PSYCH Unit 1 Identifications (History and Approaches)
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Psychology
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Empiricism
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Structuralism
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Functionalism
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Humanistic psychology
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Nature-nurture issue
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Natural selection
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Levels of analysis
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Bio-psychosocial approach
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Basic research
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Applied research
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Behavioral Psychology
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Biological Approach
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Cognitive Approach
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Counseling psychology
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Clinical psychology
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Psycho-Analytical (Psychodynamic) Approach
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Psychiatry
Chapter 1 (Thinking Critically with Psychological Science)
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Hindsight bias
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Critical thinking
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Theory
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Hypothesis
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Random Selection
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Operational definition
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Replication
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Case study
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Experimental Group
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Confounding Variables
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Demand Characteristics
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Placebo
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Quasi-Experiment
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Survey
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False consensus effect
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Population
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Random sample
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Naturalistic observation
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Gestalt
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Correlation
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Reliability
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Validity
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Scatterplot
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Ordinal Scale
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Nominal Scale
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Illusory correlation
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Experiment
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Single Blind procedure
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Double blind procedure
Placebo effect
Experimental condition
Control condition
Random assignment
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Statistics
Standard deviation
Normal Distribution
Skewed Distribution
Statistical significance
Central Tendency
Z Score
Ethical Guidelines
Culture
Dualism
Monism
Hippocrates
Rene DesCartes
John Locke
Tabula Rasa
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
G Stanley Hall
Margaret Floy Washburn
William James
John Dewey
Ivan Pavlov
John B Watson
B Skinner
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Herman Von Helmholtz
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
Chapter 2 Biological psychology
Phrenology
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Neurons
Dendrites
Axons
Myelin sheath
Action potential
Threshold
Synapse
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Reflex
Neural networks
Endocrine system
Hormones
Adrenal glands
Pituitary gland
Lesion
(EEG) electroencephalogram
(PET) positron emission tomography
(MRI) magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) functional MRI
Brain stem
Medulla
Reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Glial cells
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Motor cortex
Sensory cortex
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Association areas
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Aphasia
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Broca’s area
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Wernicke’s area
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Plasticity
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Corpus collosum
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Split brain
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Reuptake
Chapter 2
Franz Gall- Phrenology
Phineas Gage- Frontal Lobe damage
Paul Broca- Broca’s Area (controls language expression)
Carl Wernicke- Wernicke’s area (controls language reception)
V.S. Ramachandran- phantom Limbs
Michael Gazzaniga , Roger Sperry, and Ronald Meyers- split brain/ corpus collosum
Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity
1 Environment
2 Behavior Genetics
3 Chromosomes
4 DNA
5 Genes
6 Genome
7 Identical twins
8 Fraternal Twins
9 Temperament
10 Heritability
11 Interaction
12 Molecular Genetics
13 Evolutionary Psychology
14 Natural Selection
15 Mutation
16 Gender
17 Culture
18 Norm
19 Personal Space
20 Individualism
21 Collectivism
22 Aggression
23 X Chromosome
24 Y Chromosome
25 Testosterone
26 Role
27 Gender role
28 Gender Identity
29 Gender typing
30 Social Learning Theory
31 Gender Schema Theory
Chapter 3 Nature, Nurture and Human Diversity
Carol Gilligan- female identity based upon making connections
Ch 4 IDs Changes Through the Lifespan
1. Developmental Psychology
2. Zygote
3. Embryo
4. Fetus
5. Teratogens
6. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
7. Rooting Reflex
8. Habituation
9. Maturation
10. Schema
11. Assimilation
12. Accommodation
13. Cognition
14. Sensorimotor Stage
15. Object Permanence
16. Preoperational Stage
17. Conservation
18. Egocentrism
19. Theory of Mind
20. Autism
21. Concrete Operational Stage
22. Formal Operational Stage
23. Stranger Anxiety
24. Attachment
25. Critical Period
26. Imprinting
27. Basic Trust
28. Self-Concept
29. Adolescence
30. Puberty
31 Primary Sex Characteristics
32 Secondary Se4x Characteristics
33 Menarche
34. Identity
35. Intimacy
36. Menopause
37. Alzheimer’s Disease
38. Cross-Sectional Study
39. Longitudinal Study
40. Crystallized Intelligence
41. Fluid Intelligence
42. Social Clock
Chapter 4 Developing through the Life Span
Jean Piaget –stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor (Birth- 2 years)- Object Permanence & Stranger Anxiety
2. Preoperational (2-6 or 7)- Egocentrism, Pretend Play, and Language Development
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)- Law of Conservation & Mathematical Transformations
4. Formal Operational (12-Adulthood)- Abstract Logic and Moral Reasoning
Lev Vygotsky- By age 7, children can use words to work out solutions to problems
Harry Harlow- used monkeys to explain attachment
Konrad Lorenz- Imprinting of ducklings
Erik Erikson- associated with basic trust Also associated with Stages of Social Development
1. trust vs. mistrust (Infancy-1 yr)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-2yrs)
3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-5yrs)
4. Competence vs. inferiority (6- Puberty)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Teen into 20’s)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-60)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (60 and up)
Stanley Coopersmith, Diana Baurind, and John Buri- Authoritative parenting style is best
Lawrence Kohlberg- Stages of Moral Thinking
1. Preconventional Morality- Obey to avoid punishment or gain a reward
2. Conventional Morality- Upholding laws and rules, simply because they are the laws.
3. Postconventional Morality- following one’s basic ethic principles
Mary Ainsworth- secure/ insecure attachment
Chapter 5 Sensation
1. Sensation
2. Perception
3. Bottom-up processing
4. Top-down processing
5. Psychophysics
6. Absolute Threshold
7. Signal detection theory
8. Subliminal
9. Priming
10. Difference threshold
11. Weber’s Law
12. Sensory adaptation
13. Transduction
14. Wavelength
15. Hue
16. Intensity
17. Pupil
18. Iris
19. Lens
20. Accommodation
21. Retina
22. Acuity
23. Near-sightedness
24. Far-sightedness
25. Rods
26. Cones
27. Optic nerve
28. Blind spot
29. Fovea
30. Feature detectors
31. Parallel processing
32. Young- Helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory
33. Opponent process theory
34. Color constancy
35. Audition
36. Frequency
37. Pitch
38. Middle ear
39. Cochlea
40. Inner ear
41. Place theory
42. Frequency theory
43. Conduction hearing loss
44. Sensorineural hearing loss
45. Cochlear Implant
46. Gate-control theory
47. Sensory interaction
48. Kinesthesis
49. Vestibular sense
Chapter 5 Sensation
Prosopagnosia
McGurk effect
Ch 6 Perception
1. Selective Attention
2. Inattentional Blindness
3. Visual Capture
4. Gestalt
5. Figure-Ground
6. Grouping
7. Depth Perception
8. Visual Cliff
9. Binocular Cues
10 Retinal Disparity
11. Convergence
12. Monocular Cues
13. Phi Phenomenon
14. Perceptual Constancy
15. Perceptual Adaptation
16. Perceptual Set
17. Human Factors Psychology
18. Extra Sensory Perception (ESP)
19. Parapsychology
Chapter 6 Sensation
Cocktail party effect
Change blindness
change deafness
choice- blindness blindness
pop-out
Grouping Stimuli:
1 Proximity
2 Similarity
3 Continuity
4 Connectedness
5 Closure
Monocular cues
1. Relative Size
2. Interposition
3. Relative Clarity
4. Texture Gradient
5. Relative Height
6. Relative Motion
7. Linear Perspective
8. Light and Shadow
Moon illusion
Ponzo Illusion
Ames Room
Muller-Lyer
Light constancy
Relative Luminance
Critical Period
George Stratton- Distorting goggles
James Randi- argues against all forms of ESP
Ch 7 States of Consciousness
1. Consciousness
2. Biological Rhythms
3. Circadian Rhythm
4. REM sleep
5 Alpha Waves
6 Sleep
7 Hallucinations
8 Delta Waves
9 Insomnia
10 Narcolepsy
11 Sleep Apnea
12 Night Terrors
13 Dream
14 Manifest Content
15 Latent Content
16 REM rebound
17 Hypnosis
18 Post-Hypnotic suggestion
19 Dissociation
20 Psychoactive Drug
21 Tolerance
22 Withdrawal
23 Physical Dependence
24 Addiction
25 Depressants
26 Barbiturates
27 Opiates
28 Stimulants
29 Amphetamines
30 Methamphetamines
31Ecstasy (MDMA)
32 Hallucinogens
33 LSD
34 THC
35 Near-death experience
36 Dualism
37 Monism
38 Adenosine
39 melatonin
40 Paradoxical Sleep
41 Lucid Dreams
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
Seasonal affective disorder
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal gland
Melatonin
Adenosine
Hypnagogic sensations
Sleep spindles
Paradoxical sleep
Sleep disorders
1 insomnia
2 Narcolepsy
3 Sleep apnea
4 Night terrors
Lucid dreams
Activation synthesis theory
Ch 8 Learning)
1 Learning
2 Associative learning
3 Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)
4 Behaviorism
5 Unconditioned Response (UCR)
6 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
7 Conditioned Response (CR)
8 Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
9 Acquisition
10 Extinction
11 Spontaneous Recovery
12 Generalization
13 Discrimination
14 Operant Conditioning
15 Respondent Behavior
16 Operant behavior
17 Law of Effect
18 Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
19 Shaping
20 Reinforcer
21 Primary Reinforcer
22 Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer)
23 Continuous Reinforcement
24 Partial Reinforcement (intermittent)
25 Fixed Ratio Schedule
26 Variable Ratio Schedule
27 Fixed Interval schedule
28 Variable Interval Schedule
29 Punishment
30 Cognitive Map
31 Latent Learning
32 Over-justification Effect
33 Intrinsic Motivation
34 Extrinsic Motivation
35 Observational Learning
36 Modeling
37 Mirror Neurons
38 Prosocial Behavior
Chapter 8 Learning
Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov- classical conditioning
UR, US, CR, CS
5 major conditioning processes:
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
John B. Watson- Little Albert
BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box
reinforcement
Types of Reinforcers: Positive reinforcement/Negative reinforcement
Types of Punishments: Positive punishment/Negative punishment
Albert Bandura- Observational Learning, Bobo doll.
Desensitization
CHAPTER 9 Memory
1 Memory
2 Flashbulb Memory
3 Encoding Storage
4 Retrieval
5 Sensory Memory
6 Short Term Memory
7 Long Term Memory
8 Automatic Processing
9 Effortful Processing
10 Rehearsal
11 Spacing Effect
12 Serial Position Effect
13 Visual Encoding
14 Acoustic Encoding
15 Semantic Encoding
16 Imagery
17 Mnemonics
18 Chunking
19 Iconic Memory
20 Echoic Memory
21 Long Term Potentiation
22 Amnesia
23 Implicit Memory
24 Explicit Memory
25 Hippocampus
26 Recall
27 Recognition
28 Relearning
29 Priming
30 Déjà vu
31 Mood Congruent Memory
32 Proactive Interference
33 Retroactive Interference
34 Repression
35 Misinformation Effect
36 Source Amnesia
Chapter 9 Memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin’s 3 stage model
Sensory memory to Short-term memory to Long term memory
Alan Baddeley- working memory
Automatic processing
Space
Time
Frequency
Herman Ebbinghaus- used nonsense syllables to study memory (JIH, FUB, DAX, etc) also “forgetting
curve”
Over-learning
Next in line effect
Self-reference effect
Rosy retrospection
Peg-word system
Acronyms
George Sperling- iconic memory (9 letters on a flash card)
George Miller- 7+/-2 bits of information
Karl Lashley- memory is not in one specific location of the brain
Mnemonic devices- ROY G. BIV, Homes, etc
Elizabeth Loftus- eye-witness memory
Chapter 10 Thinking and Language
1 cognition
2 concept
3 prototype
4 Algorithm
5 Heuristic
6 Insight
7 Confirmation Bias
8 Fixation
9 Mental Set
10 Functional Fixedness
11 Representativeness Heuristic
12 Availability Heuristic
13 Overconfidence
14 Framing
15 Belief Bias
16 Belief Perseverance
17 language
18 phoneme
19 Morpheme
20 grammar
21 Semantics
22 Syntax
23 Babbling Stage
24 One-word Stage
25 Two-word stage
26 Telegraphic speech
27 Linguistic Determinism
Chapter 10 Thinking & Language
BF Skinner- we learn language the same way animals learn to press a bar
Noam Chomsky- we learn language innately by a “Language acquisition device”
Chapter 11 Intelligence
1 Intelligence
2 factor analysis
3 General Intelligence
4 Savant syndrome
5 Emotional Intelligence
6 Creativity
7 Intelligence test
8 Mental age
9 Stanford-Binet
10 Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
11 Aptitude test
12 Achievement test
13 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
14 Standardization
15 Normal Curve
16 Reliability
17 Validity
18 Content Validity
19 Criterion
20 Predictive Validity
21 Mental Retardation
22 Down Syndrome
23 Stereotype threat
Chapter 11 Intelligence
Reification
Charles Spearman- G factor (general mental ability)
L.L. Thurstone- 7 clusters of primary abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability,
perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)
Howard Gardner- multiple intelligences
1 Linguistic
2 logical mathematical
3 Musical
4 Spatial
5 Bodily-kinesthetic
6 Intrapersonal
7 Interpersonal
8 Naturalist
Robert Sternberg- Triarchic Theory
1 Analytical
2 Creative Intelligence
3 Practical Intelligence
Convergent thinking- single correct answer
Divergent thinking- multiple correct answers
Alfred Binet- established “mental age”
Lewis Terman- developed the Stanford Binet test
William Stern- developed IQ as (Mental Age / Chronological Age X 100)
Eugenics
Normal distribution
Flynn effect- intelligence test performance has been improving since 1930’s
Ch 12 Motivation and Work
1 Motivation
2 Instinct
3 Drive-Reduction theory
4 Homeostasis
5 Incentive
6 Hierarchy of needs
7 Glucose
8 Set point
9 Basal Metabolic Rate
10 Anorexia Nervosa
11 Bulimia Nervosa
12 Sexual Response cycle
13 Refractory Period
14 Sexual Disorder
15 Estrogen
16 Testosterone
17 Sexual Orientation
18 Flow
19 Industrial-Organizational Psychology
20 Personal Psychology
21 Structured Interviews
22 Achievement Motivation
23 Task Leadership
24 Social Leadership
Chapter 12 Motivation and Work
Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs
(From top to bottom)
1 Self-Actualization
2 Esteem
3 Belongingness and Love
4 Safety
5 Physiological
Ghrelin- hunger arousing hormone
Alfred Kinsey-first described the sexual practices in the US
Roy Baumeister- erotic plasticity (high periods of sexual activity followed by almost none. Also, women
are more likely than men to feel bisexual attractions)
Chapter 13 Emotion
1 Emotion
2 James- Lange theory
3 Cannon-Bard theory
4 Two factor theory
5 Polygraph
6 Catharsis
7 feel-good, do-good phenomenon
8 subjective well-being
9 Adaptation level phenomenon
10 relative deprivation
Chapter 13 Emotion
William James and Carl Lange- James-Lange Theory
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard- Cannon- Bard Theory
Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer- 2 Factor Theory
Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic and Parasympathetic system)
Spillover effect
Robert Zajonc- we have many emotional reactions apart from an interpretation of a situation
Facial feedback effect
Behavior feedback
Carroll Izard- isolated 10 basic emotions (joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust,
contempt, fear, shame, and guilt)
Phobias- intense fears of specific objects
Chapter 14 Stress and Health
1. Behavioral Medicine
2. Health Psychology
3. Stress
4. General Adaptation Syndrome
5. Coronary Heart Disease
6. Type A
7. Type B
8. Psychophysiological Illness
9. Lymphocytes
10. Coping
11. Problem Focused Coping
12. Emotion Focused Coping
13. Aerobic Exercise
14. Biofeedback
15. Complementary and alternative Medicine
Chapter 14 Stress and Health
Hans Selye- research into stress. Developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Chapter 15 Personality
1. Personality2. Free association3. Psychoanalysis4. Unconscious5. Id6. Ego7. Superego8. Psychosexual stages9. Oedipus complex10 Identification11. Fixation12. Defense mechanisms13. Repressions14. Regression15. Reaction formation16. Projection17. Rationalization18. Displacement19. Projective test20. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)21. Rorschach inkblot test22. Collective unconscious23. Self-actualization-
24. Unconditional positive regard25. Self-concept26. Trait27. Personality inventory28. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)29. Empirically derived test30. Social-cognitive perspective31. Reciprocal determinism32. Personal control33. External locus of control34. Internal locus of control35. Learned helplessness36. Positive psychology37. Spotlight effect38. Self-esteem39. Self-serving bias40. Terror-management theoryChapter 15 Personality
Sigmund Freud- argued that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation influence personality.
Repression
Freud’s Psychosexual stages
Oral (0-18 months)- sucking, biting, and chewing
Anal (18-36 months)- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping for demand for control
Phallic (3-6 years)- pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous feelings
Latency (6- Puberty)- Dormant sexual feelings
Genital (Puberty on)- Maturation of sexual interest
Neo-Freudian
Alfred Adler- proposed “inferiority complex. Childhood social tensions, not sexual are important for
personality formation.
Karen Horney- argued against “penis envy”.
Carl Jung- proposed the “collective unconscious” in which all of a society share common beliefs that
shape personality
Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs
Carl Rogers- Client Centered Perspective and belief in the “unconditioned positive regard.
Isabel Briggs-Myers- Myers-Briggs personality type indicator
Hans Eysenck- reduce our variations down to 2-3 dimensions (Introversion-extroversion, emotional
stability-instability, etc) based on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Big 5 Personality Factors
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
Martin Seligman- positive Psychology
Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders
1 Psychological Disorder
2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
3 Medical Model
4 DSM-IV
5 Anxiety Disorders
6 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
7 Panic Disorder
8 Phobia
9 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
10 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
11 Dissociative disorders
12 Dissociative Identity Disorder
13 Mood Disorders
14 Major Depressive Disorder
15 Mania
16 Bipolar Disorder
17 Schizophrenia
18 Delusions
19 Personality Disorders
20 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Residual
Chapter 17 Therapy
1 Psychotherapy
2 Biomedical Therapy
3 Eclectic Approach
4 Psychoanalysis
5 Resistence
6 Interpretation
7 Transference
8 Client-centered Therapy
9 Active Listening
10 Behavior Therapy
11 Counterconditioning
12 Exposure Therapies
13 Systematic Desensitization
14 Virtual Reality exposure Therapy
15 Aversive Conditioning
16 Token Economy
17 Cognitive Therapy
18 Cognitive Behavior Therapy
19 Family Therapy
20 Regression toward the Mean
21 Meta-Analysis
22 Psychopharmacology
23 Tardive Dyskinesia
24 Electro-convulsive Therapy
25 Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
26 Psychosurgery
27 Lobotomy
Chapter 17 Therapy
Ch 18 Social Psychology
1 Social Psychology
2 Attribution Theory
3 Fundamental Attribution Error
4 Attitude
5 Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
6 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
7 Conformity
8 Normative Social Influence
9 Informational Social Influence
10 Social Facilitation
11 Social Loafing
12 Deindividuation
13 Group Polarization
14 Group Think
15 Prejudice
16 Discrimination
17 In Group
18 Out Group
19 Ingroup Bias
20 Stereotype
21 Scapegoat theory
22 Just World Phenomenon
23 Aggression
24 Frustration- Aggression Principle
25 Conflict
26 Social Trap
27 Mere Exposure Effect
28 Passionate Love
29 Companionate Love
30 Equity
31 Self Disclosure
32 Altruism
33 Bystander Effect
34 Social Exchange Theory
35 Reciprocity Norm
36 Social Responsibility Norm
37 Superordinate Goals
38 GRIT
Chapter 18 Social Psychology
Philip Zimbardo- prison experiments
Solomon Asch- conformity experiments
Stanley Milgram-“shocking” obedience experiments