Conservation Management Zones of Australia
Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Prepared by the Department of the Environment
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project and associated products are the result of a collaboration between the Biodiversity Conservation
Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were
provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of the Environment (DotE), Department of
Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the academic
community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks
Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE, Nyree Stenekes and Robert
Kancans (ABARES), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson
(ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the
World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.
Special thanks to CSIRO staff Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns enabled
identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.
The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use
under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the
Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by
third parties, and any images depicting people.
For licence conditions see here.
Contents
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ................................................................ 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
Zone at a glance .......................................................................................................................... 5
Population characteristics .......................................................................................................... 10
Employment, volunteering and incomes .................................................................................... 13
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice .................. 15
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas ............................................. 18
Zone vegetation characteristics ................................................................................................. 20
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands............................................................................... 21
World and National Heritage ...................................................................................................... 22
Major National Reserve System properties................................................................................ 22
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities .............................................................. 23
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ........................................................................................ 24
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species .......................................................................................... 27
Threatened endemic species ..................................................................................................... 27
Invasive species ........................................................................................................................ 29
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations ........................................................... 31
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country
The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past
and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep
spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including
Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.
Introduction
The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological
and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.
The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will
assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report
on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with
local action.
The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and
socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge
and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about
regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.
The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or
governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental
assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.
Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socioeconomic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to
engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural
resources more effectively.
The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic
landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain
only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In
future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.
Zone at a glance
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
RURAL CENTRES
POPULATION
Perisher Village
148
Mount Buller
242
Falls Creek
225
Mount Hotham
158
Dinner Plain
143
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONS
Murray Local Land Services
NSW
Riverina Local Land Services
NSW
South East Local Land Services
NSW
East Gippsland Catchment Management Authority
VIC
North East Catchment Management Authority
VIC
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONS
West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority
VIC
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS*
Mean annual temperature
7.8 Celsius
Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month
20.7 Celsius
Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month
-1.9 Celsius
Mean Annual Rainfall
1387.6 mm
Dominant rainfall season
Winter
* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of
rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012)
Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of
Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces
version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).
For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
National Reserve System area
Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National
Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).
Population characteristics
Population
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME
English
78.67%
Other languages
7.81%
Not stated
13.52%
Education
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Employment, volunteering and incomes
Employment
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Volunteering
Income
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and
sources of NRM advice
Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility
for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to
assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key
environmental custodians.
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice
* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey
(LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses
across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area
2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only.
For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4630.0
** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228
broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame.
The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this
reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.
^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents
who identified they sought advice.
For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domesticforestry/prep-for-future/drivers-
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government
Areas
Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping
Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program
(ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to:
http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/
INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS
INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au
NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITIONAL OWNERS
Traditional Owners
Registered Native Title Body Corporate
Hectares
% of zone
Gunai/Kurnai People
Gunaikurnai Land & Waters Aboriginal Corporation
199,253
16.16
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS
Cooma-Monaro Council
NSW
Snowy River Shire Council
NSW
Tumbarumba Shire Council
NSW
Tumut Council
NSW
Alpine Shire
VIC
Baw Baw Shire
VIC
East Gippsland Shire
VIC
Falls Creek Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Lake Mountain Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Mansfield Shire
VIC
Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Mount Buller Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Mount Hotham Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Mount Stirling Alpine Resort (Unincorporated)
VIC
Murrindindi Shire
VIC
Towong Shire
VIC
Wangaratta Rural City
VIC
Wellington Shire
VIC
Yarra Ranges Shire
VIC
Zone vegetation characteristics
The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification
system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and
distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.
Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation
distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation
mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types
across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums
(e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type
occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present
are therefore not represented.
It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is
of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on
vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.
Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater
discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia.
For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia.
In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass
understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone
(58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical
Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately
19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only
provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.
For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-informationsystem
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands
RAMSAR WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
Ginini Flats Wetland Complex
ACT
367.50
Blue Lake
NSW
338.10
For more information on Ramsar please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our-environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands
NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
CRITERIA
Upper Buchan River
VIC
1,125.39
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Yaouk Swamp
NSW
332.92
1
Suggan Buggan and Berrima Rivers
VIC
181.17
2, 3, 4
Tomneys Plain
NSW
107.47
1
Davies Plain
VIC
57.04
3, 5
Blue Lake (Kosciuszko)
NSW
41.30
1, 4, 5
Central Highlands Peatlands
VIC
35.82
1
Mt Buffalo Peatlands
VIC
22.69
1
Nuniong Plateau Peatlands
VIC
11.83
1
Caledonia Fen
VIC
9.45
1
Howqua River
VIC
0.28
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Nursery Swamp
ACT
0.12
1, 6
Rock Flats
ACT
0.12
1
Rennex Gap
NSW
0.12
1, 3
Snowgum Flat
NSW
0.12
1,
Rotten Swamp
ACT
0.12
1, 6
Scabby Range Lake
ACT
0.12
2
Snowy Flats
ACT
0.12
5,
Ginini and Cheyenne Flats
ACT
0.12
1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Cotter Source Bog
ACT
0.10
1, 6, 2
Big River
VIC
0.04
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:
1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.
2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major
wetland system/complex.
3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or
provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.
4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.
5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or
vulnerable at the national level.
6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.
Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more
information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directoryimportant-wetlands-australia-third-edition
World and National Heritage
HERITAGE VALUES
WORLD OR NATIONAL
HERITAGE
HERITAGE
TYPE
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
% OF
ZONE
Australian Alps National
Parks and Reserves
National Heritage
Natural
NSW
748,286
60.69
Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these
heritage values:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database
For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage
Major National Reserve System properties
MAJOR NATIONAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPERTIES
Name
Property type
IUCN
category
Jurisdiction
Hectares
% of zone
Kosciuszko
National Park
II
NSW
363,269
29.5
Alpine
National Park
II
VIC
298,156
24.2
Namadgi
National Park
II
ACT
30,879
2.5
Namadgi
Wilderness Zone
IB
ACT
22,249
1.8
Yarra Ranges
National Park
II
VIC
19,271
1.6
Mount Buffalo
National Park
II
VIC
9,701
0.8
Baw Baw
National Park
II
VIC
7,637
0.6
Bimberi
Nature Reserve
II
NSW
5,973
0.5
Scabby Range
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
4,873
0.4
Avon
Wilderness Park
IB
VIC
4,235
0.3
Yaouk
Nature Reserve
IA
NSW
2,719
0.2
Nunniong Plain N.F.S.R.
Natural Features Reserve
III
VIC
2,318
0.2
Burrowa – Pine Mountain
National Park
II
VIC
2,225
0.2
Mount Skene N.F.S.R.
Natural Features Reserve
III
VIC
1,944
0.2
Mount Gibbo N.F.S.R.
Natural Features Reserve
III
VIC
1,329
0.1
Nunnett Plain N.F.S.R.
Natural Features Reserve
III
VIC
1,179
0.1
Wabba
Wilderness Park
IB
VIC
1,172
0.1
Tidbinbilla
Nature Reserve
II
ACT
984
0.1
Yarrarabulla R.N.A
Remote and Natural Area – not
scheduled under NPA
VI
VIC
761
0.1
Mount Sarah N.F.S.R.
Natural Features Reserve
III
VIC
690
0.1
Spring Creek
Reference Area
IA
VIC
683
0.1
THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Ia Strict Nature Reserve
Ib Wilderness Area
IUCN protected area management categories classify protected
areas according to their management objectives. The categories are
recognised by international bodies such as the United Nations and
THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
are utilised by many national governments, including the Australian
Government, as the global standard for defining and recording
protected areas.
II National Park
III Natural Monument or Feature
IV Habitat/Species Management Area
V Protected Landscape/ Seascape
VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation:
http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/
For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities
THREATENED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Name
Listing status
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Alpine Sphagnum Bogs and Associated Fens
Endangered
24.3
98.9
Natural Temperate Grassland of the
Southern Tablelands of NSW and the Australian
Capital Territory
Endangered
2.8
7.1
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy
Woodland and Derived Native Grassland
Critically
Endangered
2.5
49.0
* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution
of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community
is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that
the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone.
Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone
in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may
be to find within the zone.
The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species
THREATENED MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Mountain Pygmy-possum
Burramys parvus
Endangered
98.94
6.7
Leadbeater’s Possum
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
Endangered
27.81
3.3
Konoom, Smoky Mouse
Pseudomys fumeus
Endangered
25.06
13.0
Spot-tailed Quoll,
Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll
(southeastern mainland population)
Dasyurus maculatus maculatus
(SE mainland population)
Endangered
4.32
61.4
Long-footed Potoroo
Potorous longipes
Endangered
2.32
1.7
Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby
Petrogale penicillata
Vulnerable
0.94
3.1
Grey-headed Flying-fox
Pteropus poliocephalus
Vulnerable
0.18
2.5
Koala (combined populations of Queensland,
New South Wales and the Australian Capital
Territory)
Phascolarctos cinereus
Vulnerable
0.09
3.0
Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland)
Potorous tridactylus tridactylus
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
THREATENED BIRDS
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Australasian Bittern
Botaurus poiciloptilus
Endangered
1.04
31.3
Swift Parrot
Lathamus discolor
Endangered
0.02
0.24
Australian Painted Snipe
Rostratula australis
Endangered
0.01
0.10
Regent Honeyeater
Anthochaera phrygia
Endangered
0.01
0.21
Superb Parrot
Polytelis swainsonii
Vulnerable
0.01
0.10
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
THREATENED REPTILES
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Alpine She-oak Skink
Cyclodomorphus praealtus
Endangered
99.97
3.64
Guthega Skink
Liopholis guthega
Endangered
99.82
4.36
Pink-tailed Worm-lizard,
Pink-tailed Legless Lizard
Aprasia parapulchella
Vulnerable
0.08
0.25
Grassland Earless Dragon
Tympanocryptis pinguicolla
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Striped Legless Lizard
Delma impar
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
OTHER THREATENED FAUNA
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Southern Corroboree Frog
Pseudophryne corroboree
Critically
Endangered
100
0.36
Baw Baw Frog
Philoria frosti
Endangered
99.78
0.52
Alpine Tree Frog, Verreaux’s Alpine Tree Frog
Litoria verreauxii alpina
Vulnerable
98.39
18.73
Alpine Stonefly
Thaumatoperla alpina
Endangered
50.33
6.31
Barred Galaxias
Galaxias fuscus
Endangered
41.82
1.07
Northern Corroboree Frog
Pseudophryne pengilleyi
Critically
Endangered
39.58
1.18
Spotted Tree Frog
Litoria spenceri
Endangered
29.43
19.58
Giant Burrowing Frog
Heleioporus australiacus
Vulnerable
2.91
14.49
Booroolong Frog
Litoria booroolongensis
Endangered
2.34
2.79
Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green
and Golden Frog, Warty Swamp Frog
Litoria raniformis
Vulnerable
1.28
22.53
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog,
Yellow-spotted Bell Frog
Litoria castanea
Endangered
0.72
1.28
Eastern Dwarf Galaxias, Dwarf Galaxias
Galaxiella pusilla
Vulnerable
0.18
0.13
Australian Grayling
Prototroctes maraena
Vulnerable
0.06
0.05
Golden Sun Moth
Synemon plana
Critically
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Trout Cod
Maccullochella macquariensis
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Macquarie Perch
Macquaria australasica
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Littlejohn’s Tree Frog, Heath Frog
Litoria littlejohni
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
Murray Cod
Maccullochella peelii
Vulnerable
May be
present
May be
present
THREATENED FLORA
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Anemone Buttercup
Ranunculus anemoneus
Vulnerable
100
2.31
Bog Willow-herb
Epilobium brunnescens subsp.
beaugleholei
Vulnerable
100
0.03
Bogong Eyebright
Euphrasia eichleri
Vulnerable
100
0.78
Feldmark Grass
Rytidosperma pumilum
Vulnerable
100
0.22
Kelleria
Kelleria laxa
Vulnerable
100
0.05
Thick Eyebright
Euphrasia crassiuscula subsp.
glandulifera
Vulnerable
100
0.15
None
Carex paupera
Vulnerable
99.93
1.35
Shining Cudweed
Argyrotegium nitidulum
Vulnerable
94.11
8.38
None
Lobelia gelida
Vulnerable
90.62
0.70
Alpine Leafy Liverwort
Pseudocephalozia paludicola
Vulnerable
82.59
0.15
THREATENED FLORA
Maidenhair Spleenwort
Asplenium hookerianum
Vulnerable
58.22
0.44
Blue-tongued Orchid, Kiandra Greenhood
Pterostylis oreophila
Critically
Endangered
57.78
48.12
Monaro Golden Daisy
Rutidosis leiolepis
Vulnerable
54.64
3.33
Bago Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum bagoense
Critically
Endangered
51.38
2.71
Harsh Nematolepis
Nematolepis squamea subsp.
coriacea
Vulnerable
30.05
0.05
Fern-leaf Baeckea
Sannantha crenulata
Vulnerable
22.8
0.16
Purple Eyebright, Mueller’s Eyebright
Euphrasia collina subsp.
muelleri
Endangered
13.98
0.31
Brindabella Midge-orchid, Ectopic Midgeorchid
Corunastylis ectopa
Critically
Endangered
13.92
0.02
Mauve Burr-daisy
Calotis glandulosa
Vulnerable
10.34
7.34
None
Gentiana baeuerlenii
Endangered
8.84
0.04
Wingless Raspwort, Square Raspwort
Haloragis exalata subsp.
exalata
Vulnerable
5.62
1.77
Lemon-scented Zieria
Zieria citriodora
Vulnerable
5.59
0.03
Pale Golden Moths
Diuris ochroma
Vulnerable
5.45
0.14
Austral Toadflax, Toadflax
Thesium australe
Vulnerable
4.9
63.10
Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden
Moths, Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake
Orchid
Diuris pedunculata
Endangered
3.07
1.01
East Lynne Midge-orchid
Genoplesium vernale
Vulnerable
1.75
0.17
Hoary Sunray, Grassland Paper-daisy
Leucochrysum albicans var.
tricolor
Endangered
1.4
4.41
Clover Glycine, Purple Clover
Glycine latrobeana
Vulnerable
0.85
7.80
Maroon Leek-orchid, Slaty Leek-orchid, Stout
Leek-orchid, French’s Leek-orchid, Swamp
Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum frenchii
Endangered
0.22
0.70
Swamp Everlasting
Xerochrysum palustre
Vulnerable
0.21
0.22
Don’s Spider Orchid
Caladenia cremna
Critically
Endangered
0.19
0.003
Leafy Greenhood
Pterostylis cucullata
Vulnerable
0.04
0.04
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
(EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a
significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer
to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats
Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Common name
Scientific name
Black-faced Monarch
Monarcha melanopsis
Cattle Egret
Ardea ibis
Fork-tailed Swift
Apus pacificus
Great Egret,
White Egret
Ardea alba
Latham’s Snipe,
Japanese Snipe
Gallinago hardwickii
Painted Snipe
Rostratula benghalensis
(sensu lato)
Rainbow Bee-eater
Merops ornatus
Rufous Fantail
Rhipidura rufifrons
Satin Flycatcher
Myiagra cyanoleuca
White-bellied
Sea-Eagle
Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-throated
Needletail
Hirundapus caudacutus
Threatened endemic species
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Taxonomic
group
Scientific name
Reservation status
EPBC Act status
IUCN status
Plants
Carex paupera
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum bagoense
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Deyeuxia pungens
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Rytidosperma pumilum
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Euphrasia eichleri
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Kelleria laxa
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Concentrations of unreserved endemic species
The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their
known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be
useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts.
Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural
Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records
held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more
information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australiannatural-heritage-assessment-tool
Invasive species
INVASIVE MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat
Felis catus
0.16
100.0
Domestic Dog
Canis lupus familiaris
0.49
100.0
Rabbit, European Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
0.23
100.0
Red Fox, Fox
Vulpes vulpes
0.2
100.0
Brown Hare
Lepus capensis
1.24
100.0
Black Rat, Ship Rat
Rattus rattus
1.06
95.4
Feral deer species in Australia
Various
2.91
90.5
House Mouse
Mus musculus
0.28
81.9
Pig
Sus scrofa
0.28
79.0
Domestic Cattle
Bos taurus
0.53
72.9
Goat
Capra hircus
0.41
71.9
Horse
Equus caballus
0.57
68.6
Brown Rat, Norway Rat
Rattus norvegicus
0.06
0.9
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird
Turdus merula
1.35
100.0
Common Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
0.57
100.0
European Goldfinch
Carduelis carduelis
1.38
100.0
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
0.42
100.0
Skylark
Alauda arvensis
1.91
100.0
Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon
Columba livia
0.41
84.8
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
Passer montanus
2.04
45.9
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
0.68
39.1
Spotted Turtle-Dove
Streptopelia chinensis
0.56
38.1
Common Myna, Indian Myna
Acridotheres tristis
0.86
36.2
European Greenfinch
Carduelis chloris
0.89
14.3
Song Thrush
Turdus philomelos
2.94
9.5
OTHER INVASIVE FAUNA
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
INVASIVE FLORA
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Blackberry, European Blackberry
Rubus fruticosus aggregate
1.48
100.0
Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and
Sterile Pussy Willow
Salix spp. except
S.babylonica, S.x calodendron
& S.x reichardtii
1.87
100.0
INVASIVE FLORA
Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common
Broom, Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom
Cytisus scoparius
3.6
69.5
Gorse, Furze
Ulex europaeus
1.87
60.3
Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock,
Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ)
Nassella trichotoma
2.11
49.6
Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding
Pine
Pinus radiata
1.15
42.6
Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper,
Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus
Asparagus asparagoides
0.56
37.4
Boneseed
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
subsp. monilifera
0.68
17.6
African Boxthorn, Boxthorn
Lycium ferocissimum
0.39
16.5
Bitou Bush, Boneseed
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
0.35
15.8
Chilean Needle grass
Nassella neesiana
0.68
14.5
Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom,
Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom
Genista monspessulana
0.93
11.3
Broom
Genista sp. X Genista
monspessulana
0.5
10.6
Prickly Pears
Opuntia spp.
0.06
1.9
Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Madagascar
Groundsel
Senecio madagascariensis
0.09
1.1
Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss,
Kariba Weed
Salvinia molesta
0.04
1.0
Prickly Pears
Cylindropuntia spp.
0.09
0.5
Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax
Broom
Genista linifolia
0.08
0.3
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the
species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**)
indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.
For more information on invasive species please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations
Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from
the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and
NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.
The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological
Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of
management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring
and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.
Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
99.86% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus croajingolensis; Eucalyptus viminalis;
Coprosma hirtella; Polyscias sambucifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; Dianella tasmanica/tussock grass; Lomandra
longifolia; Derwentia derwentiana.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Ban firewood and
bush rock
removal.
Manage grazing
practices including
avoiding highintensity set
stocking. Limit or
exclude grazing
during drought
periods and during
Spring and
Summer when
native ground
cover is in flower
or seed.
Natural
regeneration and
retention of
existing remnants
should be
prioritised over
restoration
planting.
Please seek
advice from your
local NRM
organisation prior
to undertaking
any fire
management
actions.
Hand pulling, spot
spraying and
weed wiping are
appropriate weed
control measures.
Do not plant
trees/shrubs into
good condition
sites.
A minimum fire
interval of five
years, maximum
of
40 years is
recommended.
If few, or no
hollow bearing
trees are present
then place nest
boxes for
mammals and
birds on larger
trees within
remnants.
Monitor boxes
regularly (once
every three
months) to check
for invasive
species, such as
Indian Myna.
Control feral
grazers (deer,
rabbits, goats)
and erect fences
where appropriate
(e.g. of stock
dams, individual
guards for highly
palatable
young plants).
Maintain a 30–50
metre native
vegetation buffer
around remnants
to protect against
incursion by feral
predators, weeds
and spray drift.
Retain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
Replant native,
indigenous
species if the site
Protect travelling
shows no signs of
stock reserves
natural
from over-grazing.
Avoid soil
regeneration.
Protect paddock
compaction from
Plant trees and
trees.
vehicles/machinery shrubs at the
or stock camps.
same density
evident in local,
good quality sites.
Avoid herbicide
and pesticide
application in or
near remnants.
Use high quality
seed, of local
provenance
if possible.
Apply mosaic
burning in small
areas at
staggered
intervals. Retain
unburnt areas.
Ensure that
appropriate weed
control measures
follow any
burning activity.
Prevent weed
introduction
through
maintaining
hygiene protocols
and minimising
soil disturbance.
Control feral
predators
including foxes,
dogs, cats
and pigs.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus tall open forests and open forests with ferns, herbs, sedges, rushes or
wet tussock grasses vegetation profile
100% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus dives;
Eucalyptus viminalis; Dicksonia antarctica; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia aculeata; Coprosma hirtella; Coprosma
quadrifida; Olearia phlogopappa; Polyscias sambucifolia; Tetrarrhena juncea; Poa sieberiana; Dianella tasmanica;
Lomandra longifolia.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Protect hollowbearing trees.
Create buffer
zones around
remnants.
Maintain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile
96.28% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Eucalyptus dalrympleana; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus
globulus; Eucalyptus goniocalyx; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia aculeata; Hardenbergia violacea; Poa sieberiana;
Epilobium billardierianum; Joycea pallida; Lomatia myricoides; Dianella revoluta.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Protect remnants
from clearing.
Protect hollowbearing trees.
Protect standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus low open woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
99.97% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus pauciflora; Olearia phlogopappa; Pultenaea forsythiana; Daviesia ulicifolia;Tasmannia xerophila;
Senecio gunnii; Brachyscome aculeata; Oreomyrrhis eriopoda; Stylidium graminifolium; Coprosma hirtella; Lomatia
myricoides; Polyscias sambucifolia; forbs; tussock grass; rush.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Ban firewood and
bush rock
removal.
Manage grazing
regimes and avoid
high-intensity
set stocking.
Retain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
Protect travelling
stock reserves
from
over-grazing.
Protect paddock
trees.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Natural
regeneration and
retention of
existing remnants
Avoid fertiliser drift should be
prioritised over
from adjacent
restoration
crops and
planting.
pastures.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Wet tussock grassland with herbs, sedges or rushes, herblands or ferns
vegetation profile
97.03% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Epacris brevifolia; Hakea micrantha; Callistemon pityoides; Poa spp; Rytidosperma nudiflora; Agrostis meionectes;
tussock grasses.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION SUSTAINABLE
REHABILITATION FIRE
AGRICULTURAL
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
Maintain
fencing to
control
domestic
stock and
prevent
access to
national parks
from private
lands and
State Forests.
Prevent
grazing
pressure by
exclusion
fencing or
other barriers.
Protect from
changes to
water flow that
may impact
adversely on
sites.
Exclude stock.
Develop and
implement
suitable fire
management
strategies to
protect Alpine
Sphagnum Bogs
and Associated
Fens ecological
community.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Eradicate/control
weeds including Salix
spp. Willows.
Remove and
exclude exotic
hoofed animals
from remnant
patches
Undertake early
detection and
eradication of founder
populations of new
invasive weeds.
Manage public access
to prevent spread of
weeds and plant
disease.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile
97.99% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus blakelyi; Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha; Cassinia aculeata; Pimelea linifolia; Callitris endlicheri; Brachyloma daphnoides; Calytrix tetragona;
Stypandra glauca; Wahlenbergia stricta; Senecio tenuiflorus; Dianella tasmanica; Themeda triandra.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Purchase into
reserve where
possible.
Avoid fertiliser drift
or run-off from
adjacent crops
and pastures.
Natural
regeneration and
retention of
existing remnants
should be
prioritised over
restoration
planting.
Encourage
conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Ban firewood and
bush rock
collection.
Protect from
disturbance due to
road widening,
maintenance and
other
development
activities.
Protect standing
dead trees,
hollow-bearing
trees, fallen
dead timber
and leaf litter.
Limit grazing
during drought
periods and rest
from grazing
during native
ground cover
flowering
and seeding.
Do not graze
above historic
levels – do not
graze if has never
previously
been grazed.
Maintain 80%
groundcover
minimum
at all times.
Do not plant
trees/shrubs into
good
condition sites.
Replant native,
indigenous
species if the site
shows no signs of
natural
regeneration.
Plant trees and
shrubs at the
same density
evident in local,
good quality sites.
Use high quality
seed, of local
provenance
if possible.
Apply mosaic
burning in small
areas at
staggered
intervals.
Retain unburnt
areas.
Be aware that
some weed
species increase
with burning.
Use minimum fire
interval of five
years, maximum
of
40 years.
Burn after natives
have seeded but
before weeds
flower
and seed.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Don’t stockpile
topsoil within
remnant areas.
Control feral
grazers (deer,
rabbits, goats)
and erect fences
where
appropriate.
Use machinery
hygiene protocols
to prevent weed
Control feral
spread, including
if ripping to control predators: foxes,
rabbits.
dogs, cats and
pigs.
Do not push fallen
timber into stacks
or windrows as
these form
harbours for
foxes, rabbits and
cats.
Do not permit
commercial
apiarists to place
bee hives within
the area.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
95.87% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus mannifera; Eucalyptus cypellocarpa; Cassinia longifolia; Daviesia
latifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; Monotoca scoparia; Coprosma quadrifida; Stypandra glauca; Hibbertia obtusifolia; Poa
australis; Dianella tasmanica.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Protect remnants
from clearing.
Protect hollowbearing trees.
Protect standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus (+/- tall) open forest with a dense broad-leaved and/or tree-fern
understorey (wet sclerophyll) vegetation profile
99.4% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus nitens; Eucalyptus obliqua; Dicksonia antarctica;
Cyathea australis; Tetrarrhena juncea; Polystichum proliferum; Blechnum wattsii; Histiopteris incisa; Coprosma
hirtella; Daviesia ulicifolia; Stylidium graminifolium; Sambucus gaudichaudiana; Dianella tasmanica; Deyeuxia
monticolafern; fern; rush; forb; tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Protect hollowbearing trees.
Maintain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Prescribed
burning is not
supported by
ecological studies.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Manage exotic
pests including
foxes, goats,
rabbits and feral
pigs.
Manage foxes and
rabbits
simultaneously to
avoid foxes
switching to
predation on
native species, or
increases in rabbit
populations.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT