Module 4 Guided Notes
4.01-The Cardiovascular System
Page 1-Focus Question: What are the major parts of your cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system transports needed ___________ and ______________ to all the cells
of your body. It does so by pumping blood through an expansive system of ____________ that
extend to all your muscles, organs, and body tissues.
(Watch the video on this page once, and then watch it again and fill in the video note
worksheet below to answer the focus question.)
Heart Worksheet
Word Bank: atria, ventricles, diastole, systole, AV valves, contract, pulmonary artery, lung,
aorta, arteries, relax
1. There are a total of ________ chambers in the heart, two on each side.
2. The upper chambers are called _________ and the lower chambers are called ____________.
3. The pumping action of the heart has two main periods: a period of relaxation called the
______________ and a period of contraction called ______________.
4. In diastole, the period of relaxation, blood enters from the atria into the ventricles through
valves called ________________.
5. In the period of contraction, systole, the ventricles _______________.
6. Oxygen-depleted blood flows out of the right ventricle into the ______________________.
7. The pulmonary artery has two branches, each of which goes to a _____________. Here,
blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
8. From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood enters the largest artery in the body, the
______________.
9. _______________ stemming off the aorta carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
10. When the atria ____________, oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, and
oxygen poor blood from the rest of the body enters the right atrium, starting the process all
over again.
Page 2-Focus Question: What causes the sound of a heartbeat and what should a healthy heart sound
like?
(Listen to the audio on this page once, and then listen to it again and fill in the worksheet
below to answer the focus question.)
Heartbeat Worksheet
Word Bank: out, close, contracts, fill, valves, open
1. It’s the _________ opening and closing that makes the sound you hear.
2. The two bottom chambers (ventricles) of your heart _______ when the heart muscle relaxes.
3. The heart muscle __________ and pushes the blood from the bottom ventricles to the lungs
and body.
4. The valves between the top two chambers (atria) and the bottom chambers
(ventricles)_______ so the blood moves in one direction. That’s what makes the first sound of
your heart beat.
5. A second set of valves open to the let the blood flow ______ of the bottom chambers
(ventricles) and to the lungs and body. When they close again, it makes the second beat of your
heart.
6. One type of heart murmur occurs when one of the heart valves can’t _________ or close
completely.
Page 3-Focus Question: What is blood pressure and what factors affect it?
How do these parts of the body affect blood pressure?
Heart muscleKidneysNervous and endocrine systemsGeneticsUnhealthy choices-
(Watch the video on this page once, and then fill in the video note worksheet below to
answer the focus question.)
Factors that affect Blood Pressure Worksheet
Word Bank: atherosclerosis, diastolic, hypertension, systolic
Blood Pressure
What is blood pressure?
What is systolic pressure?
What is diastolic pressure?
What happens to blood pressure during stress or
exercise?
Factors that affect blood pressure
What is hypertension?
What is plaque?
What is atherosclerosis?
What causes a heart attack?
What causes a stroke?
ASSESSMENT
Complete the 04.01 Cardiovascular System quiz.
4.01 Honors- Blood Vessels and Electrocardiograms
Page 2-Focus Question: What are the three main types of blood vessels and their general
functions?
ArteriesVeins
Capillaries.
*** Oxygenated blood leaves the heart and moves through blood vessels that gradually
decrease in size from the arteries, to the arterioles, to the tiny capillaries in tissues and organs.
*** Oxygen depleted blood returns to the heart, passing through blood vessels that increase in
size from the capillaries, to the venules, to the veins
Page 3-Focus Question: What tissues make up the arteries, veins, and the capillaries of the
human body?
Examine the three tunics in the diagram in the lesson and describe the tissues listed below.

Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia

Tunica Media-

Tunica Intima-

Elastin-

Valves-
Page 4-Focus Question: What tissues make up the arteries, veins, and the capillaries of the
human body?
Examine the layers of artery and vein walls, the simple squamous epithelial cells,
nuclei of endothelial cells, and the connective tissue between the artery and vein.
TISSUES OF ARTERIES AND VEINS WORKSHEET
As you view the tissue slides, draw your observations in the space provided. Include any written
notes that may be helpful when you are studying and preparing for your assignment.
Tissue Slide
Observations
Artery and Vein 4X
Connective Tissue 10X
Artery 20X
Artery 40X
Vein 40X
Page 5- Focus Questions: How does the structure of a blood vessel affect its function?
Arteries and veins have the same basic structure with a few notable differences. List them
below.
Capillaries differ in structure from arteries and veins. List the differences below
Use the Blood Vessels worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video on the basic
structure and functions of blood vessels.
Blood Vessels Worksheet
Word Bank: arteries, capillaries, pulmonary, valves
Blood Vessels
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
What is their general structure?
What do they transport?
How is the pulmonary artery different from other
arteries?
Veins
What is their general structure?
What do they transport?
How is the pulmonary vein different from other
veins?
How are veins different from arteries?
Capillaries
What is the general structure?
What do they transport?
How are capillaries different from veins and
arteries?
Page 6-Focus question: What are the components of an electrocardiogram?
Describe Electrocardiograms (ECGs)-
View the slide show to learn the wave types of an electrocardiogram. Be sure to fill in the
notes on each ECG wave described by the audio.
1. The first wave is the __________, and it occurs when the top two chambers of the heart,
called the ______________, depolarize.
2. Depolarization creates action potentials, which are the electrical impulses that induce muscle
_______________. Therefore, during the p wave, the atria are _______________, pushing blood
into the bottom ventricles of the heart.
3. The ______________ wave represents the depolarization of the bottom chambers of the
heart (ventricles), which causes the muscles of the ventricles to ___________ and push blood to
the lungs and body.
4. The first sound of your heartbeat occurs immediately after the QRS wave, when the
_________ between the atria and ventricles close.
5. During the __________, muscles of the ventricles relax as they ______________. The valves
of the aorta and pulmonary artery _____________. This creates the second sound of your heart
beat.
6. The __________ waves of an ECG are graphed in succession and compared to a normal
electrocardiogram of a healthy heart. Any deviation of the graphed waves can indicate a heart
problem.
ASSESSMENT
Complete the 04.01 honors Cardiovascular System quiz.
4.02- Components of Blood
Page 2-Focus Question: What components are found in blood?
1. Blood is a ___________ tissue. It unites the body by transporting all the elements required by
our cells.
2. Blood contains three formed elements: _____________ cells, _____________ cells, and
_____________.
3. Formed elements are suspended in a water-based, somewhat yellow fluid known as
____________.
4. When the formed elements are removed from plasma, a ___________ is left behind that
contains minerals, nutrients, wastes, and antibodies from the immune system.
Page 3-Focus Question: What are the functions of each of the components in blood?
Use the Components of Blood worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video on the
blood composition.
Components of Blood Worksheet
Word Bank: carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, clot, glucose, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes
The role of blood
Materials transported by blood?
How does it protect the body?
How does it stop bleeding?
Plasma of blood
What is it made of?
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
What component of red blood cells carries oxygen
and makes the RBC’s red in color?
Red blood cells are also called…
What do RBC’s transport in the body?
What do RBC’s have on their surfaces?
White Blood Cells (WBC)
White blood cells are also called…
What do WBC’s do?
Can they cross into tissues?
Platelets
What are they made of?
What can platelets do?
ASSESSMENT
Read the Blood Disorder Case Study and answer the follow-up questions.
Submit your work as 04.02 Components of Blood.
4.03- Hemostasis, Typing, and Transfusion
Page 2- Focus Question: What are the steps of hemostasis?
Hemostasis-
Coagulation-
Use the blood clotting worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video.
Blood Clotting Worksheet
Blood Clotting (Hemostasis)
What blood components are responsible for blood
clotting?
How does a clot form?
How do blood vessels help with clotting?
How does fibrin help with clotting?
Complete the Hemostasis review on page 3!
Page 4- Focus Question: What determines a person’s blood type?
Antigens- Red blood cells have unique _________ called antigens on their surfaces.

Each person has the A antigen, B antigen, both the A and B antigens, or none of
the antigens on their red blood cells.
Antibodies- Blood antigens __________ the production of special proteins called antibodies.
They initiate an immune response against other types of red blood cells.


For example, an A-antigen red blood cell will make antibodies against any Bantigen red blood cell.
There is one exception to antibody production in the blood. Red blood cells with
both the A and B antigens on their surfaces do not make A or B _____________.
To do so would cause an attack on their red blood cells.
Rhesus factor- There is another type of _________ found on red blood cells calleda Rhesus
factor or an Rh antigen.
 For example, if a person has the Rh antigen, their blood is considered positive. If
they do not have the Rh antigen, their blood is considered negative.
Use the blood types worksheet below and take notes as you view the video on blood typing,
antigens, and antibodies.
Blood Types Worksheet
Blood Types
What are the four blood types?
What determines the blood types of the red blood
cells?
Blood Transfusions
What happens when you mix blood types?
How does blood plasma affect the way blood
reacts when different blood types are mixed?
Complete the blood types review on page 5!
Page 6- Focus Question: Why is it important to know a person’s blood type before they receive
blood transfusions?
If a person receives the wrong type of blood, the antibodies in the __________ blood plasma
will attach to the antigens of the _________ red blood cells.
 How will this harm the person receiving the blood?
The ______ factor and the blood type determine the kind of blood a person can receive.
 Can a person with Rh negative blood receive Rh positive blood?
The antibodies in the recipient’s blood determine the safety of the blood donation.
 Why are the antibodies of the donated blood less important than the antibodies
of the recipient’s blood?
Complete the blood type matching review at the bottom of page 6!
ASSESSMENT
There are two blood typing and transfusion options: a Hands-On Lab option and a Case Study
option. Please select one of these activities to complete.
Submit your work as 04.03 Components of Blood.