Supplementary Table S1 (docx 348K)
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Epidemiology, Geographical Distribution, and Economic Consequences of Swine Zoonoses: A Narrative Review Khan et. al. 2013. Supplementary information: Supplementary table: a. Supplementary table S1: Swine associated zoonoses classified by pathogen type, role of the pigs in disease transmission, host range, distribution, and population level burden in human and swine. b. Sources details a. Supplementary table S1: Swine-associated zoonoses classified by pathogen type, role of the pigs in disease transmission, host range, distribution, population level disease burden in humans and swine, swine production loss, and occupational hazards. Pathogen type Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity Human mortality Swine morbidity Swine mortality Swine production loss Occupational hazard Species Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus Reservoir Pigs Wild boars, rhesus monkeys, humans Worldwide High Low Low No direct loss - 1-3 Hendra virus Hendra virus Susceptible Bats Horses, pigs, humans Australia High High in pregnant women High High Low - - 4, 5 Nipah virus Nipah virus Amplifier Bats Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, and India High High Yes Swine workers Menangle virus Susceptible Bats Australia Moderate None Moderate to high High Low Menangle virus Pigs, goats, dogs, cats, humans Humans High Yes - Influenza virus A Influenza virus A Reservoir Mammals and birds - Worldwide Human, pigs - Worldwide - - Swine farmers/workers, laboratory workers - 13-20 Reservoir Moderate to high - Low/no Norwalk virus Low to moderate Low Low/no Norwalk virus Moderate to high High Reston ebola virus Reston ebola virus Susceptible Pigs USA, Philippine, Italy High High - - - Zaire ebola virus Susceptible Non-human primates Congo, Gabon, South Africa High High - - - Animal handlers at quarantine facilities - 25-28 Zaire ebola virus Human, non-human primates, bats Human, bats, pig Pathogen/disease Sources Emerging pathogens Viruses Bacteria 6-10 11, 12 21-24 26, 29-31 Staphylococcosis (LAMRSA infection) Staphylococcus aureus Reservoir Human Pig, veal calf, poultry Netherlands Germany Denmark Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Canada, and the United States Low Low Low Low No - 32-36 Streptococcal suis infection Streptococcus suis Reservoir Pigs Humans, boars, horses, dogs, cats The Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Sweden, Ireland, Austria, Hungary, Hong Kong, Croatia, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, New Zealand, Argentina, and United States Low High Low to moderate Low to moderate Yes - 2, 37, 38 Streptococcal porcinus infection Clostridium difficile Streptococcus porcinus Clostridium difficile Reservoir Pigs Humans Scandinavian countries, North America Low Moderate Low Low Low/no - 2, 39 Susceptible human Other mammals High Low Low Low Low - 2, 40 Melioidosis Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei Reservoir Pig, horse, sheep, goat, cattle, rodents, cats, and zoo animals - Tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly in East Asia and Northern Australia High Low Moderate Low Low/no - 2, 38, 41-43 Pork tapeworm (Cysticercus cellulosae) Taenia solium Intermediate host Pigs, dogs - Central and South America, Central and Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Southern and Eastern Europe Moderate in endemic areas Low Moderate Low/no Yes Rural pig farmers and their families 38, 44-46 Giardiasis Giardia spp. Susceptible Cattle Pigs and other ruminants Worldwide: mostly in the tropics Moderate to high Low High Low - Agricultural workers 2, 38, 47 Japanese encephalitis virus Japanese encephalitis virus Reservoir Pigs, herons, egrets Human, ruminants, horses, domestic and wild avian Southeast Asia, particularly China and the Indian subcontinent High High High Low Yes - Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity Human mortality Swine morbidity Swine mortality Swine production Occupational hazard Parasites Endemic pathogens Viruses Pathogen type 2, 7, 48, 49 Sources loss West Nile virus West Nile virus Susceptible Birds humans, pigs, ruminants, horses, and avian species Worldwide, particularly throughout Africa, parts of Europe, Middle East, West Asia, and Australia. New cases are reported in Greece, Israel, Romania, Russia, and in Americas it extends from Canada to Venezuela High Low Moderate Low/no - - 50-52 Vesicular stomatitis virus Vesicular stomatitis (VS) Indiana virus, VS Alagoas virus, VS New Jersey virus Swine vesicular disease Rotavirus A, C, E? Susceptible Cattle, equids, sheep, goats, and less frequently pigs Human Southern Mexico to northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru), and United States High Rare - - Yes - 2, 38, 53 Reservoir Pigs Human Rare - Yes - Mice, rabbit, birds High Low Low Yes - 2, 56-62 Susceptible Birds, and insects Belgium, Italy , Greece, Cyprus, UK, Austria, and France Rare Rare High Low to high Low to high - 2, 38 Anthrax Encephalomyocarditis virus Bacillus anthracis Humans Worldwide Low Low Low Rare Yes - 2, 38, 63 Brucellosis Brucella suis Reservoir Human, pig, cattle, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat Over 30 species of mammals including pigs Cattle, sheep, horses, other ungulates Domestic and feral pigs Moderate to high High Rare Reservoirs Enzootic in southern Italy, and sporadic in Europe, Asia, and North and South America Worldwide Worldwide High Low Low to high Low Yes - 2, 38, 64, 65 Campylobacter enteritis Campylobacter coli Reservoir Worldwide High Low Moderate Low Low/no - 2, 66-69 C. jejuni Reservoir Hamsters, guinea pigs, mice Worldwide High Low High Low Low/no - 2, 66-70 C. laridis Reservoir Hamsters, guinea pigs, mice Worldwide High Low Low Low Low/no - 2, 69, 71, 72 Q fever Coxiella burnetii Susceptible cattle, calves, sheep, zoo animals, dogs, cats cattle, calves, sheep, zoo animals, dogs, cats cattle, calves, sheep, zoo animals, dogs, cats sheep, goat, cattle, dogs Humans, cattle, horses, cattle, and dogs Hamsters, guinea pigs, mice Worldwide (except New Zealand) Moderate Low Rare - - - Post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease in piglets – entero-pathogenic, enterotoxigenic and edema disease Escherichia coli Erysipelas (diamond-skin disease) E. coli Susceptible Cattle, human Pigs, cats, other stray animals Pigs, other mammals Worldwide High Low Moderate to high Low to moderate Yes - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Reservoir Swine, turkeys, pigeons, dolphin Sheep, and lambs Worldwide High (among occupationally exposed) Low High Low to moderate Yes 2, 79-82 Leptospiroses Leptospira spp. Reservoir Pigs Domestic and wild animals, common in rodents, dogs Worldwide High High High Low Yes Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Pasteurella multocida Reservoirs Cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, deer Cat, dog, pigs, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle, sheep Humans Worldwide High High High Low Yes Meat and meat product handlers; rendering-plant workers; veterinarians; game handlers; leather workers; and laboratory workers. Walking bare feet, divers, swimmers, canal workers, hunters travel through swamps, and jungles - Humans, other mammals Worldwide Moderate Low High High Yes 2, 38, 87 Salmonelloses Salmonella choleraesuis Reservoir Calves, pigs, poultry, wild birds, reptiles, and rodents Humans Worldwide High Low Low to high Low to moderate Yes Pathogen/disease Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Human morbidity Human mortality Swine morbidity Swine mortality Swine production Veterinarians, farmers, milkmen, and persons employed in areas where animal tissues are processed Animal dealers, animal keepers, butchers, sewage and canal workers, personals in food industries, and restaurants Occupational hazard Swine vesicular disease virus Rotavirus A Encephalomyocarditis virus Bacteria Pasteurellosis Pathogen type Reservoir Susceptible 38, 54, 55 73-75 2, 38, 76-78 2, 38, 83, 84 38, 85, 86 2, 38, 88 Sources loss Animal dealers, animal keepers, butchers, sewage and canal workers, food industry, and restaurant workers Hunters, butchers, farmers, fur/ wool handlers, veterinarians, laboratory workers Animal handlers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, hunters, raw meat processors 2, 38, 89 Yes Animal handlers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, hunters, raw meat processors 2, 38, 94-96 Low Yes Animal handlers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, hunters, raw meat processors 2, 38, 94-96 Low to high Low Low/no 2, 38, 97-101 High Low to high Low Low/no Hunters, shepherds, farmers, tourists in the endemic areas, veterinarians and cat owners Hunters, shepherds, farmers, tourists in the endemic areas, veterinarians and cat owners High Low Moderate Low to high Yes Swine workers, veterinarians 102-108 East and southeast Asia Moderate Low Moderate Low/no - - 38, 109-113 - Worldwide Low Low Low Low/no Low/no Veterinarians, swine farmers 2, 38, 114-118 Cattle, sheep, goat, rodents Pigs Worldwide Moderate Low Low Low/no Low/no Veterinarians, swine farmers 2, 38, 114-117 Susceptible Cats Worldwide Low Low/no No - 2, 38, 119-122 Reservoir Pigs Moderate to high Low to moderate Low Trichinella spp. Low Low to moderate Low Yes - 2, 38, 123 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Reservoir Pigs, cat, dog Low - - 38, 124, 125 Reservoir Pigs Low - Children under the age of 15 38, 126-132 Gastrodiscoides hominis Reservoir Pigs, mouse, deer, field rats, and rhesus monkeys - Low or moderate Moderate to high Moderate to high Low/no Gastrodiscoidiasis Low to moderate Low to moderate Moderate to high Low Fasciolopsis buski Low/no - - Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Schistosoma japonicum Susceptible Buffaloes and cattle Goats, horses, pigs, rats and dogs Parts of east Asia; eastern Siberia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Sporadic cases in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, China, Kazakhstan, Indian immigrants in Guyana, and the Volga Delta in Russia Southeast Asia, China, Philippines Low Giant intestinal fluke Domestic, game, and other wild animals Dog, sheep, goats, wild boars, bears, badgers, and nutrias Species of cyprinoid fish, snail Young rabbits Moderate to high Low Low Low/no - 38, 139, 140 Cystic echinococcosis; Hydatid disease; Hydatidosis Echinococcus granulosus Intermediate host Sheep, cattle, and cervid Pigs, camels, other mammals Worldwide but mostly in Mediterranean region and southern South America Low Yes Species Pig’s role Primary animal host Other susceptible Distribution Low to moderate Swine morbidity Low/no Pathogen/disease Moderate to high Human morbidity Persons engaged in fishing and agricultural activities requiring contact with water - Swine mortality Swine production Occupational hazard Sources Salmonelloses Salmonella enteritidis Reservoir Calves, pigs, poultry, wild birds, reptiles, and rodents Humans Worldwide High Low Low to high Low to moderate Yes Tularemia Francisella tularensis Susceptible Humans North America and Eurasia High Moderate to high High High Low/no Mycobacterium avium Complex (Tuberculosis) Mycobacterium avium Susceptible Sheep, dogs, pigs, horses, multiple species of wild mammals Many species of mammals, some birds Worldwide High Low Low Low Yes M. tuberculosis Susceptible Cattle, farmed buffalo, goats, wild mammals Worldwide High Low Low Low M. bovis Susceptible Cattle, farmed buffalo, goats, wild mammals Worldwide High Low Low Yersinia enterocolitica Susceptible Rodents Humans, wild mammals particularly deer and wild boars Humans, pigs, cats, dogs, horses and sheep and other mammals Humans, pigs, cats, dogs, horses and sheep and other mammals Humans, domestic and wild mammals Worldwide High Low Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Susceptible Rodents Humans, domestic and wild mammals High Reservoir Multiple domestic animals including dogs, cats, and cattle Cattle, pig Raindeer and wild felids - Cryptosporidiasis Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) Taenia saginata asiatica Cryptosporidium suis Asia (Vietnam, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, India, and Myanmar), Africa (East Central Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, The Domestic Republic of Congo, Libya, and Madagascar), United States in North America, and South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador) Worldwide Pigs Susceptible Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidium parvum Toxoplasma gondii Trichinellosis Yersiniases (plague) Mycoplasma suis Parasites Pathogen type Asian taeniasis Intermediate host Susceptible Worldwide Human mortality 38, 90-92 2, 38, 93 2, 38 133-138 38, 141-145 loss Entamoeba polecki Reservoir Pigs, wild boars, and monkeys - Worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia Low Low Moderate Low/no No Rural pig farmers and their families 3, 23, 146-151 Influenza virus B Influenza virus B Susceptible Human Seals Worldwide Low Low Low Low Negligible - 2, 38, 152 Influenza virus C Influenza virus C Worldwide Low Low Low Low Negligible - 2, 21, 38 Suid Herpesvirus 1 Suid herpesvirus 1 Primary host cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, foxes in fur farms, rats, and wild mice Humans - - High High Yes - 15, 16 Henipa like viruses Henipa like viruses Susceptible Pig - South America, Europe, and Asia. In Europe, PRV (Pseudorabies virus) has never been reported in Norway, Finland, or Malta. PRV has been eradicated from Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Ghana, Bangladesh - - High Low - - 153, 154 Pasteurellosis Pasteurella aerogenes Susceptible Humans, other mammals Europe Rare Low Low Low Low/no Pig farmers 2, 155, 156 Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani Susceptible Cat, dog, pigs, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle, sheep All farmed animals: cattle, pig, lambs. and dogs, and cats - Worldwide Low High Low High Yes Farm and abattoir workers, veterinarians 2, 63, 157, 158 Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Microsporum nanum Reservoir Pigs - Worldwide Low Low Low/no No No 2, 38, 159-161 M. canis Susceptible Cat, dog, horse All mammals North and South America, Europe, and Africa Low Low Low/no No No M. gypseum Susceptible All mammals - Worldwide Low Low Low/no No No Trichophyton mentagrophytes T. rubrum Susceptible Rodents All mammals Worldwide Low Low Low/no No No Susceptible Dogs, cattle, pigs - Worldwide Low Low Low/no No No Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Animal handlers, pet owners, veterinarians Backyard pig farmers 19, 23, 146, 163- Entamoebiasis Sporadically occurring pathogens Viruses Bacterial Fungal Parasitic Balantidiasis Sarcosporidiasis Susceptible Human - T. verrucosum Susceptible Cattle, other ruminants All mammals Worldwide Low Low Low/no No No Balantidium coli Reservoir Pigs Wild boars, rabbits, rats, monkeys, and primates - Worldwide; endemic in People's Republic of China, Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, the south Pacific islands, Brazil, Peru, Panama, and Cuba Worldwide; highly prevalent in Indian subcontinent Moderate to high Low to high Low High Low/no - Sarcocystis suihominis * Some of the fields are blank due to lack of data. 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