Via Expert Panel/Validity
panel with expertise in
employed or full-time
homemakers
Austria, Belgium, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary,
Iceland,Ireland, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia,Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
and the United Kingdom
N = 50
Air Force pilots (males)
Men. 15.96 (4.52)
No specific WHO-5 results listed
India
N = 180
Primary care patients
Brazil
ROC AUC (95% CI):
Any mental disorder: 0.90 (0.85-0.96)
Depressive disorders: 0.83 (0.75-0.91)
Anxiety Disorders: 0.76 (0.66-0.86)
Substance abuse/dependence: 0.67
(0.52-0.81)
WHO-5 performance at optimal cutoff
(11):
Total Accuracy: 0.85
Sensitivity: 0.77
Specificity: 0.89
Positive predictive value: 0.81
Negative predictive value: 0.87
N = 894
The DI-5 scores at admission, as
Inpatients and day-patients at expected of a measure of affective
a psychiatric facility
psychological distress, demonstrated
strong relationships with DASS Total
Australia
and SF-36 Mental Health subscales
(r=0.70 and 0.71,respectively). The
other subscales demonstrated a weaker
though still strong correlation with the
DI-5 (r=0.54–0.60 SF-36 Vitality and
WHO-5, respectively)
N/A
See article Table 1.
33
LAMB, G., 2011. Examining
functional content in widely
used health-related Quality of
Life scales. Rehabilitation
Psychology, 56(2), pp. 94-99.
122
123
124
HANSEN, T., LAMBERT,
H.C. and FABER, J., 2012.
Validation of the Danish
version of the McGill
Ingestive Skills Assessment
using classical test theory
and the Rasch model.
Disability and Rehabilitation:
An International,
Multidisciplinary Journal,
34(10), pp. 859-868.
HEUN, R., BURKART, M.,
MAIER, W. and BECH, P.,
1999. Internal and external
validity of the WHO WellBeing Scale in the elderly
general population. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
99(3), pp. 171-178.
Clinical
psychometrics
specific disabilities to
assess extent to which
generic QOL and HRQoL
scales include function in
assessment of health and
identify health assessment
items that are free of
functional content
A validation of the Danish
version of the MISA for
measurement of dysphagia
in frail elders
N = 110
In-patients > 65 years,
fulfilling 5 criteria for direct
swallowing evaluation
70 individuals (67 % of the sample,
n=105) had a WHO-5 score < 50 points
Denmark
Clinical
psychometrics
JANSSEN, M.F., PICKARD,
Clinical
A.S., GOLICKI, D., GUDEX,
psychometrics
C., NIEWADA, M.,
SCALONE, L., SWINBURN,
P. and BUSSCHBACH, J.,
Sep 2013. Measurement
properties of the EQ-5D-5L
compared to the EQ-5D-3L
across eight patient groups: A
multi-country study. Quality of
Life Research: An
International Journal of
Quality of Life Aspects of
To evaluate the validity of
the WHO Well-Being Scale
in elderly subjects and to
assess the influence of
demographic variables on
subjective quality of life
N = 254
Elderly subjects (> 60 years
from general population)
To assess the
measurement
properties of the 5-level
classification system of the
EQ-5D (5L), in comparison
with the 3-level EQ-5D (3L)
N = 3,919
Eight patient groups with
chronic conditions
(cardiovascular disease,
respiratory disease,
depression, diabetes, liver
disease, personality
disorders, arthritis, and
stroke) and a
student cohort
Germany
A sample of 254 elderly subjects
completed the 22-item WHO Well-Being
Scale. The scale had an adequate
internal and external validity. However,
the short 10-item and 5-item versions
were equally valid. Low scores indicating
decreased well-being were related to the
presence of a psychiatric disorder or,
independently, to poor living conditions.
The Well-Being Scale and their short
versions would appear to be useful
instruments for identifying subjects with
reduced subjective quality of life.
There is evidence of convergent validity
of 3L and 5L with the WHO-5. All
Spearman rank order coefficients for 3L
and 5L
comparisons with the five WHO-5 items
were significant
(p < 0.001).
Denmark, England, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, and
34
125
126
127
Treatment, Care &
Rehabilitation, 22(7), pp.
1717-1727.
LOVE, J., ANDERSSON, L.,
MOORE, C.D. and
HENSING, G., 2014.
Psychometric analysis of the
Swedish translation of the
WHO well-being index.
Quality of life research : an
international journal of quality
of life aspects of treatment,
care and rehabilitation, 23(1),
pp. 293-297.
LOWE, B., KROENKE, K.
and GRAFE, K., Feb 2005.
Detecting and monitoring
depression with a two-item
questionnaire (PHQ-2).
Journal of psychosomatic
research, 58(2), pp. 163-171.
Scotland
Clinical
psychometrics
To validate the Swedish
translation of the WHO
(Ten) and WHO (Five)
Well-Being Questionnaires
among three samples of
Swedes.
(1) N = 4,027
a randomized
general population cohort
(2) N = 3,310 employees
sicklisted
reported by the employer
(3) N = 498 selfcertified
sick-listed individuals
Sweden
Clinical
psychometrics
LOWE, B., SPITZER, R.,
Clinical
GRAFE, K., KROENKE, K.,
psychometrics
QUENTER, A., ZIPFEL, S.,
BUCHHOLZ, C., WITTE, S.
and HERZOG, W., 2004.
Comparative validity of three
screening questionnaires for
DSM-IV depressive disorders
and physicians' diagnoses.
Journal of affective disorders,
78(2), pp. 131-140
To evaluate the two-item
Patient Health
Questionnaire (PHQ-2) as
a measure for diagnosing
and monitoring depression.
N = 1619
Medical outpatients (aged 18
years or older, mean age 43
years, 64% female)
Germany
To determine the
comparative validity of the
Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale (HADS),
the WHO (five) Well Being
Index (WBI-5), the Patient
Health Questionnaire
(PHQ), and physicians’
recognition of depressive
disorders
N = 502
Medical department
outpatients, family practice
patients
Germany
Factor analysis revealed a
unidimensional factor structure for both
scales, and Cronbach’s alphas are very
good to excellent. The scales correlate
in the expected direction with almost all
of the adverse health conditions
considered.
Conclusions The Swedish translation of
the WHO (Ten) and WHO (Five) WellBeing Questionnaires is
psychometrically sound, but the first item
of both scales has weaker psychometric
qualities in comparison with other scale
items.
(In this study the WHO-5 first item
was negatively phrased)
The overall diagnostic accuracy of the
PHQ-2, measured as the AUC, was 0.90
for major depressive disorder and 0.89
for any depressive disorder. These
AUCs are similar to those of the HADS
(0.89 and 0.86, respectively) and of the
WHO-5 (0.91 and 0.88, respectively),
indicating that the overall diagnostic
accuracies of the PHQ-2, the HADS,
and the WHO-5 are comparable.
All depression scales showed excellent
internal consistencies (Cronbach’s a:
0.85–0.90). For ‘major depressive
disorder’, the operating characteristics of
the PHQ were significantly superior to
both the HADS and the WHO-5. For ‘any
depressive disorder’, the PHQ showed
again the best operating characteristics
but the overall difference did not reach
statistical significance at the 5% level.
Cut-off points that can be recommended
for the screening of ‘major depressive
disorder’ had sensitivities of 98% (PHQ),
94% (WHO-5), and 85% (HADS).
Corresponding specificities were 80%
(PHQ), 78% (WHO-5), and 76%
35
128
129
130
(HADS). In contrast, physicians’
recognition of ‘major depressive
disorder’ was poor (sensitivity, 40%;
specificity, 87%).
N = 191
The WHO-5 was found both internally
Persons 65 years of age or
and externally valid when considering
older from community centres decreased positive well-being to be an
and primary care centres
early indication of apathy reflecting that
the wind has begun to be taken out of
Spain
the “motivation sail.”.
LUCAS-CARRASCO, R.,
ALLERUP, P. and BECH, P.,
2012. The Validity of the
WHO-5 as an Early
Screening for Apathy in an
Elderly Population. Current
gerontology and geriatrics
research, 2012, pp. 171857.
MCDOWELL, I., 2010.
Measures of self-perceived
well-being. Journal of
psychosomatic research,
69(1), pp. 69-79.
Clinical
psychometrics
To evaluate the WHO-5 as
a new early screening
instrument for apathy in a
group of elderly persons
Clinical
psychometrics
A review of psychological
well-being
measures,tracing their
origins in alternative
conceptual approaches to
defining well-being. It
compares their
psychometric properties
and suggests how they
may be used
MERGL, R., SEIDSCHECK,
I., ALLGAIER, A.K.,
MOLLER, H.J., HEGERL, U.
and HENKEL, V., 2007.
Depressive, anxiety, and
somatoform disorders in
primary care: prevalence and
recognition. Depression and
anxiety, 24(3), pp. 185-195.
Clinical
psychometrics
To assess (1) prevalences N = 394
of depression alone and
Primary care outpatients
with comorbidity
Germany
(anxiety/somatoform
disorders) in primary care,
(2) coexistence of
anxiety/somatoform
disorders in depressive
patients, and (3) diagnostic
validity of two screeners
regarding depression with
versus without comorbidity.
N/A
Several studies have reported internal
consistency, with α coefficients ranging
from 0.82 to 0.95 [86–89]. Mokken
analysis demonstrates unidimensionality
[86,90]. Validity coefficients include
correlations with the Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale,
ranging from -0.4 to -0.67 [87,88].
Criterion validity has been assessed
against the DIA-X Structured Clinical
Interview (sensitivity, 82.5%, and
specificity, 70.3%, for detecting any
affective disorders [91]) and against the
Composite International Diagnostic
Because of its broad scope and general
statements, the WHO-5 achieves
sensitivity,but at the cost of lower
specificity [95]. The WHO-5 holds
considerable promise, and evidence for
its validity as an outcome measure is
beginning to collect
WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.90 and
a specificity of 0.63 at a cut-off point of ≤
13.
The screening questionnaires in this
study (GHQ-12; WHO-5) were
comparable regarding their diagnostic
validity for depression with and without
comorbidity. WHO-5 showed slightly
better AUC values than GHQ-12, but the
difference was not statistically
significant.
36
131
132
133
134
135
SAIPANISH, R., LOTRAKUL,
M. and SUMRITHE, S., 2009.
Reliability and validity of the
Thai version of the WHO-Five
Well-Being Index in primary
care patients. Psychiatry and
clinical neurosciences, 63(2),
pp. 141-146.
SCHUTTE, S., CHASTANG,
J.F., PARENT-THIRION, A.,
VERMEYLEN, G. and
NIEDHAMMER, I., 2014.
Social Inequalities in
Psychological Well-Being: A
European Comparison.
Community mental health
journal, .
TAGGART, F., FRIEDE, T.,
WEICH, S., CLARKE, A.,
JOHNSON, M. and
STEWART-BROWN, S.,
2013. Cross cultural
evaluation of the WarwickEdinburgh Mental Well-being
Scale (WEMWBS) --a mixed
methods study. Health and
quality of life outcomes, 11,
pp. 27-7525-11-27.
TENNANT, R., HILLER, L.,
FISHWICK, R., PLATT, S.,
JOSEPH, S., WEICH, S.,
PARKINSON, J., SECKER, J.
and STEWART-BROWN, S.,
2007. The WarwickEdinburgh Mental Well-being
Scale (WEMWBS):
development and UK
validation. Health and quality
of life outcomes, 5, pp. 63.
DE SOUZA, C.M. and
HIDALGO, M.P.L., 2012.
World Health Organization 5item well-being index:
Validation of the Brazilian
Portuguese version.
clinical
psychometrics
Examination of the
N = 274
reliability and validity of the Primary care outpatients
Thai version of the WHO-5
as a screening tool for
Thailand
major depression in
primary care patients
clinical
psychometrics
The objective was to
explore the educational
differences in
psychological well-being
N = 35,634
(15,362 men and 20,272
women)
31 European countries
Clinical
psychometrics
The Thai version of the WHO-5 showed
a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of
0.65 at a standard cut-off point of < 13
Apart from Norway (10.8 % for men;
17.7 % for women),the lowest
prevalence of poor psychological wellbeing (standard WHO-5 cutoff for poor
well-being) was found in the EU15 (18.6
% for men; 25.3 % for women) and the
highest in the three candidate countries
(44.7 % for men; 51.2 % for women).
N/A
Development and
validation of a new scale
comprised only of
positively worded items to
monitor mental well-being
at a population level
N = 335
Members of minority ethnic
groups (152 Chinese and 183
Pakistani)
Clinical
psychometrics
To describe the
development and
validation of the WarwickEdinburgh Mental WellBeing Scale (WEMWBS).
N/A
WHO-5 correlation with WEMWBS was
0.77; p < 0.01 (n = 79)
Clinical
psychometrics?
To evaluate the World
Health Organization 5-item
well-being index' (WHOFive (Brazilian Portuguese
version)) internal and
external validities, and
N = 1128
Rural Brazilian population
(German immigrant
descendants)
The mean WHO-Five score for the
sample was 18.34 ± 4.68 (73.37%). Men
(t = 4.94; P\0.001) and the oldest
category (F(4,1,123) = 5.04; P\0.001)
presented significantly
higher WHO-Five scores. The group
UK
Brazil
37
European archives of
psychiatry and clinical
neuroscience, 262(3), pp.
239-244.
accuracy in detecting
depression
BODIZS, R., SIMOR, P.,
CSOKA, S., BERDI, M. and
KOPP, M.S., 2008. Dreaming
and health promotion: A
theoretical proposal and
some epidemiological
establishments. European
Journal of Mental Health,
3(1), pp. 35-62
Psychiatry –
other
137
CLARKE A et al (2011)
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental
Well-being Scale
(WEMWBS): Validated for
teenage school students in
England and Scotland. A
mixed methods assessment
Psychiatry –
other
138
DOLEV, Z., 2011. Case
series of perimenopausal
women with insomnia treated
with mirtazapine followed by
prolonged-release melatonin
add-on and monotherapy.
Archives of women's mental
health, 14(3), pp. 269-273.
ELHOLM, B., LARSEN, K.,
HORNNES, N., ZIERAU, F.
and BECKER, U., 2011.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome:
Symptom-triggered versus
fixed-schedule treatment in
Psychiatry –
other
136
139
Psychiatry –
other
To examine the hypothesis
that dreams reflect the
affective concerns and
emotional balance of the
dreamer and that dreams
take part in the process of
emotional regulation by
creating narrative
structures and new
associations for memories
with emotional and
personal relevance and
giving birth to a reduced
emotional arousal or
balanced mood state
during post-dreaming
wakefulness
To establish the validity
and reliability of WEMWBS
in teenagers in the UK
To evaluate the effects of
prolonged-release
melatonin (PRM) add on to
mirtazapine in facilitating
mirtazapine withdrawal
(effects on sleep quality,
body weight and wellbeing)
To test the hypotheses that
a symptom-triggered selfmedication and selfmonitoring of AWS
(Alcohol Withdrawal
Syndrome) in outpatients
N = 5009
Subjects who answered the
Dream Recall Frequency
Scale as part of the
Hungarostudy 2002
aged between 46 and 55 years did not
differ from the others. Among men,
WHO-Five scores showed a U-shaped
progression, while
for women they increased with
increasing age
There is a particularly strong relationship
between the emotional aspects of
dreams and the well-being of the
individuals
(Modified WHO-5 version)
Hungary
N = 1650
(all questions answered:
1517)
School pupils aged 13 to 16
in 6 schools in England and
Scotland
UK
N = 11
Perimenopausal women
Israel
N = 153
Outpatients in alcohol
treatment
The correlation coefficient for WEMWBS
total score and the WHO-5 was 0.57
(95% CI [0.53; 0.61]).
WHO-5 score increase from 12.45 ± 0.8
(mean + SEM) at baseline to 19.45 ±
0.39 (of 24) when the treatment ended (t
test, P<0.01)
The WHO-5 well-being scale was easy
to administer for both staff and patients
Denmark
38
an outpatient setting. Alcohol
and Alcoholism, 46(3), pp.
318-323.
140
141
142
143
FARZANFAR, R., LOCKE,
S.E., HEEREN, T.C.,
STEVENS, A., VACHON, L.,
THI NGUYEN, M.K. and
FRIEDMAN, R.H., 2011.
Workplace
telecommunications
technology to identify mental
health disorders and facilitate
self-help or professional
referrals. American Journal of
Health Promotion, 25(3), pp.
207-216.
GRUEBNER, O., KHAN,
M.M., LAUTENBACH, S.,
MULLER, D., KRAMER, A.,
LAKES, T. and HOSTERT,
P., 2012. Mental health in the
slums of Dhaka - a
geoepidemiological study.
BMC public health, 12, pp.
177.
Psychiatry –
other
HENSING, G., HOLMGREN,
K. and MARDBY, A.C., 2011.
Harmful alcohol habits were
no more common in a sample
of newly sick-listed Swedish
women and men compared
with a random population
sample. Alcohol and
Alcoholism, 46(4), pp. 471477.
HOXMARK, E., WYNN, T.N.
and WYNN, R., 2012. Loss of
Psychiatry –
other
would reduce the intake of
medication and the
duration of symptoms,
prevent relapse and
increase patient
satisfaction compared with
a fixed-schedule
medication
To test the feasibility and
impact of an automated
workplace mental health
assessment and
intervention.
N = 164
intervention (N = 87) and
control (N =77)
Volunteers from Boston
Medical Center, Boston
University, and EMC and
other employed adults.
See article 'Table 3', p. 214
USA
Psychiatry –
other
Psychiatry other
Using a geoepidemiological approach,
to identify factors
contributing to the mental
well-being in the slums of
Dhaka
N = 1938
Slum resident adults (≥ 15
years) in Dhaka
To estimate harmful
alcohol habits in a sample
of incident sick-listed
individuals (ISS) compared
with a random sample from
the general population
(RPS) taking social
background, health and
work-related factors into
account
To study how participation
in activities influences well-
N = 2888 sick-leave
sample/3567 random
population sample
Bangladesh
Good mental well-being was found in
20% of the total population sample, n =
1,644 (WHO-5 score ≥ 13).
WHO-5 scores were positively
correlated with self-rated health
(Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.32, p
< 0.001).
WHO-5 scores were negatively
correlated with ‘having had a disease in
the three months preceding the survey’
(Pearson correlation coefficient = -0.24,
P < 0.001)
Not specified
Consecutive incident sickleave sample stating that they
had used alcohol within the
last 12 months
Sweden
N = 116
The WHO-5 was used as a continuous
Inpatients at substance abuse variable in the statistical analyses.
39
activities and its effect on the
well-being of substance
abusers. Scandinavian
journal of occupational
therapy, 19(1), pp. 78-83.
144
145
146
MARTIN, A., CHALDER, T.,
RIEF, W. and BRAEHLER,
E., 2007. The relationship
between chronic fatigue and
somatization syndrome: A
general population survey.
Journal of psychosomatic
research, 63(2), pp. 147-156.
WADE AG et al (2010)
Nightly treatment of primary
insomnia with prolonged
release melatonin for 6
months: a randomized
placebo controlled trial on
age and endogenous
melatonin as predictors of
efficacy and safety
Psychiatry –
other
WADE, A.G., CRAWFORD,
G., FORD, I.,
MCCONNACHIE, A., NIR, T.,
LAUDON, M. and ZISAPEL,
N., 2011. Prolonged release
melatonin in the treatment of
primary insomnia: evaluation
Psychiatry other
Psychiatry –
other
being among patients with
substance use disorders.
The authors examined the
number of past, recent,
and desired future
activities of patients being
admitted to five units for
inpatient substance abuse
treatment at a Norwegian
university hospital.
treatment units admitted for
substance abuse disorders
To assess the prevalence
of chronic fatigue (CF) and
its association with
somatization syndrome in
the general population.
N = 2412
Representative sample of the
German population
The study investigated
whether older age or low
melatonin excretion is a
better predictor of
response to PRM, whether
the efficacy observed in
short-term studies is
sustained during continued
treatment and the long
term safety of such
treatment
To further evaluate the age
cut-off for response to
PRM and the long-term
maintenance of efficacy
and safety by looking at
the total cohort and
subsets of patients aged
N = 791
On sleep latency, the effects of PRM (3
Adult outpatients with primary weeks) in patients with low endogenous
insomnia
melatonin regardless of age did not
differ from placebo, whereas PRM
UK
significantly reduced sleep latency
compared to placebo in elderly patients
regardless of melatonin levels. The
effects on sleep latency and additional
sleep and daytime parameters that
improved with PRM were maintained or
enhanced over the 6-month period
N = 791
At 3 weeks, significant differences in
Adult outpatients with primary sleep latency were found for the 55-80
insomnia
group, but not for the18-80 cut-off which
included younger patients. Other
UK
variables improved significantly with
PRM in the 18-80 pop, more than in the
55-80 year age group. Improvements
Norway
Germany
Reliability of the scale in this sample
according to Cronbach’s alpha was
0.897. On average, the participating
patients reported a low mean score of
well-being (M = 38.52, SD = 23.27). The
proportion of patients scoring below cutoff for depression (27) was 47%, and the
proportion of patients scoring in the
range of poor emotional wellbeing (29–
49) was 24%. Thus 29% reported a level
of good emotional well-being (50–100).
Significant difference between all the
conditions, and significant correlations
between score on WHO-5 and Loss of
and Desired physical activities, Loss of
and Desired sedentary indoor activities,
Loss of social activities that require
interaction with others, and Loss of
cultural activities.
The analysis of the WHO-5 scores also
showed a significant reduction of wellbeing in CF and somatization syndrome.
Again, the effects of CF and SSI4/6
were additional, and the interaction of
the two factors was not significant.
40
147
148
149
150
of the age cut-off for shortand long-term response.
Current medical research and
opinion, 27(1), pp. 87-98.
WANG, S.J., HAQUE, M.A.,
MASUM, S.U., BISWAS, S.
and MODVIG, J., 2009.
Household exposure to
violence and human rights
violations in western
Bangladesh (II): history of
torture and other traumatic
experience of violence and
functional assessment of
victims. BMC international
health and human rights, 9,
pp. 31.
WANG, S.J., PACOLLI, S.,
RUSHITI, F., REXHAJ, B.
and MODVIG, J., 2010.
Survivors of war in the
Northern Kosovo (II): baseline
clinical and functional
assessment and lasting
effects on the health of a
vulnerable population.
Conflict and health, 4, pp. 161505
Arnfred,S.M.; Nilsson,M.E.;
Larsen,J.K., 2013, Beneficial
effect of brief intensive
cognitive behavioural
therapy-based psychiatric
aftercare for early discharged
non-psychotic patients.
Danish Medical Journal 60, 3,
A4584
18-54 and 55-80
Psychiatry –
other
Psychiatry –
other
were maintained or enhanced over the
6-month period.
To describe the patterns of
organized crime/political
violence and human rights
violations in a disturbed
area of Bangladesh and
assess the physical,
emotional and social
functioning of victims
N = 236
Participants in a household
survey in a Bangladesh
district who screened positive
for exposure to organized
crime/political violence.
To document torture and
injury experience and
investigate emotional wellbeing of victims of massive
violence in district in
Kosovo. Physical health
indicators were also
measured.
N = 125
Participants in a household
survey in three Albaniandominated areas who
screened positive for
experience of violence and
human rights violations
The participants showed poor emotional
well-being and reduced physical
capacity. Good emotional well-being
correlated with increased political and
social participation
Bangladesh
The victims reported a high prevalence
of severe pain and emotional
disturbance. They showed high BMI and
reduced level of physical fitness.
Education, employment, political and
social participaton were associated with
emotional well-being
Kosovo
Psychiatry –
other
DELANEY, L., DOYLE, O.,
Psychiatry –
MCKENZIE, K. and WALL,
other
P., 2009. The distribution of
wellbeing in Ireland. Irish
Journal of Psychological
Medicine, 26(3), pp. 119-126.
To describe symptom
levels before and after
individual therapy as part
of a transitional aftercare
programme after discharge
in patients with depression,
anxiety or personality
disorders from time of
discharge to time of
entrance into specialized
outpatient units
To conduct a large scale
statistical analysis to
examine the distribution
and determinants of
mental well-being in a
large representative
N = 79
(105 started, 79 completed)
Patients discharged from
psychiatric inpatient unit
WHO-5 mean score at baseline: 5.6, at
end of individual psychotherapy: 9.4
Denmark
N = 2246
Adults interviewed in their
homes in 2005
The mean WHO-Five score was 16.96
with a standard deviation of 4.9, on a
scale of 0-25
Ireland
41
151
152
153
154
155
GOFF, D.C., KEEFE, R.,
CITROME, L., DAVY, K.,
KRYSTAL, J.H., LARGE, C.,
THOMPSON, T.R.,
VOLAVKA, J. and
WEBSTER, E.L., 2007.
Lamotrigine as add-on
therapy in schizophrenia:
Results of 2 placebocontrolled trials. Journal of
clinical psychopharmacology,
27(6), pp. 582-589.
LIN, C.H., LEE, S.M., WU,
B.J., HUANG, L.S., SUN, H.J.
and TSEN, H.F., Apr 2013.
Psychometric properties of
the Taiwanese version of the
World Health OrganizationFive Well-Being Index. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
127(4), pp. 331.
LIWOWSKY, I., KRAMER, D.,
MERGL, R., BRAMESFELD,
A., ALLGAIER, A.-.,
POPPEL, E. and HEGERL,
U., 2009. Screening for
depression in the older longterm unemployed. Social
psychiatry and psychiatric
epidemiology, 44(8), pp. 622627.
WISMEIJER, A. and VAN
ASSEN, M., Oct 2008. Do
neuroticism and extraversion
explain the negative
association between selfconcealment and subjective
well-being? Personality and
Individual Differences, 45(5),
pp. 345-349.
Psychiatry –
other
ALLGAIER, A., KRAMER, D.,
Geriatrics
sample of the Irish
population.
To evaluate of the potential
role of lamitrogene in
schizophrenia patients
resistant to atypical
antipsychotic medication
N = 209 (Study 1)
N = 210 (Study 2)
DSM-IV diagnosis of
schizophrenia with persistent
positive symptoms ≥ 3
months
N/A
US, Canada, UK
Psychiatry –
other
Psychiatry –
other
Psychiatry –
other
Examination of the
reliability and validity of the
Taiwanese version of the
WHO-5 as a brief
screening tool for wellbeing and development of
the first positive
depression screening tool
in Taiwan
To Test the WHO-5 WellBeing index for its validity
as screening instrument for
depression amongst older
long-term unemployed in
unemployment offices
N = 242
Community samples
To empirically examine if
the negative association
between self-concealment
and subjective well-being
is spurious because it
results from the
associations of both
variables with their
common causes
neuroticism and
extraversion.
To compare criterion
N = 720
Social and behavioral
sciences students from a
Dutch university.
Taiwan
N = 104
>50 years of age long-term
unemployed at
unemployment project
Germany
The WHO-5TW was found to be a
reliable and valid self-assessment
instrument to screenin well-being and
depression in a community population in
Taiwan
Using the DIA-X data as gold standard,
the WHO-5 obtained satisfactory results
for sensitivity (82.5%) and specificity
(70.3%) as a screening tool for affective
disorders when used with an adjusted
cut-off-point of ≤ 12
Cronbach’s alpha for the WHO-5 was
equal to .76 and .78 in the two samples.
The Netherlands
N = 92
Overall diagnostic validity of WHO-5
42
156
157
158
SARAVO, B., MERGL, R.,
FEJTKOVA, S. and HEGERL,
U., Nov 2013. Beside the
Geriatric Depression Scale:
The WHO-Five Well-being
Index as a valid screening
tool for depression in nursing
homes. International journal
of geriatric psychiatry, 28(11),
pp. 1197-1204.
AWATA, S., BECH, P.,
Geriatrics
KOIZUMI, Y., SEKI, T.,
KURIYAMA, S., HOZAWA,
A., OHMORI, K., NAKAYA,
N., MATSUOKA, H. and
TSUJI, I., Feb 2007. Validity
and utility of the Japanese
version of the WHO-Five
Well-Being Index in the
context of detecting suicidal
ideation in elderly community
residents. International
Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), pp.
77-88.
validities of the WHO-5,
Munich nursing home
the GDS-15 and the GDS- residents
4 as screening instruments
for depression in nursing
home residents
Germany
AYALON, L., 2011.
Geriatrics
Examining satisfaction with
live-in foreign home care in
Israel from the perspectives
of care recipients, their family
members, and their foreign
home care workers. Aging &
Mental Health, 15(3), pp. 376384.
AYALON, L., Apr 2011.
Geriatrics
Abuse is in the eyes of the
beholder: Using multiple
To evaluate satisfaction
with foreign home care
arrangements from the
perspectives of older
adults, their family
members, and their foreign
home care workers
Israel
To evaluate the validity
and the utility of the
Japanese version of the
WHO-FiveWell-Being
Index (WHO-5-J) in the
context of detecting
suicidal ideation in elderly
community residents.
To examine differences in
the perceived occurrence
of abuse and neglect as
obtained an AUC of 0.90 with a
sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of
0.79 at the optimal WHO-5 cutoff score
(12 according to The Youden Index)
Cronbach’s α was 0.87 and Loevinger’s
N = 696
Community residents aged 70 coefficient was 0.64. The total score was
years or over
significantly correlated with the number
of cohabitants, the number of physical
Japan
illnesses, physical functioning,
instrumental activities of daily living, and
depressive symptoms. Subjects with
suicidal ideation had significantly lower
scores on the WHO-5-J. The receiveroperating characteristic curve analysis
indicated that the scale significantly
discriminated the subjects with suicidal
ideation. When combined with the
assessment of a lack of perceived social
support (PSS), a standard cut-off
criterion of “a total score ≤12 or
answering 0 or 1 to any of the five
items” more appropriately identified
elderly subjects with suicidal
ideation: sensitivity=87%,
specificity=75%, negative predictive
value=99%, and positive predictive
value=10%.
N = 148
Both family members and foreign home
148 family members
care workers completed this measure.
148 Foreign home care
Chronbach’s alpha in this study are 0.86
workers
and 0.88, respectively.
148-90 Older care recipients
N = 148
Cronbach’s alpha was 0.86 for family
148 matched family members members and 0.88 for foreign homeand foreign home-care
care workers.
43
159
160
161
162
perspectives to evaluate elder
mistreatment under roundthe-clock foreign home carers
in Israel. Ageing & Society,
31(3), pp. 499-520.
AYALON, L., Jun 2010.
Geriatrics
Reports of neuropsychiatric
symptoms of older care
recipients by their family
members and their foreign
home care workers: Results
from triadic data. Journal of
geriatric psychiatry and
neurology, 23(2), pp. 115122.
BACHNER, Y.G. and
Geriatrics
AYALON, L., 2010. Initial
examination of the
psychometric properties of
the short Hebrew version of
the Zarit Burden Interview.
Aging & Mental Health, 14(6),
pp. 725-730.
BARUA, A. and KAR, N.,
Geriatrics
2010. Screening for
depression in elderly Indian
population. Indian journal of
psychiatry, 52(2), pp. 150153.
BONSIGNORE, M.,
BARKOW, K., JESSEN, F.
and HEUN, R., 2001. Validity
of the five-item WHO WellBeing Index (WHO-5) in an
elderly population. European
archives of psychiatry and
clinical neuroscience,
Geriatrics
between older care
recipients, their family
carers, and foreign homecare workers in Israel.
To evaluate reports of
neuropsychiatric
symptoms (NPS) of older
care recipients per family
members and round the
clock foreign home care
workers.
To examine the
psychometric properties
and factor structure of a
Hebrew version of The
Zarit Burden Interview.
workers and 75 care
recipients completed a survey
of abuse and neglect
Israel
N = 444
A cross-sectional matched
sample of family members,
foreign home care workers,
and care recipients.
Reliability in the current study is .86 for
family members and .88 for foreign
home care workers.
Israel
N = 148
Primary caregivers of
individuals with cognitive
and/or physical impairments
Cronbach’s alpha in this study was 0.86.
Foreign care workers' WHO-5 score;
mean (SD): 18.7 (5.2)
Israel
To determine the
prevalence of depression
among the elderly
population of rural areas of
Udupi district, Karnataka,
India. and to determine the
validity and reliability of
WHO (five) Well-being
Index (1998 version) as a
screening instrument to
identify depressive
disorders in elderly
population in this Indian
setting.
To assess the internal and
external validity of WHO-5,
and to compare the two
versions of WHO-5
(version 1 from 1995 and
version 2 from 1998)
N = 609
Villagers, random sample
India
N= 367
Subjects above 50 years of
age - relatives from a family
study of Alzheimer disease
and early- and late-onset
depression in elderly patients
Germany
The Indian version of WHO-5 showed a
sensitivity of 0.97, a specificity of 0.864,
a positive predictive value of 0.663 and
an overall accuracy of 0.89.
The scale was sufficiently homogeneous
(Loevinger’s coefficient: version 1 =
0.38, version 2 = 0.47; Mokken
coefficient > 0.3 in nearly all items).
ROC analysis showed that both versions
adequately detected depression.
Version 1 additionally detected anxiety
disorders, version 2 being more specific
44
251(Suppl2), pp. 27-31
163
164
165
166
ITO, K., INAGAKI, H.,
Geriatrics
SUGIYAMA, M., OKAMURA,
T., SHIMOKADO, K. and
AWATA, S., Jan 2013.
Association between
subjective memory
complaints and mental health
well-being in urban
community-dwelling elderly in
Japan. Geriatrics &
Gerontology International,
13(1), pp. 234-235.
MOMTAZ, Y.A., HAMID, T.A. Geriatrics
and YAHAYA, N., 2009. The
role of religiosity on
relationship between chronic
health problems and
psychological well-being
among Malay Muslim older
persons. Research Journal of
Medical Sciences, 3(6), pp.
188-193.
MOMTAZ, Y.A., HAMID, T.A., Geriatrics
IBRAHIM, R., YAHAYA, N.
and ABDULLAH, S.S., 2012.
Moderating effect of Islamic
religiosity on the relationship
between chronic medical
conditions and psychological
well-being among elderly
Malays. Psychogeriatrics,
12(1), pp. 43-53.
To investigate the
relationship between
Subjective Memory
Complaints (SMC) and
mental health well-being in
the elderly.
MOMTAZ, Y.A., HAMID, T.A., Geriatrics
YAHAYA, N. and IBRAHIM,
R., 2010. Effects of chronic
comorbidity on psychological
well-being among older
persons in Northern
Peninsular Malaysia. Applied
N = 2,034
Self-administering
questionnaire responders
aged 65 years or older; and
not having long-term care
insurance certification.
for detection of depression. Version 2 is
a stronger scale and is more specific for
the detection of depression.
See article Table 1, p. 234
Japan
To examine the mediating
effect of religiosity on the
relationship between
chronic health problems
and psychological wellbeing among Malay
Muslim older persons ages
60 years and over
N = 1415
Community dwelling older
persons in Peninsular
Malaysia
To examine the possible
moderating effect of
Islamic religiosity on the
relationship between
chronic medical conditions
and psychological wellbeing in later life
N = 1415
Elderly Malay Muslims
The effects of chronic
comorbidity on
psychological well-being
N = 385
Community dwelling older
persons in Northern
Peninsular Malaysia
Psychological well-being score mean
(SD): 62.3 (22.54)
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Analysis showed, at certain levels of
chronic medical conditions, that older
persons with a high level of religiosity
reported significantly higher levels of
psychological well-being compared to
their compared to their counterparts with
a low level of religiosity. Analysis
revealed that the negative effect of
chronic medical conditions on
psychological well-being is reduced by
both personal and social religiosity (beta
= 0.07, P 0.01), after controlling for
selected sociodemographic factors.
The mean score for the psychological
well-being was 57.96 (SD=22.97).Using
a suggested cutoff point of 52.0 (Awata
et al. 2006), 37.4% of the sample fell
within the category of poor psychological
well-being status. However, 65.1% of
Malay and 53.6% of Chinese older
45
Research in Quality of Life,
5(2), pp. 133-146.
167
168
169
170
MOMTAZ, Y.A., IBRAHIM,
Geriatrics
R., HAMID, T.A. and
YAHAYA, N., 2010. Mediating
effects of social and personal
religiosity on the
psychological well being of
widowed elderly people.
Omega, 61(2), pp. 145-162.
To examine the mediating
effects of social and
personal religiosity on the
psychological well being of
widowed elderly people
MOMTAZ, Y.A., IBRAHIM,
Geriatrics
R., HAMID, T.A. and
YAHAYA, N., 2011.
Sociodemographic predictors
of elderly's psychological
well-being in Malaysia. Aging
& Mental Health, 15(4), pp.
437-445.
SIBAI, A.M., CHAAYA, M.,
Geriatrics
TOHME, R.A., MAHFOUD, Z.
and ALAMIN, H., 2009.
Validation of the Arabic
version of the 5-item WHO
Well Being Index in elderly
population. International
journal of geriatric psychiatry,
24(1), pp. 106-107.
WADE, A.G., FORD, I.,
Geriatrics
CRAWFORD, G.,
MCMAHON, A.D., NIR, T.,
LAUDON, M. and ZISAPEL,
N., 2007. Efficacy of
prolonged release melatonin
in insomnia patients aged 5580 years: quality of sleep and
To identify significant
sociodemographic
predictors of psychological
well-being among Malay
elders
N = 1367
Widowed and married elderly
community dwelling Muslims
in Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia
N = 1415
Community dwelling older
persons in Peninsular
Malaysia
persons reported good psychological
well-being, more than half (52.9%) of
Indian older persons fell within poor
psychological well-being status. Other
findings showed that almost two thirds
(66.0%) of women had poor
psychological well-being status,
conversely 57.3% of men reported good
psychological well-being condition
Psychological well-being score mean
(SD):
Total:
Married: 66.3 (21.51)
Widowed: 57.8 (22.64)
Male:
Married: 67.5 (21.1)
Widowed: 61.4 (23.78)
Female:
Married: 63.3 (22.34)
Widowed: 56.9 (22.26)
Psychological well-being score, mean
(SD):
Male 65.9 (21.95)
Female: 58.8 (22.56)
Malaysia
To determine the
psychometric properties of
the Arabic version of the
WHO-5 as a screening tool
for depression amongst
older adults in Lebanon
N = 121
The WHO-5 Arabic version showed a
Individuals aged 60 years and sensitivity of 0.783 and a specificity of
older
0.828 at a standard cut-off point (< 13).
Randomised, double blind,
placebo-controlled trial
assessing the efficacy and
safety of a prolonged
release melatonin
formulation in insomna
patients aged 55 and older
N = 344
General practice insomnia
patients
Lebanon
UK
Significant differences in favour of PRmelatonin vs placebo treatment were
found in concomitant and clinically
relevant improvements in quality of
sleep and morning alertness. A
significant and clinically relevant
shortening f sleep latency to the same
extent as most frequently used sleep
46
next-day alertness outcomes.
Current medical research and
opinion, 23(10), pp. 25972605.
medications was also found. Quality of
life also improved significantly.
Intervention group:
Baseline: 64.0
End point: 69.2
Control group:
Baseline: 62.0
End point: 66.4
171
172
173
ANDREASEN, A.K., SPLIID,
P.E., ANDERSEN, H. and
JAKOBSEN, J., Feb 2010.
Fatigue and processing
speed are related in multiple
sclerosis. European Journal
of Neurology, 17(2), pp. 212218.
Neurology
FAZEKAS, C., ENZINGER,
Neurology
C., WALLNER, M., KISCHKA,
U., GREIMEL, E.,
KAPELLER, P., STIX, P.,
PIERINGER, W. and
FAZEKAS, F., 2006.
Depressive symptoms
following herpes simplex
encephalitis--an
underestimated
phenomenon? General
hospital psychiatry, 28(5), pp.
403-407.
HAMMER, E.M., HACKER,
Neurology
S., HAUTZINGER, M.,
MEYER, T.D. And KUBLER,
A., 2008. Validity of the ALSDepression-Inventory (ADI12)--a new screening
instrument for depressive
To examine the
relationship between
processing speed and
fatigue in patients with
relapsing remitting MS
N = 78
60 patients with MS, 18
healthy, non-fatigued control
subjects
Denmark
To explore an association
between herpes simplex
virus encephalitis (HSE)
and both depressive
symptoms and HRQoL.
N = 26
10 women, 16 men
To assess validity of ALSDepression Inventory in
detecting depression in
ALS patients
N = 39
ALS patients with contact to
ALS out-patient clinics
Austria
P = 0.05
Primary fatigued patients had higher
well-being scores (WHO-5) than
secondary fatigued patients without any
relationship between well-being and
fatigue (FSS). At the time of
investigation 7 out of 39 (18%) fatigued
patients had a substantial high
depression score or a low well being
score. However, none of the fatigued
patients could be diagnosed as
depressed (MDI), the depression score
being similar in secondary fatigue and
primary fatigue.
Ten of the interviewees (38.5%) had a
WHO-5 score below 13, which is
considered indicative of a depressive
disorder. Accordingly, concerning their
HRQoL, patients felt more impaired by
affective than by physical symptoms.
MRI ratings and WHO-5 score were not
correlated.
WHO-5 had a sensitivity of .78 and a
specificity of .667 at a standard cut-off (≤
13).
Germany
47
174
175
176
177
disorders in patients with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Journal of affective disorders,
109(1-2), pp. 213-219.
HELMSTAEDTER, C. and
Neurology
WITT, J., 2010. Cognitive
outcome of antiepileptic
treatment with levetiracetam
versus carbamazepine
monotherapy: A noninterventional surveillance
trial. Epilepsy & Behavior,
18(1-2), pp. 74-80.
HORNYAK, M.,
Neurology
GROSSMANN, C., KOHNEN,
R., SCHLATTERER, M.,
RICHTER, H.,
VODERHOLZER, U.,
RIEMANN, D. and BERGER,
M., 2008. Cognitive
behavioural group therapy to
improve patients' strategies
for coping with restless legs
syndrome: A proof-of-concept
trial. Journal of Neurology,
Neurosurgery & Psychiatry,
79(7), pp. 823-825.
O'DEA, S.M.,
Neurology
SHUTTLEWORTH, R.P. and
WEDGWOOD, N., 2012.
Disability, doctors and
sexuality: Do healthcare
providers influence the sexual
wellbeing of people living with
a neuromuscular disorder?
Sexuality and Disability,
30(2), pp. 171-185.
SCHNEIDER, C.B.,
Neurology
PILHATSCH, M., RIFATI, M.,
JOST, W.H., WODARZ, F.,
EBERSBACH, G., DJUNDJA,
D., FUCHS, G., GIES, A.,
An evaluation of the
cognitive outcome of
patients administered
levetiracetam or
carbamazepine
monotherapy in epilepsy
N = 498
See article Table 4, p. 78.
Patients with newly
diagnosed epilepsy or
patients with epilepsy being
considered for a drug change.
Germany
To develop cognitive
behavioural therapy
tailored to this disorder
(the RELEGS coping
therapy programme) and
present the results of this
proof-of concept Study.”
N = 25
Patients from a Sleep
Disorders Outpatient Unit with
subjective psychosocial
impairment due to RLS
(a) to determine if the
levels of sexual expression
and interactions with
healthcare providers varied
significantly between
people with and without a
NMD, and (b) to explore
the extent to which sexual
expression and
interactions with
healthcare providers
significantly influenced the
impact of NMDs on QoL
To validate the WHO-5 as
a screening tool for
depression in Parkinson's
Disease
N = 278
144 were clinically diagnosed
with a Neuromuscular
Disorder and 134 selfreported that they did not
suffer from a Neuromuscular
Disorder.
Baseline (BL): 12.7 (4.6), After therapy
(END): 13.6 (4.3). P value BL vs END:
0.207
Follow-up (FU): 14.8 (4.2). P value BL
vs FU: 0.034
Germany
The wellbeing index was similar for the
control group and the NMD group (mean
WHO scores = 53.61 and 51.50
respectively).
Australia
N = 213
General Parkinson's Disease
population
WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.875
and a specificity of 0.740 at a standard
cut-off point (< 13).
Germany
48
178
179
180
ODIN, P., REIFSCHNEIDER,
G., WOLZ, M., BOTTESI, A.,
BAUER, M., REICHMANN, H.
and STORCH, A., 2010.
Utility of the WHO-Five Wellbeing Index as a screening
tool for depression in
Parkinson's Disease.
Movement Disorders, 25(6),
pp. 777-783.
STATON M et al (2012).
Neurology
Well-Being in neurologic
illness J Neurol Neurophysiol
3:3
TIBAEK, S.,
Neurology
DEHLENDORFF, C.,
IVERSEN, H.K., KLARSKOV,
P., GARD, G. and JENSEN,
R., 2011. Is well-being
associated with lower urinary
tract symptoms in patients
with stroke? Scandinavian
journal of urology and
nephrology, 45(2), pp. 134142.
BERGMANN, N.,
Cardiology
BALLEGAARD, S.,
HOLMAGER, P.,
KRISTIANSEN, J.,
GYNTELBERG, F.,
ANDERSEN, L.J.,
HJALMARSON, A., BECH,
P., ARENDT-NIELSEN, L.
and FABER, J., 2013.
Pressure pain sensitivity: a
new method of stress
measurement in patients with
ischemic heart disease.
Scandinavian Journal of
Clinical and Laboratory
Investigation, 73(5), pp. 373-
To evaluate whether a
simple index of WB based
upon the World Health
Organization survey on
well-being (WHO-5) can
provide useful information
about patients with
epilepsy.
To assess self-reported
well-being in a clinical
sample of stroke patients
and to identify possible
associations with lower
urinary tract symptoms
(LUTS)
N = 629
Patients at neurology clinic
USA
N = 407
Stroke patients from an acute
stroke unit
and a neurological unit at
Copenhagen University
Hospital, Glostrup, between
2003 and 2006
WB in neurological patients is an
important factor in order to improve QOL
and detect the possible comorbidities
associated with neurological disorders.
WHO-5 or extended WB survey
questions may provide a solution
In total, 385 stroke patients (163 women,
222 men) completed the WHO-5. The
average sum score for all respondents
was 17.0 (95% CI: 16.35–17.58). There
was a significant difference (p < 0.01)
between women 15.5 (95% CI: 14.53–
16.40) and men 18.0 (95% CI:
17.27–18.81).
Denmark
To evaluate stress-induced
hyperalgesia by pressure
pain sensitivity in patients
with ischemic heart
disease (IHD)
N = 361
Patients with established
ischemic heart disease
Lowest tertile of pressure pain sensitivity
and CSS: WHO-5 mean: 77.2
Highest tertile of pressure pain
sensitivity and CSS: WHO-5 mean 53.1
Denmark
49
379.
181
182
183
184
185
BIRKET-SMITH, M. and
RASMUSSEN, A., 2008.
Screening for mental
disorders in cardiology
outpatients. Nordic journal of
psychiatry, 62(2), pp. 147150.
BIRKET-SMITH, M.,
HANSEN, B.H., HANASH,
J.A., HANSEN, J.F. and
RASMUSSEN, A., 2009.
Mental disorders and general
well-being in cardiology
outpatients-6-year survival.
Journal of psychosomatic
research, 67(1), pp. 5-10
FICHTNER, S.,
DEISENHOFER, I.,
KINDSMULLER, S., DZIJANHORN, M., TZEIS, S.,
REENTS, T., WU, J., LUISE
ESTNER, H., JILEK, C.,
AMMAR, S., KATHAN, S.,
HESSLING, G. and LADWIG,
K.-., 2012. Prospective
assessment of short- and
long-term quality of life after
ablation for atrial fibrillation.
Journal of cardiovascular
electrophysiology, 23(2), pp.
121-127.
GARNEFSKI, N., KRAAIJ, V.,
SCHROEVERS, M.J. and
SOMSEN, G.A., 2008. Posttraumatic growth after a
myocardial infarction: A
matter of personality,
psychological health, or
cognitive coping? Journal of
Clinical Psychology in
Medical Settings, 15(4), pp.
270-277.
KNACKSTEDT, C., ARNDT,
M., MISCHKE, K., MARX, N.,
Cardiology
To compare the frequency N = 69
of mental disorders in
Cardiology outpatients
cardiology outpatients to
the number of patients with Denmark
psychological problems
identified by cardiologists
Cardiology
Long-term survival in a
N = 86
sample of cardiology
Cardiology outpatients
outpatients with and
without mental disorders
Denmark
and other psychosocial risk
factors at 6 year follow-up
Cardiology
To prospectively assess
different aspects of shortand long-term quality of life
(QoL) after catheter
ablation for atrial fibrillation
(AF).
N = 133
patients (74% men, age
57±10) who underwent
pulmonary vein
isolation ± linear or
electrogram-guided substrate
modification for AF
Patients with mental disorder had lower
self-reported WHO Well-being.
WHO-5 [mean (sd)] 47.9 (23.4) and 63.5
(20.4) for patients with mental disorder
and patients with no mental disorder,
respectively. (t=3.751, df=84, P<0.000.).
WHO-5 reliably predicted mortality.
Mortality was significantly predicted by
low WHO-5 (hazard ratio, 0.977)
WHO-5 Results before, 3 months and
4.3 ± 0.5 years after ablation for all
patients:
Before: 49.5 (24.1)
Short term: 61.7 (23.6)
Long term: 65.7 (24)
(Germany)
Cardiology
Cardiology
To assess the relative
contributions of
personality, psychological
health and cognitive
coping to post-traumatic
growth in patients with
recent myocardial
infarction
N = 139
First-time acute MI 3 to 12
months prior to data
assessment
To evaluate physical and
mental health in patients
N = 39
Patients undergoing ICD or
The Netherlands
Examination of the joint influence of
personality, psychological health and
cognitive coping in connection with
acute MI showed that the largest part of
variance in PTG was explained by
cognitive coping strategies.
In the present sample an alpha reliability
of .94 was found.
The mean Well-being index (WHO-5)
was impaired and below cut-off (13
50
186
187
188
189
NIEMAN, F., KUNERT, H.J.,
SCHAUERTE, P. and
NORRA, C., 2013.
Depression, psychological
distress, and quality of life in
patients with cardioverter
defibrillator with or without
cardiac resynchronization
therapy. Heart and vessels, .
SCHMID, K., SCHONLEBE,
J., DREXLER, H. and
MUECK-WEYMANN, M.,
2010. The effects of cannabis
on heart rate variability and
well-being in young men.
Pharmacopsychiatry, 43(4),
pp. 147-150.
DIPIETRO, J.A.,
CHRISTENSEN, A.L. and
COSTIGAN, K.A., 2008. The
Pregnancy Experience ScaleBrief version. Journal of
Psychosomatic Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 29(4), pp. 262267.
HELLMERS, C. and
SCHUECKING, B., 2008.
Primiparae's well-being
before and after birth and
relationship with preferred
and actual mode of birth in
Germany and the USA.
Journal of Reproductive and
Infant Psychology, 26(4), pp.
351-372.
HORAN, M.K., MCGOWAN,
C.A., DOYLE, O. and
MCAULIFFE, F.M., 2014.
Well-being in pregnancy: an
examination of the effect of
socioeconomic, dietary and
lifestyle factors including
impact of a low glycaemic
index dietary intervention.
European journal of clinical
undergoing ICD or
combined CRT/ICDimplantation (CRT-D)
Cardiology
Obstetrics
Obstetrics
Obstetrics
CRT-D for congestive heart
failure
Germany
points) in the CRT-D group (11.47 ±
6.12 resp. 10.65 ± 6.69 at FU) at both
time points of assessment with
differences compared
to the ICD group reaching marginal
significance at baseline (p = 0.050), and
at FU (p = 0.034).
To examine the
associations between
cannabis consumption and
heart rate variability in
young men eligible for
military service
N = 144
Young men eligible for
military service
Psychological well-being, measured by
WHO-5, was significantly lower in
cannabis users
Examining the
psychometric properties of
PES-Brief, which is an
abbreviated version of the
Pregnancy Experience
Scale (PES), and
comparing it to the original
scale
To evaluate which mode of
birth first-time mothers
prefer and how this desire
is related to maternal wellbeing and sense of
coherence - describing
emotional well-being
postpartum in relationship
to mode of birth
N = 112
Women with low risk,
singleton pregnancies
To examine the
relationship between wellbeing and socioeconomic
status, diet and lifestyle
during pregnancy and to
consider the effect of
intervention with low
glycaemic index diet on
well-being
N = 619
Participants in ROLO
(Randomized control trial of
low gl diet versus no dietary
intervention to prevent
recurrence of fetal
macrosomia).Secundogravida
women with previous
macrosomic baby.
Germany
USA
N = 315
(Germany: 287; USA 28)
Healthy low-risk primigravida
with singleton pregnancies
WHO-5 scores were negatively
associated with PES-Brief hassles and
and ratio scores at each visit and
positively associated with uplift scores at
most visits
See article tables
Germany, USA
WHO-5 only completed at one time point
during the first half of pregnancy which
did not allow an examination of the
cumulative effects over time, and also
did not allow exploration of post-partum
well-being.
51
nutrition, 68(1), pp. 19-24.
190
191
192
193
VOEGTLINE, K.M.,
COSTIGAN, K.A.,
KIVLIGHAN, K.T.,
LAUDENSLAGER, M.L.,
HENDERSON, J.L. and
DIPIETRO, J.A., Apr 2013.
Concurrent levels of maternal
salivary cortisol are unrelated
to self-reported psychological
measures in low-risk
pregnant women. Archives of
Women's Mental Health,
16(2), pp. 101-108.
MENDELSON, T.,
DIPIETRO, J.A., COSTIGAN,
K.A., CHEN, P. and
HENDERSON, J.L., 2011.
Associations of maternal
psychological factors with
umbilical and uterine blood
flow. Journal of
Psychosomatic Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 32(1), pp. 3-9.
Ireland
Obstetrics
To examine associations
between salivary cortisol
and maternal
psychological distress and
well-being during
pregnancy.
N = 112
Normotensive, non-smoking
women with normally
progressing, singleton
pregnancies and no preexisting medical
complications known to
complicate pregnancy or
infant outcome.
WHO-5 scores in different stages of
pregnancy (M, (SD)):
24-26 weeks: 13.01 (2.92)
27-29 weeks: 12.83 (3.31)
30-32 weeks: 12.52 (3.33)
33-35 weeks: 12.36 (3.63)
36-38 weeks: 12.24 (3.50)
USA
Obstretrics
BACHNER, Y.G., Oct 2013.
Oncology
Preliminary assessment of
the psychometric properties
of the abridged Arabic version
of the Zarit Burden Interview
among caregivers of cancer
patients. European Journal of
Oncology Nursing, 17(5), pp.
657-660
HOFFMAN, C.J., ERSSER,
Oncology
S.J., HOPKINSON, J.B.,
NICHOLLS, P.G.,
HARRINGTON, J.E. and
THOMAS, P.W., 2012.
Effectiveness of mindfulnessbased stress reduction in
mood, breast- and endocrine-
This study characterised
the progression of
umbilical and uterine blood
flow resistance in healthy
pregnancies and evaluated
concurrent and longitudinal
associations with maternal
anxiety and other
psychological factors
N = 107
Normotensive, non-smoking
women with normally
progressing singleton
pregnancies
This study examines the
psychometric properties
and factor structure of an
abridged Arabic version of
The Zarit Burden Interview
(ZBI) - the ZBI-A - among
caregivers of cancer
patients
N = 96
Caregivers, Bedouin Arabs
To assess the
effectiveness of
mindfulness-based stress
reduction (MBSR) for
mood, breast-and
endocrine-specific quality
of life, and well-being after
hospital treatment in
N = 229
(114 intervention and 115
wait-list controls) Recruited
from day centre providing
psychological and integrative
therapies for patients with
breast cancer. Women
diagnosed with stage 0 to III
US
The STAI, CES-D and PES-Brief
Hassles values were separately
standardised using z scores at each
time period and then summed to create
a maternaldistress composite. The same
procedures were implemented with the
WHO-5 and PES-Brief Uplifts values to
create a maternal well-being composite.
As predicted, maternal psychological
well-being was associated with
decreased resistance, although only in
the left uterine artery. This suggests that
a positive outlook during pregnancy
confers a benefit to blood flow.
The internal reliability was high (ά =
0.85)
Israel
Statistically significant increases in
WHO-5 scores in the experimental
group compared with controls.
Intervention group:
Baseline: 52.2
End point: 60.3
52
194
195
196
related quality of life, and
well-being in stage 0 to III
breast cancer: a randomized,
controlled trial. Journal of
clinical oncology : official
journal of the American
Society of Clinical Oncology,
30(12), pp. 1335-1342.
LEDDERER, L., LA COUR,
K., MOGENSEN, O.,
JAKOBSEN, E., DEPONT
CHRISTENSEN, R.,
KRAGSTRUP, J. and
HANSEN, H.P., 2013.
Feasibility of a psychosocial
rehabilitation intervention to
enhance the involvement of
relatives in cancer
rehabilitation: pilot study for a
randomized controlled trial.
The patient, 6(3), pp. 201212.
women with stage 0 to III
breast cancer.”
breast cancer, within 2
months to 2 years after
completion of
surgery,chemotherapy,
and/or radiotherapy.
Control group:
Baseline: 50.1
End point: 50.7
P = 0.01
UK
Oncology
RAM, S., NARAYANASAMY, Oncology
R. and BARUA, A., 2013.
Effectiveness of Group
Psycho-education on Wellbeing and Depression Among
Breast Cancer Survivors of
Melaka, Malaysia. Indian
journal of palliative care,
19(1), pp. 34-39.
VAN GESTEL, Y.R.,
Oncology
VOOGD, A.C.,
VINGERHOETS, A.J., MOLS,
F., NIEUWENHUIJZEN, G.A.,
VAN DRIEL, O.J., VAN
BERLO, C.L. and VAN DE
POLL-FRANSE, L.V., 2007. A
comparison of quality of life,
disease impact and risk
perception in women with
invasive breast cancer and
ductal carcinoma in situ.
To examine the feasibility
of a psychosocial
rehabilitation program for
both patient and relatives
to address the needs of
cancer patients for an
interpersonal relationship
with others in the disease
trajectory
To study the effectiveness
of group psycho-education
on well-being and
depression among the
survivors of
breast cancer in Melaka,
Malaysia.
To compare health-related
quality of life, perceived
disease impact and risk
perception of recurrence
and dying of breast cancer
of patients with DCIS and
EIBC 2-3 years after
treatment. In addition a
comparison with HRQL
norm data from an agematched population of
Dutch women.
Intervention group:
baseline:19 patients, 19
relatives, 2 months: 14
patients, 13 relatives,12
months:6 patients, 6 relatives.
Control group: baseline:21
patients, 21 relatives, 2
months: 20 patients,20
relatives,12 months:13
patients, 15 relatives.
Patients with lung or
gynecological cancer and one
of their relatives
Denmark
N = 34
Adult women suffering from
non-metastatic breast cancer
and on appropriate allopathic
medication
Malaysia
N = 135
Women who were diagnosed
with ductal carcinoma in situ
(DCIS or invasive breast
cancer TNM stage I (T1, N0,
and M0) in the period of
January 2002 – December
2003 in three
communityhospitals
The Netherlands
Intervention group:
Baseline: Patients: 51.1 Relatives: 41.7
2 months: Patients: 56.0 Relatives:
55.0, 12 months: Patients: 78.6
Relatives: 68.0
Control group:
Baseline: Patients: 50.8 Relatives: 47.8
2 months: Patients: 46.4 Relatives: 57.0
2 months: Patients: 76.9 Relatives: 59.7
The majority of the participants were in
the
state of adequate well-being after the
psycho-education 33 (97.1%). This was
earlier found to be 25 (73.5%) during the
pre-test assessment. Hence, the
proportion of individuals with negative
well-being had reduced from 9 (26.5%)
to 1 (2.9%) after the Psychological
intervention.
Twenty-one percent of the women with
DCIS and 35% of women with invasive
breast cancer had a WHO-5 score below
13, which indicates poor well-being (P =
0.14). Mean scores of women with DCIS
and invasive breast cancer were 16.3
and 14.4, respectively (P = 0.06). These
scores were not different from the score
in the general Dutch female population
of the same age, which was 15.3. The
results of both the SF-36 and the WHO5 did not change after adjustment for
53
European journal of cancer
(Oxford, England : 1990),
43(3), pp. 549-556.
197
YALLOP, K., MCDOWELL,
H., KOZIOLMCLAIN, J. and
REED, P.W., Dec 2013. Selfreported psychosocial
wellbeing of adolescent
childhood cancer survivors.
European Journal of
Oncology Nursing, 17(6), pp.
711-719.
198
HERNANDEZ TRILLO, A.
Ophthalmology
and DICKINSON, C.M., 2012.
The impact of visual and
nonvisual factors on quality of
life and adaptation in adults
with visual impairment.
Investigative ophthalmology &
visual science, 53(7), pp.
4234-4241.
ROBINSON, S.K., VIIRRE,
Otolaryngology
E.S., BAILEY, K.A., GERKE,
M.A. and HARRIS, J.P.,
2005. Randomized placebocontrolled trial of a selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor in
the treatment of
nondepressed tinnitus
subjects. Psychosomatic
medicine, 67(6), pp. 981-988.
BECH, P., 1999. HealthPain
related quality of life
measurements in the
199
200
Oncology
To describe self-reported
psychosocial wellbeing of
adolescent childhood
cancer survivors compared
with a control group of their
peers.
N = 170
(Controls: 9107 students who
had completed the Youth07
survey)
Adolescent childhood cancer
survivors
New Zealand
To investigate the relative
contribution of visual and
psychosocial factors to
different aspects of Quality
of Life in people with low
vision.
N = 448
Consecutive patients
between the ages of 18 and
96 years, with best-corrected
binocular visual acuity 6/18
and attending a Manchester
low vision clinic
To assess the efficacy of a
SSRI (paroxetine) for relief
of tinnitus
UK
N = 115
Subjects with chronic (> 6
months) tinnitus
US
differences
between the two groups with respect to
the type of surgery and adjuvant
systemic treatment.
The correlation between the WHO-5 and
the physical component scale of the SF36 was 0.58 (P < 0.001) and between
the WHO-5 and the mental component
scale of the SF-36 0.67 (P < 0.001).
There was no association between low
score on the WHO-5 (<13) and risk
perception.
Adolescents in the CCS group were less
likely to report poor emotional wellbeing
than those in the Youth07 group (p =
0.0003). The proportion of adolescents
with WHO- 5 'excellent' emotional
wellbeing was 29% among CCS
compared to 19% among Youth07.
Conversely, the proportion of
adolescents with 'poor' psychosocial
wellbeing was 11% among CCS
compared to 22% among Youth07
WHO-5 scores; Mean (SD):
13.76 (6.57)
See article Table 8
Intervention group:
Baseline: 25.2
End point: 25.1
Control group:
Baseline: 24.6
End point: 25.4
P > 0.05
To give an overview of
N/A
health-related quality of life
measurements for use in
N/A
54
201
202
203
assessment of pain clinic
results. Acta
Anaesthesiologica
Scandinavica, 43(9), pp. 893896.
JORGENSEN, B., FRIIS, G.J. Pain
and GOTTRUP, F., 2006.
Pain and quality of life for
patients with venous leg
ulcers: proof of concept of the
efficacy of Biatain-Ibu, a new
pain reducing wound
dressing. Wound repair and
regeneration : official
publication of the Wound
Healing Society [and] the
European Tissue Repair
Society, 14(3), pp. 233-239.
PALAO I DOMENECH, R.,
Pain
ROMANELLI, M., TSIFTSIS,
D.D., SLONKOVA, V.,
JORTIKKA, A.,
JOHANNESEN, N., RAM, A.,
PERSSON, L.M., ALTINDAS,
M., ORSTED, H. and
SCHAFER, E., 2008. Effect of
an ibuprofen-releasing foam
dressing on wound pain: a
real-life RCT. Journal of
wound care, 17(8), pp. 342,
344-8.
VERECKEI, E.,
Pain
SUSANSZKY, E., KOPP, M.,
RATKO, I., CZIMBALMOS,
A., NAGY, Z., PALKONYAI,
E., HODINKA, L.,
TEMESVARI, P.I., KISS, E.,
TORO, K. and POOR, G.,
2013. Psychosocial,
the assessment of pain
clinic results
To investigate pain
reduction efficacy, impact
on QoL, and safety
aspects of a new local
dressing for patients
suffering from painful
ulceration. The dressing is
a combination of an
advanced foam and the
NSAID drug, ibuprofen,
that will provide local
treatment of nociceptive
pain, i.e., pain associated
with tissue damage. The
new dressing option
combines the beneficial
effect of moist wound
healing and reduction of
pain.
Effect of ibuprofenreleasing foam dressing on
wound pain
N = 10
Single-blinded crossover
study on 10 patients with
painful venous leg ulcers in
wound-healing center
All five questions in the WHO-5 WellBeing Index (good mood, calm and
relaxed, active and vigorous, refreshed,
interesting days) were statistically
improved (p < 0.0001) during the
Biatain(R)-Ibu treatment.
Denmark
N = 766
Multicentre inpatients and
outpatients with painful
exuding wounds of different
aetiologies
Significantly higher WHO-5 scores were
observed in the treatment group. Mean
scores: treatment group = 48.9, local
best practice group = 41.2z
Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, Germany,
Greece, Israel, Italy, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, Turkey
Analysis of the effect of
psychosocial factors and
co-morbidities on the
health status of patients
with chronic nonspecific
low back pain, including
patients with surgical
intervention because of
N = 102
(+ control group, N = 199)
inpatients, 17 male and 85
female
patients who presented with
chronic nonspecific Low back
pain as their major symptom.
Average WHO-5 score was 15.7 in study
group.
According to WHO-5, the difference
between patients and the control group
was significant (p = 0.0001)
55
204
205
206
207
educational, and somatic
factors in chronic nonspecific
low back pain. Rheumatology
international, 33(3), pp. 587592.
VOLINN, E., YANG, B., HE,
J., SHENG, X., YING, J.,
VOLINN, W., ZHANG, J. and
ZUO, Y., 2010. West china
hospital set of measures in
Chinese to evaluate back
pain treatment. Pain
Medicine, 11(5), pp. 637-647.
ALLGAIER, A., PIETSCH, K.,
FRUEHE, B., PRAST, E.,
SIGL-GLOECKNER, J. and
SCHULTE-KOERNE, G.,
2012. Depression in pediatric
care: is the WHO-Five WellBeing Index a valid screening
instrument for children and
adolescents? General
hospital psychiatry, 34(3), pp.
234-241
AMINZADEH, K., DENNY, S.,
UTTER, J., MILFONT, T.L.,
AMERATUNGA, S.,
TEEVALE, T. and CLARK, T.,
2013. Neighbourhood social
capital and adolescent selfreported wellbeing in New
Zealand: A multilevel
analysis. Social science &
medicine, 84 May, pp. 13-21.
BERTOLOTE, J.M.,
FLEISCHMANN, A., DE LEO,
D., PHILLIPS, M.R.,
BOTEGA, N.J.,
VIJAYAKUMAR, L., DE
SILVA, D., SCHLEBUSCH,
L., NGUYEN, V.T., SISASK,
M., BOLHARI, J. and
WASSERMAN, D., 2010.
Repetition of suicide
attempts: Data from
disk herniation - compared
with control group from
national health survey
Hungary
Pain
To assess a set of Chinese
measures to evaluate
outcomes in diverse
domains in connection with
back pain treatment
N = 86
Patients with nonspecific
back pain from a westernstyle Pain Clinic (N = 41) and
an Acupuncture Clinic (N =
45) in West China
Pediatrics
To examine the criterion
validity of WHO-5 in
screening for depression in
pediatric care
China
N = 770
446 children, 324
adolescents.
Inpatients and outpatients at
3 pediatric and 3 pediatric
surgery hospitals. Children:
Age 9-12, Adolescents: Age
13-16
See table on p. 641
A sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of
0.92 at the optimal WHO-5 cutoff score
(10 according to The Youden Index) for
the 9-12 year olds.
A sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of
0.89 at the optimal WHO-5 cutoff score
(9 according to The Youden Index) for
the 13-16 year olds
Germany
Pediatrics
Suicidology
To explore the relationship
between neighbourhood
social capital and
adolescent subjective
wellbeing, and its
interaction with
adolescents'
socioeconomic status
N = 5567
Random sample of high
school students*
No independent WHO-5 results listed
To evaluate a brief
educational intervention
and periodic follow-up
contacts for suicide
attempters in five culturally
different sites as part of
the WHO Multisite
Intervention Study on
Suicidal Behaviors
(SUPRE-MISS)
N = 1663
Not provided
Suicide attempters enrolled in
the emergency departments
of the participating sites
New Zealand
Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Iran,
and China
56
208
209
210
emergency care settings in
five culturally different lowand middle-income countries
participating in the WHO
SUPRE-MISS study. Crisis:
The Journal of Crisis
Intervention and Suicide
Prevention, 31(4), pp. 194201.
DA SILVA CAIS, CARLOS
Suicidology
FILINTO, STEFANELLO, S.,
FABRICIO MAURO, M.L.,
VAZ SCAVACINI DE
FREITAS, GISLEINE and
BOTEGA, N.J., 2009. Factors
associated with repeated
suicide attempts: Preliminary
results of the WHO Multisite
Intervention Study on Suicidal
Behavior (SUPRE-MISS)
from Campinas, Brazil. Crisis:
The Journal of Crisis
Intervention and Suicide
Prevention, 30(2), pp. 73-78.
SISASK, M., VARNIK, A.,
Suicidology
KOLVES, K., KONSTABEL,
K. and WASSERMAN, D.,
2008. Subjective
psychological well-being
(WHO-5) in assessment of
the severity of suicide
attempt. Nordic Journal of
Psychiatry, 62(6), pp. 431435.
STEFANELLO, S., DA SILVA
CAIS, CARLOS FILINTO,
MAURO, M.L.F., DE
FREITAS, GISLEINE VAZ
SCAVACINI and BOTEGA,
N.J., 2008. Gender
differences in suicide
Suicidology
To compare
sociodemographic and
clinical characteristics of
first-time hospital-treated
suicide attempters with a
group of repeat suicide
attempters.
N = 203
102 first-time suicide
attempters and 101 repeat
suicide attempters. Hospitaltreated suicide attempters
admitted to a general hospital
First-evers:
Mean: 9.3 (sd: 6.4)
Repeaters:
Mean: 7.1 (sd: 6.2)
P < .05
Brazil
1) to analyse the
association between the
severity of suicide attempt
measured by suicidal
intent scale and
characteristics of
emotional status of suicide
attempters measured by
depression, hopelessness
and well-being scales 2) to
test the applicability of
well-being measured by
WHO-5 in suicide risk
assessment
To identify
sociodemographic,
psychosocial and clinical
differences between men
and women who attempted
suicide and were seen at a
university general hospital
N = 469
Suicide attempters from
emergency-care setting
Estonia
N = 210
Suicide attempters seen at a
university general hospital
Low level of well-being associated with
high level of suicidal intent, depression
and hopelessness. Suicidal intent
correlated the most strongly with wellbeing.
The WHO-5 can be used in settings
without psychological/psychiatric
expertise in preliminary suicide risk
assessment
Women had lower WHO-5 scores
(p = 0.005)
Brazil
57
211
212
213
attempts: Preliminary results
of the multisite intervention
study on suicidal behavior
(SUPRE-MISS) from
Campinas, Brazil. Revista
Brasileira de Psiquiatria,
30(2), pp. 139-143.
VIJAYAKUMAR, L., ALI,
Z.S.S. and
UMAMAHESWARI, C., 2008.
Socio cultural and clinical
factors in repetition of suicide
attempts: A study from India.
International Journal of
Culture and Mental Health,
1(1), pp. 3-9.
ENZLIN, P., WEYERS, S.,
JANSSENS, D., POPPE, W.,
EELEN, C., PAZMANY, E.,
ELAUT, E. and AMY, J.-.,
2012. Sexual Functioning in
Women Using
Levonorgestrel-Releasing
Intrauterine Systems as
Compared to Copper
Intrauterine Devices. Journal
of Sexual Medicine, 9(4), pp.
1065-1073.
RASCH, A., HODEK, J.M.,
RUNGE, C. and GREINER,
W., 2009. Determinants of
willingness to pay for a new
therapy in a sample of
menopausal-aged women.
PharmacoEconomics, 27(8),
pp. 693-704.
Suicidology
To explore the
sociocultural and clinical
factors associated with
repetition of suicide
attempt.
N = 607
suicide attempter (509 first
attempters and 98 repeaters)
presenting to hospital
Mean WHO-5 scores:
First timers: 14.68 (SD: 5.86)
Repeaters: 12.43 (SD: 5.99)
India
Gynaecology
Health
economics
To assess different
aspects of sexual
functioning, including the
prevalence of sexual
dysfunction in women
using a levonorgestrel
intrauterine system, to
compare this prevalence
with that among copperreleasing intrauterine
device users; and to
identify the relationship
between psychological
variables and sexual
functioning in women using
one of the intrauterine
contraceptive systems
To test the health and
social demographic factors
(especially household
income level) that
influence willingness to
pay (WTP) for a new
hormone-free treatment in
women of menopausal age
N = 402
Women. 353 levonorgestrel
intrauterine system (LNGIUS) users (88%) and 49
copper-releasing intrauterine
device (Cu-IUD) users (12%)
Women using a LNG-IUS did not differ
significantly in WHO-5 score from those
using Cu-IUD (16.8 vs. 17.7; P = 0.170)
Belgium
N = 1365
Women experiencing typical
menopausal symptoms
Germany
The mean value on the WHO-5 scale to
assess well-being was 12.0 points
(median: 13 points). 59.4% of women
were classified as in danger of
depression.
A highly significant correlation arose
between the value on the MRS scale
and the WHO-5 index (correlation
coefficient using Spearman r=-0.63; p <
0.001). This inverse correlation between
these variables was also confirmed by
univariate linear regression. The
58
increase of one point on the MRS scale
lead to a decrease of 0.489 (p < 0.001)
on the WHO-5 index.
59
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2
MEAN WHO-5 SCORES IN THE COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN THE
EUROPEAN QUALITY OF LIFE SURVEY 2012
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Country
Denmark*
Iceland
FYR Macedonia
Austria
Montenegro
Germany
Finland
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
Netherlands
Bulgaria
Italy
Sweden
Ireland
Kosovo
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Croatia
Cyprus
France
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
United Kingdom
Slovenia
Lithuania
Estonia
Greece
Malta
Romania
Turkey
Latvia
Republic of Serbia
*Danish norms found in Bech 2003
*Danish norms found in Ellervik 2014
All
70.1
68.8
68.3
66.3
65.7
65.7
65.6
65.5
65.4
65.0
64.5
64.4
64.2
64.2
63.8
63.1
62.9
62.2
62.0
61.2
61.1
61.1
59.4
58.9
58.6
58.5
58.4
58.1
57.6
57.6
57.4
56.4
56.4
53.7
68.7
69.6
Females
68.2
67.5
66.2
65.2
65.2
65.1
66.2
63.2
64.2
63.5
62.1
61.2
62.2
62.2
62.0
60.2
60.4
60.9
60.1
57.2
59.2
59.5
59.0
57.8
56.1
58.2
56.7
57.9
56.2
56.9
53.2
54.7
54.6
51.7
66.9
68.2
Males
72.0
70.1
70.5
67.5
66.3
66.3
64.9
68.1
66.7
66.6
67.0
67.9
66.3
66.3
65.7
65.6
65.5
63.6
64.2
65.4
63.1
62.9
59.9
60.1
61.3
58.8
60.3
58.3
59.1
58.3
61.9
58.1
58.5
55.8
70.6
70.7
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/smt/3eqls/index.EF.php
60
Identification
Records identified through
database searching
(n = 964)
Abstracts screened
(n = 501)
Included
Eligibility
Screening
Records excluded
(n= 214)
(abstracts/posters/books/comments, corrigendums/
Non-English language/Clearly irrelevant)
Full-text articles assessed
for eligibility
(n =287)
Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (WHO-5
not study measure )
(n = 74)
Studies included in review
(n = 213)
61