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Impact of Solar Collector Heat Gain on Heating and Cooling Loads of a
Laboratory for Hydrogen Production – Part I: Baseline Loads for
Laboratory [Title: Times New Roman, Bold, Size 14, Line space 1.5]
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Andrew T.K. FAN1, Zhaolin WANG2, , Marc A. ROSEN3 [Times, Bold, Size 11, Line space 1.5,

1
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Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
Oshawa, Canada
2,3
School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
Oshawa, Canada
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andrew.fan@uoit.ca, forest.wang@uoit.ca, marc.rosen@uoit.ca [Size 11, Line space 1.5]
Abstract [Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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Today the most efficient [ All the manuscript text in Times New Roman, Size 11, Line space 1.5,
Justified on both sides] and cost effective method of hydrogen production is steam methane reforming
(SMR). The process of SMR involves the decomposition of water and methane to form carbon dioxide
and hydrogen gas. Although this is the most popular method for large scale hydrogen production, the
ultimate drawback is the generation and release of carbon dioxide in the reaction, due to the usage of
methane as the heat and hydrogen source simultaneously. Solar based hydrogen production is a
promising solution amongst other clean hydrogen production alternatives.
Regarding solar based hydrogen production from fossil fuels, according to Bensebaa et al. [1], there are
three common thermal based solar hydrogen production methods known today: solar reforming, solar
cracking and solar gasification. These three processes utilize carbon based reactions which means they
emit carbon dioxide as a byproduct. The objective of this article is to determine and assess the heating
and cooling loads of the laboratory prior to adding a solar collector system. The results are used in the
second part of this two part study [10] to evaluate the differences in heating and cooling loads when a
solar collector system is added to the laboratory.
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Keywords: heating and cooling load, solar hydrogen production, thermochemical
1. INTRODUCTION [Titles in Uppercase, Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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Today the most efficient and cost effective [Manuscript text: Times New Roman, Size 11, Line space
1.5] method of hydrogen production is steam methane reforming (SMR). The process of SMR involves
the decomposition of water and methane to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Although this is the
most popular method for large scale hydrogen production, the ultimate drawback is the generation and
release of carbon dioxide in the reaction, due to the usage of methane as the heat and hydrogen source
simultaneously. Solar based hydrogen production is a promising solution amongst other clean hydrogen
production alternatives.
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3. SOLAR INSOLATION DATA [Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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3.1. Radiation Entering Solarium [Sub-titles in Lowercase, Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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Data on solar irradiance and availability is provided for Oshawa, Ontario, Canada from an online solar
energy and surface meteorology dataset [7]. Based on the dataset, the maximum, minimum and average
annual solar insolation is 5.67 kWh/m2·day (in June), 1.07 kWh/m2·day (in December) and 3.37
kWh/m2·day (annual average). The simulation assumes that the average daily hours of solar availability
is 10 hours and that the sky has 100% clarity. For the purpose of the simulation, the sun is taken to be
available between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the winter and between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. in the summer, per
data from reference [7].
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Fig. 1 Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Schematic layout of the solarium. [Size 11, Line space 1.5,
left aligned, “Fig.1” bold]
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For the purpose of the simulation, the glazing used in the solarium is assumed to be a single pane
uncoated glazing with SHGC = 0.86. Other SHGC as low as 0.29 [8] were investigated for maximum
solar glare and heat gain reduction. In the case of the solarium, the greater the SHGC, the greater the
level of radiation will actually penetrate into the room.
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Table 1 Climate data showing annual averages (Temperatures in Celcius) [Size 11, Line space 1.5]
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Mean Wind
Direction (deg)
Heating
Cooling Mean Wet
Daily Range of
Speed (m/s)
From North
Dry Bulb Temp.
Bulb Temp.
Dry Bulb Temp.
5
250
-25
21.3
10.3
10
250
-20
18.4
9.1
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For the purpose of the simulation, the glazing used in the solarium is assumed to be a single panel.
Assume that the following equation would show Nehrling-type function (1985)
(𝑥 ∗ + 𝑑)𝑛 = ∑
𝑛
(𝑛𝑘)𝑥 𝑘 𝜇 𝑛−𝑘 [Equation aligned left, Equation number aligned right]
(1)
𝑘=0
The values to x*, d, and n may be selected so that  can measure the aspiration level of the design
team for specific attribute.
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4. CONCLUSIONS [Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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The heating and cooling loads of the solarium and the office portions of a research laboratory have been
analyzed and compared. The peak heating and cooling loads for the solarium are about 3.9 and 2.6 times
greater than the office, respectively, due to the differences in construction and usage of the zones. In
the summer, the delayed heat gain requires that the cooling system be active throughout the entire day,
while in the winter the delayed heat gain along with the difference in insulation reduces the heating load
in the office throughout the day. Nonetheless, the peak loads for both the solarium and office are
observed to be slightly lower in the winter than in the summer, and this result can be attributed to the
fact that heat gain from the solarium during the day slightly offsets the overall heat loss in the night.
The research on heating and cooling impacts will be extended to the laboratory when a parabolic trough
collector is added to the solarium. Solar based hydrogen production is a promising solution amongst
other clean hydrogen production alternatives. Solar based hydrogen production is a promising solution
amongst other clean hydrogen production alternatives.
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5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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Acknowledgements can be written if needed.
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6. REFERENCES [Bold, Size 12, Line space 1.5]
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[1] Myers, R.H. and Montgomery, D.C. 1991. Response Surface Methodology, Wiley & Sons,
New York. [Reference items renumbered, Left indent 0,1 and First line 0.8]
[2] Nehrling, B.S. 1985. Fuzzy Set Theory and General Arrangement Design. Computer
Applications in the Automation of Shipyard Operations and Ship Design, Banda and Kuo Editors,
Elsevier, pp. 319-328.
[3] Fan, A. T. K., Wang, Z., and Rosen, M. A. 2014. Impact of solar collector heat gain on heating
and cooling loads of a laboratory for hydrogen production – Part II: Loads with solar collector.
Proc. 7th Int. Ege Energy Symp., 18-20 June 2014, Usak, Turkey (in press)