Stylish and Temporal Features of Original Manuscript of “Akhlaghol Olia”
Written by “Aboulhasan Jajarmi”
Mahnoosh Amini 1, Abolghasem Amirahmadi 2
1,2
Department of Persian language and literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, Iran
1
Amini.Mahnoosh@Gmail.com , 2Amirahmadi@iaus.ac.ir
Abstract:
Iran’s written heritage through Farsi language, a language not changed so much, has
been achieved from the past. This heritages, is an valuable handwriting versions that
have been distributed during the time and deserve keeping and appreciating, are based
on the scientific version knowing theories and criticizing correction of the elements of
the surface and meaning without any the minimum interference in art work of the
writer. The aim of this research is introducing the book of “Akhlaghol Olia” written
by Aboulhasan Jajarmi, the poet and writer of “Ghajar” age (the year between 1795 to
1925). For knowing of his thought and literal style, his other works have also been
investigated and this conclusion has been achieved that he has formed his works
based on the religious and moral values and tries that by strengthening of the religious
bases in the audience. The book of “Akhlaghol Olia” or “Nasihat Nameh”, is a 350
verses in moral science that the writer kept it for his child to try in cleaning the
behavior. He has numerated 280 behaviors in it and for crediting of each verses or
hemistich that refers to a behavior of the moral, has brought sentences from Quran
and an anecdote from Islam prophet as a witness. The correction of this version has
been done based on the main version that has been written in the writer`s hand writing
itself in 1824. Among the oral features of this work is brevity, allusion metaphoric
and allegorical additions and in spite of simplicity of verses, sometimes the Arabic
unknown words have been used that has been due to the influence of Islamic culture.
Key Words: Aboulhasan Jajarmi, Akhlaghol Olia, Manuscript, Correction, and
Morality.
1.0 Introduction:
The written literal, cultural, historical and religious heritage of Iran’s land, that has
been achieved from the past, fills the gap and break between the past and present
through Farsi language with large parts of the history and culture and literature of
Iran’s country that finds the grandee and men of this land from different parts, and
introduces them (Browne, 1997; Soudavar, 1992). The grandee that tried in promotion
and activating this rich language (Lambton, 1971).
The scientific method of the scientists and writers has been writing the thoughts for
being available for everybody (Burgio, Clark, Muralha, & Stanley, 2008). This left
heritage belongs to the valuable handwriting versions that have been distributed
during the time and deserve keeping and appreciating (Bosworth, 1978). This keeping
of major ideal heritage, needs to the knowing and discussing of nominal and ideal
values, that is not possible unless based on the version knowing scientific theories and
criticizing correction of the surface and meaning elements without the minimum
interference in the art work of the writer (Heravi, 2001; Hodjat, 1995; Niknami,
2005).
The handwriting version of “Akhlaghol Olia” is among the few versions that it`s
retrieving is a key in knowing of the thought of “Aboulhasan Ebne Mohammad
Kazem Jajarmi”, the writer and poet of the eighteen century (Derayati, 2009). Also
his name has been written among the grandee of Isfahan (Mahdavi, 2005: 154). In
analysis and correction of this work, the poem of poet is the superficial shape of the
Islamic anecdotes are the main meaning of the work; and the real thoughts of poet as
his handwritings are clear in the margin of version. (Madden & Seifi, 2011). The
concern of writer’s thought is in the system of values, a system that determines good
and bad for everybody, a goal that completing of it has been the aim of combustibility
of Islam prophet. The main goal of poet is transferring the concept of humanity with
warning and advice and guidance to the audience. Thus he does not drown himself in
poem and poetry to know the poem as a profession and in fact the poem for him is a
device in the service of meaning. Stability of meaning for him is the most important
method of presenting and the word in its simplest form with addition of rhetoric is
indicative of the intermediate class of people (E. Hosseini, 2010).
This article has paid to the introduction of the work of “Akhlaghol Olia” and the
method of correction of it`s version, for knowing of his thought and literal style, his
other works have been also investigated.
2.0 Literature Review
Jajarmi left many written manuscripts that listed bellow base on the order of the year
of book with small explanation about the features of these works. To be able to
investigate these works by attention to the features of style and time, the primary
thinking and belief principles of the writer be extracted. These principles, have
important and vital role in retrieving the handing version of poet`s poem.
2.1 Book No.1 “Tohfatol Amir Fi Ebtal Aljabr Va Esbat Altakhbir”
This book has 20 wisdom reasons on cancelling the force and 29 anecdotal reasons
from Quran on demonstrating of being independent of human being. This work with
clear and simple writing and without using the hard terms was finished with the topic
of philosophy and beliefs by the name of Mohammad Taghi Mirza in the year of 1814
and in the year of 1818, it’s margin writings were corrected and it’s Arabic terms in
the margin were translated (S. Hosseini, 1992: 102).
2.2 Book No.2 “Rayat Aljehad Fi Elam Alebad”
This work with the topic of war against blasphemers and the traditions of arming was
written in one introduction and sixteen chapters and finishing in the year of 1823.
From the introduction of book it is clear that this work has been written in the second
period of Iran’s and Russia’s wars and the writer appreciates the Islam’s soldier in the
war of Iran and Russia and addressing to “Fathali Shah Ghajar”, appreciates placing
“Abbas Mirza Nayebol Sltane” for conflicting with Russia (Shafiei Kadkani, 2009;
Jajarmi, 1823).
2.3 Book No.3 “Barakat Alghaem Layaghaz Alnaem”
This work has been written in the year of 1824 in the name of “Imam Mahdi” peace
be upon him (Amin, 1991). This book has 304 sentences from Quran and 457
anecdotes and it’s topic in Jajarmi’s saying has been written in presenting the crime
and the stages of crime and it`s disagreements and disgrace of the presence and
position of the cruel from the multiplicity of happenings of days. This work involves
of the sentences from Quran and reports and philosophical terms, has been written in
one introduction and two chapters and one finishing. It also says cruelty battling of
“Imam Mahdi” beside the bad effects of cruelty. Also, multiple versions have been
left from this writing (Jajarmi, 1824b).
2.4 Book No.4 “Akhlaghol Olia or Nasihat Nameh”
This book is a long Masnavi in moral science that author writes for his child. This
book has been written in the year of 1824 and has about 350 verses that 280 behaviors
have been placed in it’s literature and under each verse or hemistich involving a
behavior of the moral and it brings sentences from Quran, anecdote or report of a
scientist that totally refer to 400 anecdotes and the sentences from Quran and words
of scientists are also in this setting and made it as “Akhlaghol Olia”. The verses of this
book are very simple and clear (Jajarmi, 1824a).
2.5 Book No.5 “Yanabie Alhekme”
A work with the topic of advice and moral and anecdote in Farsi has been written in
the year of 1825 in Isfahan and in 1887 has been published in 235 pages. The first
chapter of this book is about holy anecdotes and second chapter to fourteen chapter
are about the anecdotes of fourteen innocents that each one are mentioned in one
chapter and the fifteenth chapter of book is about the anecdotes of honor Christ and
the sixteenth chapter is about the anecdotes of “Loughman” and in the seventeenth
chapter the testaments of “Abouzar” are presented and finally there are sayings of the
writer (Tehrani, 1984: 288; Mottaghi, 2010: 25).
2.6 Book No.6 “Hedyat Almakie”
This thesis has been in poetic in 165 verses in the principles of tact science and the
habitude of writing of anecdote. The language of work is Arabic and was written the
child “Nazem Molla Mohammad Hossein” in the trip of Haj in the year of 1866 and
another child Sheikh Molla Nasrollah has written something’s in the margin (Tehrani,
1984: 213).
2.7 Book No.7 “Alakhlagh”
This book with moral topics and the discussions related to them has been written in
362 pages. The year of writing of this work has been recorded in 1847 and has been
written in the handwriting of “Ahmad Ebne Mohammad Ali Peikani Almaskan”. This
work is a mix set of anecdotal frameworks, mythical advices and is affected under the
addition of sentences of holy Quran and is presented from very strong anecdotal
aspect and in other aspect is weaker. The writer tries to use each method in it’s proper
place to be close to his audience and say the real fact completely (Tehrani, 1984: 6).
3.0 Methodology
A convenient methodology, models and techniques must be defined to reach the goal
of research. Performing comprehensive literature review and surveying real world and
analyzing them can help to design more useful guideline. In this study the research
methodology starts with research purpose and research approach. It also outlines
research strategies, finally sampling methods. The proposed model is expected to be
able to provide a solution to the problem statement and to fulfill the research goals.
4.0 Materials and Result
Base on the goal of this research, we found five original books that assumed that
belong to the writer. First of all, we evaluate other pervious books that related to
author and found that basic idea and structure of author (Derayati, 2009; Imanian &
Alipour, 2012). In next step, we read and evaluated the all versions of “Akhlagh Olia”
and figure out that one of these book have many similarities to author’s structure and
idea. Then, we named this book “Base Version” and named others from A, B, C & D.
Finally checked the validity of all these version and compare with base version.
4.1.0 Base Version:
This version of Akhlaghol Olia by the number of 2606 is kept in the storehouse of the
library of Tehran University. The type of cover is cardboard and the dimensions of
each page are 17 CM * 11 CM. Each page involves of 14 lines; in 25 papers in 1824
has been written by the writer and the poet himself by the handwriting of “Nastaligh”
[a kind of art in writing (Hanaway & Spooner, 1995)]. It has the sign and indication
of vermilion and the margins and report like from the Shiite news and involves of 400
anecdotes and in some places has from vermilion version (Danesh Pajoo, 1991: 1461;
Jajarmi, 1824a).
4.1.1 Validity of Base Version:
This version due to this matter that is by the handwriting of the writer is the most
genteel and valid version. This work with the mentioned description has been written
in the time of writer’s life and in the handwriting of the poet himself but the important
point in this version is that by the writer’s saying at the back of version, for each
verse, an anecdote or report or speech of a scientist have been mentioned. Sometimes
for one verse, some anecdotes and sentences from Quran are brought that it’s meaning
and interpretation be clear for the reader, but in final 88 verses of his epopee, any
margin is not seen in the version and the blank place of Margin leads our mind to the
question about this matter whether this version is really base version and by the
handwriting of the writer himself. While it is that the substitute version of Akhlaghol
Olia up to the last verse have the margin with the same writing and lingual and
meaning style and method of the writer; very important matter is that it is possible,
these problems in version have the reasonable cause and it be that sometimes the
writer writes his book and writes a version of it and then the owner of work reviews in
his writing and provides another version and decreases some matters and adds a
matter to it and put in access of a version from this form of his writing near the
writers for multiplying and that second version that we give the probability of it’s
availability is not in our access and it’s substitute versions are available.
Sometimes he may while giving the version to the writers, give the duty of margin
writing of the remaining of version up to the end from the given resource to the
writer, because the writer cries about the short time period for the reader at the back
of the version and put his many anecdote book in access of the writer that based on
the topic of verse, writes the anecdote and sentences from Quran related to it. This
version relative to its substitute version has scrawl and special irregularity in the topic
of verse and the interpretation of verses.
4.2.0 Version of A:
This version by the number of 3837 is available in the center of retrieving Islamic
heritage of Qom (Ostadi, 1986). The version is by the handwriting of “Nastaligh”
without the name of the writer. In the year of ۱۹۵۷ in ownership of Hassan Najafi
Koze kanani with the stamp of " Aldaji Hassan " (square) is seen and has the stamp of
library " Sheikh Noorodin Vaez Khorasani " (oval). The cover of version is beating
calfskin brown in 55 page with 6 lines and with dimensions of paper 21 CM * 15 CM.
This work has been written in the century of thirteen (Asef, 2009).
4.2.1 Validity of Version A:
Because this version has a little difference in recording with the base version and
between the lines the explanations of the writer was mentioned to the vermilion and
the margin of version is completely like the margin of the base version, has higher
validity relative to two other versions (B and C). Also relative to the base version that
has margin up to the middle of the book, it seems more complete but because the date
of writing of the version is not clear, it`s validity decreases. The explanation of the
writer between the lines are not come regularly in each verse, so that in version B
between each verse, the topic or an explanation from the writer or author is given.
4.3.0 Version B:
This version is kept in comprehensive library of “Goharshad” by the number of 1555.
The type of cover is layer green calfskin and its paper is “Frankish”. It has 45 papers
in the dimensions of 20 CM * 13 CM. The writer of this version with the broken line
of “Nastaligh” line of Mirza Mehdi Ebne Akhond Molla Hashem Isfahani has finished
the writing of this work at Tuesday 25 Rabiol Aval 1307 in Tehran (Jajarmi, 1929).
4.3.1 Validity of Version B:
This version is written very beautiful and almost all it`s words are legible, a complete
version that involves all the poems available in the base version. It has the margin and
topic for verses and is a complete set of Akhlaghol Olia. But due to this matter that
this version relative to the base version from time point of view is in a far more period
and has been written in century of thirteen and in the topics of poems the tenures of
they writer and interferences and additions are seen, it decreases the degree of validity
of version. The writer for each verse puts a topic by the red color and an anecdote and
phrase of Quran that this order is not seen in the substitute versions and base versions.
In any case it is a complete and without failure version that from the validity point of
view is after the version A.
4.4.0 Version C:
This version by the number of 1212 is kept in the library of “Azam Mosque” in Qom.
The writer of it is Mohammad Reza that wrote this set of poems in “Nastaligh” in the
year of 1926. The cover of version is brown calfskin with covering without cardboard
in 42 papers and the dimensions of it`s paper is 20 * 14 in every page with 8 lines
(Jajarmi, 1926).
4.4.1 Validity of Version C:
The available version does not have margin and any topic is not mentioned for verses
and the writer of work sufficed just to mentioning of the epopee. For this, it does not
have the validity of other substitutes but the verses are close to the base version and
the difference of recording in it is very small.
4.5.0 Version D:
A version by the number of 57/201 – 8531/2 is available in the number of reprosite of
handy versions of the library of Ayattollah Golpayegani. It’s writer Ismaieel Ebne
Ibrahim by the line of Nasta`ligh has written it in the year of 1894. The epopee has
been inserted in the text and explanation matters in the margin with vermilion. It has
34 pages and the size of its paper is 16 CM * 10 CM in 10 lines (Sadra Khoei &
Hafezian, 2010).
4.5.1 Validity of Version D:
This version is in a set that it`s name is not clear, in the pages 34 to 78, and by
frequently referring to this version, it does not reach to us and the authorities of
library saw the presence of such version only in the reposition of available version
and said that maybe the mentioned version was returned to it’s main owner among the
lending versions of this library and other information about it`s presence is not
available.
5.0 Discussion:
By attention to the available versions and small information in the reports of the
writer and shortage and lack of age resources about the writer and all available
versions from one work, the version number 2606 Tehran university that were
composed by the handwriting of the writer himself and in the year of 1861, was
placed in base version (Jajarmi, 1824a). Because when the base version is in the hand
of the corrector and the originality of the version has been recorded from the point of
view of descriptive historical version knowing, does not need to conflict against the
substitute version and the corrector can by relying on base version itself, correct and
research it. But because sometimes in the width and the length of the base version of a
work, another version of it has been provided that a same level scientist or knower
read and corrected the version and there was another version from the writer; in this
case measuring the base version with substitute versions is necessary (Gohari &
Vahedi, 2012). Thus we have mentioned the cacographers and in rare cases the
composition false of margin that probably were miscue of item of the writer, in the
footnote.
The base version in 88 final verses is presented without subject and margin that
needed to more care in substitute versions. In the first step, the epopee of Akhlaghol
Olia was corrected and compared with substitute versions and the difference of
recordings was documented in the footnote. In the second step, the margin of base
version with correction of cacography’s and composition false was presented and
compared in the text. In rare cases some of subject of verses due to the difference of
recording in substitute versions and lack of it were not brought in the base version and
only the descriptive sentence of verses has been mentioned from the part that the
margin of base version ended. The margin of version B was placed as the base and
was compared and corrected with the margin of version A.
The reason that the margin of version B was as the base, was the proportional
rightness of it`s recording from the composition and lingual point of view and a
reading that shows the version is extracted from the composer’s handwriting; good
handwriting and the ease of reading of it was also another reason for selection of base
in final margin of version.
Also, because the margin of version B enters in the text, it was put with abbreviation
sign of some word before the anecdotes of each page and was compared with the
margin A that in footnote appears with the abbreviation letters and the difference of
recordings is documented.
While comparing the difference of versions, if where the selection of another version
seemed more proper than the selection of the base version, it was chosen and was
explained in the footnote that of course the number of these cases are small. In some
of verses, the obsolete words are seen that we have brought their meanings in the
footnote. To some extent it is possible, we have attempted that the handwriting of the
base version be kept like the cases that for ease of today’s reader, we were forced to
change them, have changes in another form that in every places have been written in
this form like today form.
6.0 Conclusion:
This epopee has been composed in the form of Masnavi (Mojaddedi, 2007). The
Masnavi "Khousro and Shirin" of “Nezami” (Binyon, 1928); “Veis and Ramin” of
“Fakhroddin Asa`d Gorgani” (Nasrollahi, 2006); and "Shirin and Farhad" of “Vahshi
Bafghi” (Ghari, 2014); have been composed on this weight that this weight for lovely
stories seems proper or for two verses has more usage and since the poet after every
two verses changes the subject, has selected such weight for his epopee. The literal
period of life of poet is in the period of literal return but the stylish features of the
language of Jajarmi poem and every other poet, can only be found, learnt and used
with thinking and surveying in his poems. The art works are not presented based on a
fix and specified formula and principles that at the time of need to the new works, to
be able to refer to them. But some of features due to frequently repetition in a special
literal period and based on it due to the type of conflicting and using of the author
from those elements, help us in this problem. By attention to such limited principles
of the stylish and lingual features, the poem of Jajarmi is like this.
1. In a few cases, the language was not developed and ready and in the grammatical
structure of sentences, there is disorder and / or improper and false movement in the
structure of sentence and / or bringing the structure in propper place with complexity
is seen.
2. Brevity and in the most verses, trimming the poem from the extra and further words
and avoiding from bootless wordings that not only do not have special role in total
structure of the poem , but decrease the eloquence and become stiff .
3. In some verses, he used the literal arrays especially metaphor, allegory and
metaphorical and translate addition and simple simile.
4. He brought “Y” at the end of verb.
5. In one verse “M” has been brought before noun and before predicate that draws it
off the readiness.
6. Deep and wide influence of Islamic culture in the poem; so that a series of words in
jurisprudence and Islamic anecdote are not interpreted and translated and are used in
the same form.
7. Usage of the Arabic word: the poet says in his introduction that leads to the
simplexes that every body can use this epopee. But presence of the more usable
Arabic words in the verses is very much.
8. Usage of the philosophical, verbal terms and etc. are seen rarely.
9. The poet is subjective and is obligated to edification and moral and religious and is
thinker of human and physical adjectives and evolution of soul.
10. Using a series of old words in the poem of the poet of return period, and the
mimic and more usable words from the poets with Iraq style.
11. Using new words in his sentences that novel in that period.
12 more frequency words in Jajermi poem are defined under dominance and influence
of Islamic culture, anecdote and jurisprudence. His language is without ambiguity and
philosophical and verbal complexities and obsolete words and he does not know the
principles and details of poem language of his age very much but is very affected; so
that he emphasizes very much on simple writing and avoiding from stiff saying. His
poem shows that his much knowledge and thinking in old Farsi texts provides such
set that we state it`s stylish and lingual features.
13. AboulHassan Jajermi knows the job of poetry ugly and achieving money from this
way is scandal.
14. Among the important features of Jajermi poem is it's being simple and easiness.
He brings the thoughtful anecdotes and word simply in the poem as an advisor. He
himself states this point in the introduction that simples and ease and being
understandable of poem caused the eloquence of language and follows the eloquent
language of Imam Ali is stated beautiful and simple.
This honorable poet and writer should be considered as a religious scientist since his
all works have been in the direction of religious and moral values. He always tries
that by enhancing the moral bases, influences the audience under the religious and
belief thinking’s and was successful in this way.
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