1
2
3
4
1 Dept of Civil Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
2&3 Dept of Civil Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
4 Dept of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University Qaemshahr, Gaemshahr,Iran
E-mail : me.civil90@gmail.com
1 , a_asadollahi.civil@yahoo.com
2 , deshpande.sunil@yahoo.co.in
3 , amir_31_90@yahoo.com
4
Abstract – Increasing traffic loads and traffic volume, combined with the rising cost of asphalt, have led to an urgent need to improve the durability, safety and efficiency of asphalt pavements through asphalt modification. In this research, we have tried to use a kind of additives to modify the base asphalt in order to increase the resistance to pavement distress. The objective of this study is to review existing literature in the area of nano-modification of asphalt and proceed to apply nano-materials to asphalt to improve the performance. This study integrates literature review, preparation, and characterization of nanomodified asphalt materials. In the experimental testing montmorillonite, nanoclay at 2% by weight of asphalt was blended in asphalt binder at a high temperature to exfoliate the nanoclay within the asphalt. The asphalt binder was then characterized using the Superpave™ direct tension test. The direct tension strength results indicate that the use of Nanoclay reduced the strain failure rate of the original binder while the secant or direct tension moduli showed increase with the addition of the nanoclays.
Keywords: Nanoclay, Asphalt, Fracture Properties, and
Direct Tensile Test
I. INTRODUCTION they contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, etc. Researchers have been trying to use different kinds of additives to modify the base asphalt in order to increase the resistance to pavement distress. In general, fibers and polymers are two main materials used in the asphalt modification [1–5]. Fiber was one of the most widely used additives to enhance the bonding between asphalt and aggregates or within asphalt since 4000 years old ago [6–12]. In addition, scientist and engineers tried to use the polymer Styrene Butadiene Styrene
(SBS) to improve pavement fatigue and rutting resistance of asphalt [13–16]. Performance of asphalt binder modified with SBS was investigated using different test methods. Properties such as the asphalt composition, reaction between the modifier and asphalt or within asphalt, asphalt microstructure and rheology features, were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic
Shear Rheometer (DSR). Results show that SBS modified asphalt mixture can significantly improve the asphalt binder performance under both high and low temperatures [14, 15, 17–20].
Increasing traffic loads and traffic volume, combined with the rising cost of asphalt, have led to an urgent need to improve the durability, safety and efficiency of asphalt pavements through asphalt modification. Asphalt mixtures are composed of very irregular aggregates bound together with hydrocarbonbased asphalt, with a low volume fraction of voids dispersed within the matrix. Asphalt mixture is composed of asphalt, graded aggregates and air voids.
Asphalt is a time–temperature viscoelastic material and its behaviors depend on both temperature and loading time. The components of asphalt are rather complex and
Polymer modified asphalts have increasingly been used over the last decade to minimize low-temperature cracking and high-temperature rutting while improving the fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt concrete
[21,22]. Polymer modifiers fall into one of two major categories:(1) elastomeric (rubber/polymer) modifiers including styrene/butadiene polymers, natural rubber, and crumb rubbers (both virgin and recycled) [23–38] and (2) plastomeric modifiers such as polypropylene and polyethylene [39].
In the last decade or so, nanotechnology has emerged as the potential solution to greatly enhance the performance and durability of construction materials.
Nano materials are defined as materials with at least one
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013
63

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) dimension that falls in the length scale of 1–100 nm.
Due to the small size and high surface area, the property of nano materials is much different from normal size materials.
Therefore, research engineers tried to apply nano materials into the pavement engineering. Some research showed that the rutting and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt binders and mixtures improved with the addition of nano materials. Nanoclay and carbon nanofiber were used as additives to modify the asphalt binder. The complex shear modulus of nano-modified asphalt binders increased relative to the control asphalt binder, as well as the failure temperature and high temperature performance grade. The rutting resistance performance of nanoclay and carbon fiber modified asphalt mixtures would be enhanced [40–45]. Recently, the nanosized hydrated lime was selected as the additive to blend with warm-mix-asphalt (WMA) mixture. The moisture susceptibility of WMA mixture was investigated in the study [46]. In addition, the combination of Nano-SiO2 and SBS were used to mix with stone matrix asphalt, and the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures were improved [47].
FTIR methodology, or a simple failure analysis technique, can detect molecular vibrations that may be in the form of two atoms in a diatomic molecule experiencing a simple coupled motion to each individual atom in a large poly functional molecule undergoing motion. From the infrared spectra of test, the material information about chemical bonding and materials structure would be obtained [48].
Nano materials possess an extraordinary potential for improving the performance of asphalt binders and mixtures. It is anticipated that these may enhance or modify the properties of asphalt pavement. You et al. presented that nanoclay modified asphalt could increase the shear complex modulus and reduced the strain failure rate of base asphalt. Furthermore, the addition of nanoclay would decrease the moisture damage of asphalt mixture [40, 43]. nano, and to quantum scales. Although improvements in asphalt performance have been achieved through polymer modification, it will be interesting to explore what nanotechnology offers in improving asphalt pavement performance.
In August 2006, the NSF Workshop on Nano modification of Cementitious Materials was held to develop a ‘‘Roadmap for Research” for Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete using nanotechnology.
Part l [51] states that nano-science and nanotechnology may lead to progress in asphalt pavement technology.
Researchers [52] are planning to form an ad hoc consortium to study and develop tools to model asphalt’s physio-chemical properties that effectively establishes the field of ‘‘asphalt nano-material science.
Greenfield [53] has studied the molecular simulation of asphalt-like materials. Birgisson [54] envisions that nano studies are needed to develop safe and sustainable pavement infrastructure, stating that the future life of pavements could reach two to three times their current life. Other researchers have also initiated investigations into the use of nanotechnology in Portland cement concrete [55–62]. Ideal asphalt t[63] should possess both: (1) high relative stiffness at high service temperatures (summer) to reduce rutting and shoving and; (2) increased adhesion between asphalt and aggregate in the presence of moisture to reduce stripping. The project team conducted preliminary tests, blending small percentages of nanoclay-composites into virgin asphalt with the hope of producing a binder that is less susceptible to high-temperature rutting and lowtemperature cracking. The motivation is to significantly reduce the temperature sensitivity of the binder at service temperatures while maintaining workability at construction temperatures. Nano-modified asphalt may potentially improve the rutting, crack and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures.
II. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE CURRENT
DEVELOPMENT IN PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Nanotechnology is the creation of new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level as phenomena associated with atomic and molecular interactions strongly influence macroscopic material properties [49]. Even though engineers are interested in material properties at the macro and meso scales, the nano and micro scales provide fundamental insight for the development of science and technology. Figure. 1 illustrates the evolution of length scales of an asphalt concrete material (in macro scale), to meso, micro [50],
64
III . LITERATURE REVIEW
A.
Asphalt Chemical Components and Modification
Efforts
Most asphalt molecules, primarily consisting of carbon and hydrogen, also contain one or more of the elements sulfur, nitrogen, and/or oxygen [63]. Within asphalt, heteroatoms typically replace carbon atoms in the asphalt molecule; the interaction of heteroatoms and the hydrocarbons leads to the unique chemical and physical properties of various asphalt mixtures [64].
Asphalt molecules are classified in two major fractions based on solubility. These fractions are the asphaltenes and maltenes [64]. Both the asphaltenes and maltenes constitute the non-volatile, high-molecularweight fractions of petroleum but the maltenes
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) constitute the fraction of asphalt which is soluble in nalkane solvents such as pentane and heptane. The three basic types of molecules in asphalt are aliphatics, cyclic, and aromatics.
Research conducted in the Netherlands suggests nanoclay modifications improves some characteristics of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures, but more research is required before it can be applied on a large scale [41].
The major reason for additional research is that while the nanoclay increased the rutting resistance little is known about how it mitigates the fatigue problem of asphalt. In China, similar research has been conducted on nano calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO3) modified asphalt [15,65]; it was found that the nano-CaCO3 can enhance asphalt’s ruttingresistance as well as improve its low-temperature toughness. It was found that the mixture of nano-CaCO3 and asphalt forms a uniform and steady system which improves temperature susceptibility of asphalt at high temperatures. However, the mechanism of asphalt material behavior with this modification is not well understood.
.
Aggregat e
Asphalt
Macro
100
Meso
10-3
Micro
10-6
Nano
10-9
Length (m)
Fig 1: Illustration of the evolution of different asphalt dimensions.
.
In China, Yu has studied the effect of a nanoclay
(montmorillonite) on properties of styrene–butadiene– styrene (SBS) copolymer modified asphalt [66] by melt blending with different contents of sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT). It was found that the addition of Na-MMT and OMMT increases the viscosity of SBS-modified asphalt. In addition, the nanoclay/SBSmodified asphalt gained a higher complex modulus and lower phase angle, implying stiffer and more elastic asphalt.
Quantum
10-12 percent of nanoclay reinforcement.
When the polymer penetrates between the adjacent layers of the nanoclay, the gallery spacing is increased and the resulting morphology is an intercalated structure
[71]. An exfoliated morphology occurs when the clay platelets are extensively delaminated and completely separated due to thorough polymer penetration by various dispersion techniques. In combination with nanoclay, couplings agents, such as silane, are used to disperse the nanoclay in a stable manner [MMT surface modification]. Also, silane coupling agents have been observed to enhance the bonding of nanoclay to the polymer matrix. Therefore, the nanoclay-modified asphalt was determined to have good rutting resistance compared to the original asphalt or the SBS-modified asphalt. It was found that MMT-modified asphalt may form an intercalated structure, whereas the OMMT modified asphalt may form an exfoliated structure based on the Xray diffraction (XRD) results [67,68].
B.
Nanoclay, montmorillonite, and organic modification of nanoclay
Layered silicates (nanoclay) are widely used in the modification of polymer matrices to realize significant improvement in mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. One of the most frequently used layered silicates is montmorillonite (MMT), which has a 2:1 layered structure with two silica tetrahedron sandwiching an alumina octahedron. Roy et al. [69,70] enhanced the compressive and shear strength of thermoplastic polymers using only a small weight
IV. RESEARCH METHOD AND MATERIALS
In this study is used the information gathered from the literature review and evaluations conducted to shape the direction of the laboratory program. Two types of asphalt binder were used:
(1) Superpave™, that its aggregate gradation is shown in Table 1.
(2) The Superpave™ asphalt binder modified with 2% of a nanoclay by weight of asphalt binder.
Using the Superpave™ Binder Test Specification
Standards, the conglomerate test conducted on the asphalt binder and Nanoclay were direct tensile test
(Method for Determining the Fracture Properties of
Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension, AASHTO TP3).
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013
65

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
Table 1: Superpave Aggregate Gradation
Hot Mix
Asphalt
Type
Superpave
4.75
Percentage Passing by Dry Mass of
Aggregates
Sieve Size [mm]
12.5 9.5 4.75 1.18 0.075
100 95 90 45 9
The addition of a silane coupling agent was first carried out using the procedure outlined by Qian et al.
[72]. The surfactants modified nanoclay was dispersed in organic solvent (isopropanol) and the desired amount of silane coupling agent was added with continuous stirring in a water bath until the solvent was completely evaporated. The products were then dried in a vacuum at approximately 80 °C, wetted, and filtered using a 280 mesh. The surfactant-modified nanoclay in conjunction with the coupling agent was then dispersed in the asphalt. The asphalt nanocomposite was fabricated using a high-shear mixer. The asphalt was first heated to 160
°C to a fluid state and the surfactant-modified nanoclay, was added to the system and mixed at 2500 rpm for 3 h to disperse the intercalated MMT nanoclay. The detailed parameters such as temperature, speed, and mixing duration were adjusted to control the quality of the modified asphalt. Figure. 2 illustrates the chemical structure of Nanoclay .
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Figure. 3 shows the average strain at failure for the two different samples with an error bar of one standard deviation. The results show that the strain at failure decreases by 74% with the addition of 2% of Nanoclay.
Based on these results, it is proved that the use of
Nanoclay strengthens the tensile strength properties of the asphalt binder since a lower failure strain% increases the potential for low-temperature cracking. The low temperature cracking potential of the original binder was better than Nanoclays.
Direct Tension Sample
Fig 3: Direct tension strain at failure% results for original and Nanoclay.
The secant modulus of the DTT results for the two different samples can be seen in Figure. 4 with error bars of one standard deviation. The secant modulus is defined as the failure stress divided by the failure strain and provides an approximate value for the modulus of the stress/strain curve. The original binder sample has the lowest secant modulus value when compared to the modified asphalts.
Fig 2: Nanoclay structure.
Tensile strength tests were performed on the neat binder and nanoclay-composite modified asphalt specimens. The two samples tested had percentages of
0%, 2.0% by weight of Nanoclays. A modified version of the Superpave™ direct tensile tester (DTT) was applied to characterize the tensile strength of the modified and non-modified binders. The DTT measures the low temperature ultimate tensile strain/stress of asphalt. A dogbone shaped specimen is loaded in tension at a constant strain-rate until it fails. The failure strain in the specimen is the change in length (∆L) divided by the effective gauge length (Le). On three samples per test, the DTT was conducted to measure the mean maximum failure strain of the modified and baseline asphalt specimens at different loading rates at -
18 °C.
Direct Tension Sample
Fig 4: Secant moduli results for original and Nanoclay.
66
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
The area under the stress and strain curve for the direct tensile was used to determine the toughness of each of the tested materials. Figure. 5 shows the trend that the addition of Nanoclays increase the toughness of the asphalt binder relative to the original binder. This indicates that the original binder do not have the toughness that the Nanoclay particles add to the asphalt.
The trend can be explained by the stiffening behavior of the nanoclay as they form bond chains within the binder.
It was also seen that the error bars for the nanoclay were higher than those for the original binder.
Fig 5: Toughness results for original binder and
Nanoclay modified binders.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, Laboratory analysis was conducted for Superpave™ and Superpave™ asphalt binder modified with 2% of a nanoclay by weight of asphalt binder. Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions were obtained:

This research has shown to a large extent that nanoclays can be effectively used as a modifier to improve the mechanical properties of asphalt binders.

The strain at failure decreases with the addition of
2% of Nanoclay and it is proved that the use of
Nanoclay strengthens the tensile strength properties of the asphalt binder since a lower failure strain% increases the potential for low-temperature cracking. The low temperature cracking potential of the original binder was better than Nanoclays.

The original binder sample has the lowest secant modulus value when compared to the modified asphalts.

The addition of Nanoclays increase the toughness of the asphalt binder relative to the original binder and the original binder do not have the toughness that the Nanoclay particles add to the asphalt.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Liu X, Wu S. “Study on the graphite and carbon fiber modified asphalt concrete”. Constr Build
Mater, Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1807-1811, 2011.
[2] Kaloush KE, Biligiri KP, Zeiada WA, Rodezno
MC, Reed JX. “Evaluation of fiber reinforced asphalt mixtures using advanced material characterization tests”. J Test Eval (JTE), Vol.
38, no. 4, 2010.
[3] Ye Q, Wu S, Li N. “Investigation of the dynamic and fatigue properties of fiber modified asphalt mixtures”. Int J Fatigue, Vol. 31, no. 10, pp.
1598-1602, 2009.
[4] Anurag K, Xiao F, Amirkhanian SN. “Laboratory investigation of indirect tensile strength using roofing polyester waste fibers in hot mix asphalt”. Constr Build Mater, Vol. 23, no. 5, pp.
2035-2040, 2009.
[5] Liu D, Luo Q, Wang H, Chen J. “Direct synthesis of micro-coiled carbon fibers on graphite substrate using co-electro deposition of nickel and sulfur as catalysts”. Mater Des, Vol. 30, no.
3, pp. 649-652, 2009.
[6] Putman BJ, Amirkhanian SN. “Utilization of waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures”.
Resour Conserv Recycl, Vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 265-
274, 2004.
[7] Nelson PK, Li VC, Kamada T. “Fracture toughness of microfiber reinforced cement composites”. J Mater Civ Eng, Vol. 14, no. 5, pp.
384-391, 2002.
[8] Pantazopoulou SJ, Zanganeh M. “Triaxial tests of fiber-reinforced concrete”. J Mater Civ Eng, Vol.
13, no. 5, pp. 340-348, 2001.
[9] Cleven MA. “Investigation of the properties of carbon fiber modified asphalt mixtures”. Thesis,
Master of Science in Civil Engineering, Michigan
Technological University, pp. 1–92. 2000.
[10] Cleven MA, Apul AT, Van Dam TJ.
“Demonstrating the functionality of carbon fiber modified asphalt mixtures”. Final report prepared for Conoco, Inc, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
1999.
[11] Pierre P, Pleau R, Rheaume M, Pigeon M.
“Influence of micro-fibres on the drying behaviour of cement pastes and mortars”.
Sherbrooke, Can: Canadian Soc for Civil
Engineering, p. 123–31, 1997.
67
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013

[12] Pigeon M, Pleau R, Azzabi M, Banthia N.
“Durability of microfiber-reinforced mortars”.
Cem Concr Res, Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 601-609,
1996.
[13] Ahmedzade P, Tigdemir M, Kalyoncuoglu SF.
“Laboratory investigation of the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures modified with TOP–
SBS”. Constr Build Mater, Vol. 21, no. 3, pp.
626-633, 2007.
[14] Al-Hadidy AI, Tan Y-q. “The effect of SBS on asphalt and SMA mixture properties”. J Mater
Civil Eng, Vol. 23, pp. 504, 2011.
[15] Liu D-L, Yao H-B, Bao S-Y. “Performance of nano-calcium carbonate and SBS compound modified asphalt”. Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao
(Ziran Kexue Ban). J Cent South Univ (Sci
Technol), Vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 579-582, 2007.
[16] Yildirim Y. “Polymer modified asphalt binders”.
Constr Build Mater, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 66-72,
2007.
[17] Kalyoncuoglu SF, Tigdemir M. “A model for dynamic creep evaluation of SBS modified HMA mixtures”. J Constr Build Mater, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 859-866, 2010.
[18] Khodaii A, Mehrara A. “Evaluation of permanent deformation of unmodified and SBS modified asphalt mixtures using dynamic creep test”.
Constr Build Mater, Vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2586-
2592, 2009.
[19] Awanti SS, Amarnath MS, Veeraragavan A.
“Laboratory evaluation of SBS modified bituminous paving mix”. J Mater Civil Eng, Vol.
20, no. 4, pp. 327-330, 2008.
[20] Liu D-L, Bao S-Y. “Research of improvement of
SBS modified asphalt pavement performance by organic monotmorillonite”. J Build Mater, Vol.
10, no. 4, pp. 500-504, 2007, China.
[21] Sibal A, Das A, Pandey BB. “Flexural fatigue characteristics of asphalt concrete with crumb rubber”, vol. 1. Gordon and Breach Science Pub.,
Taylor & Francis Limited, p.p. 119–132, 2000.
[22] Chollar B, Memon M. CMCRA: “Where the tire meets the road”. public roads, United States department of transportation – federal highway administration, Vol. 60, no. 4, 1997.
[23] Abdelrahman MA, Carpenter SH. “Mechanism of interaction of asphalt cement with crumb rubber modifier”. Transportation Research Board, pp.
106– 113, 1999.
International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
[24] Roque R et al. “Guidelines for use of modified binders. University of Florida, Gainesville”,
Florida Department of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration, pp. 102, 2005
[25] Roque R et al. “Development and field evaluation of energy-based criteria for top-down cracking performance of hot mix asphalt (with discussion)”. In: 2004 proceedings technical sessions of the journal of the association of asphalt paving technologists, vol. 73. Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, pp. 229–260,
2004.
[26] Mohammad LN et al. “Investigation of the use of recycled polymer-modified asphalt in asphaltic concrete pavements”. Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana Transportation Research
Center, Federal Highway Administration, pp. 94,
2004.
[27] Bischoff D, Toepel A. “Tire rubber in hot mix asphalt pavements. Wisconsin Department of
Transportation”, Federal Highway
Administration, pp. 60, 2004.
[28] Mohammad L et al. “Fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled polymermodified cements. In: Maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements and technological control”. Universidade do Minho, Portugal, pp.
10, 2003.
[29] Budhu MS, Ramakrishnan, Frantziskonis G.
“Modeling of granular materials: a numerical model using lattices, mechanics of deformation and flow of particulate materials”. In:
Transactions on ASCE McNu conference; 1997.
Northwestern University.
[30] Bertollo SAM et al. “Feasibility of the use of crumb rubber as asphalt pavement material”. In:
Maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements and technological control. Portugal: Universidade do
Minho, pp. 10 2003.
[31] Kamel NI, Bahia HU. “Performance evaluation of modified asphalt binders”. In: Transportation: from vision to reality. Annual conference and exhibition of the transportation association of
Canada. Transportation Association of Canada, pp. 20, 2002.
[32] Kim S, Loh SW, Zhai H, Bahia H. “Advanced characterization of crumb rubbermodifier asphalts”, using protocols developed for complex binder. In: Transportation Research Record 1767.
Washington, DC: TRB, National Research
Council; 2001.
68
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
[33] Herritt K. “Rubber pavements: a caltrans success story”. In: California department of transportation journal. California Department of Transportation, pp. 14–19, 2001.
[34] Goulias DG. “Design, behavior, and benefits of highway materials using recycled tire rubber”. In:
Beneficial use of recycled materials in transportation applications. Durham: University of New Hampshire, pp. 545–552, 2001.
[35] Oliver JW. “Rutting and fatigue properties of crumbed rubber hot mix asphalts”. In:
International journal of road materials and pavement design. Hermes Science Europe
Limited, Editions HERMES, pp. 209–225, 2000.
[36]
Crossley GA, Hesp SAM. “New class of reactive polymer modifiers for asphalt: mitigation of lowtemperature damage”. In: Transportation research record. Transportation Research Board, pp. 68–
74, 2000.
[37] Crossley GA, Hesp SAM. “New class of reactive polymer modifiers for asphalt: mitigation of moisture damage”. In: Transportation research record. Transportation Research Board, pp. 52–
59, 2000.
[38] Mohammad LN et al. “Permanent deformation analysis of hot-mix asphalt mixtures using simple performance tests and 2002 Mechanistic-
Empirical Pavement Design Software”. In:
Transportation research board 85th annual meeting. Transportation Research Board, pp. 19
2006.
[39] Panda M, Mazumdar, M. “Utilization of reclaimed polyethylene in bituminous paving mixes”. J Mater Civil Eng, pp. 527-530, 2002,
Am Soc Civil Eng.
[40] Goh SW, Akin M, You Z, Shi X. “Effect of deicing solutions on the tensile strength of micro- or nano-modified asphalt mixture”. Constr Build
Mater, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 195-200, 2011.
[41] Ghile DB. “Effects of nanoclay modification on rheology of bitumen and on performance of asphalt mixtures”. MS thesis. Delft University of
Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 2006.
[42] Jahromi SG, Khodaii A. “Effects of nanoclay on rheological properties of bitumen binder”. Constr
Build Mater, Vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2894-2904, 2009.
[43] You Z, Mills-Beale J, Foley JM, Roy S, Odegard
GM, Dai Q, et al. “Nanoclay modified asphalt materials: preparation and characterization”.
Constr Build Mater, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1072-
1078, 2011.
[44] Khattak MJ, Khattab A, Rizvi HR. “Mechanistic characteristics of asphalt binder and asphalt matrix modified with nano-fibers”. 41165 ed.
Dallas (TX): ASCE, pp. 492, 2011.
[45] Xiao F, Amirkhanian AN, Amirkhanian SN.
“Influence of carbon nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of short-term aged asphalt binders”. J Mater Civil Eng, Vol. 23, no.
4, pp. 423-431, 2011.
[46] Cheng J, Shen J, Xiao F. “Moisture susceptibility of warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing nanosized hydrated lime”. J Mater Civil Eng,
Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1552-1559, 2011.
[47] Ghasemi Mojtaba, Marandi Seyed Morteza,
Tahmooresi Majid, Kamali Reza Jalal, Taherzade
Reza. “Modification of stone matrix asphalt with nano-SiO2”. J Basic Appl Sci Res, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1338-1344, 2012.
[48] Griffiths P, De Haseth JA. “Fourier transform infrared spectrometry”. John Wiley & Sons;
2007.
[49] Chong KP. “Nanotechnology and information technology in civil engineering. Conference proceeding – towards a vision for information technology in civil engineering”. In: Ian Flood, editor. 4th joint international symposium on information technology in civil engineering,
November 15–16, 2003, Nashville, TN, USA, pp.
1–9, 2004.
[50] Khattak MJ, Baladi GY, Drzal LT. “Low temperature binder-aggregate adhesion and mechanistic characteristics of polymer modified asphalt mixtures”. J Mater Civ Eng, Vol. 19, no.
5, pp. 411-422, 2007.
[51] Partl MN. “From nanocem to nanobit? – perspective on nanotechnology in construction materials with a focus on asphaltic materials”, presentation on the NSF workshop on nanomodification of cementitious materials at the
University of Florida in August 2006; and personal communication with the Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research;
2006.
[52] Pauli T et al. “Emerging issues in asphalt binder research and application of nanotechnology”, presentation on the NSF workshop on nanomodification of cementitious materials at the
University of Florida in August 2006; and personal communication with the Western
Research Institute, Wyoming; 2006.
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013
69

International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
[53] Greenfield M. “Modeling for nano-engineering: molecular simulation of asphaltlike materials”, presentation on the NSF workshop on nanomodification of cementitious materials at the
University of Florida in August 2006; and personal communication with the Dept. of
Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode
Island; 2006.
[54] Birgisson B. “Roadmap for research”, presentation on the NSF workshop on nanomodification of cementitious materials at the
University of Florida in August 2006; and personal communication; 2006.
[55] Balaguru PN. “Nanotechnology and concrete: background, opportunities and challenges”.
Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom: Thomas
Telford Services Ltd.; 2005.
[56] Li H, Zhang M-h, Ou J-p. “Abrasion resistance of concrete containing nanoparticles for pavement”.
Wear , Vol. 260, no. 11-12, pp. 1262-1266, 2006.
[57] Ji T. “Preliminary study on the water permeability and microstructure of concrete incorporating nano-SiO2”. Cem Concr Res, Vol.
35, no. 10, pp. 1943-1947, 2005.
[58] Middendorf B. “Macro–micro–nano – nanotechnology for the development of binder and concrete”. Aufbereitungs-Tech/Miner
Process, Vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 46-48, 2005.
[59] Fu M-F, Xiong J-G, Song G-Q. “Study and application of nano-materials in concrete”.
Gongcheng Lixue/Eng Mech , Vol. 21, no. suppl, pp. 48-51, 2004.
[60] Sadd MH et al. “Simulation of asphalt materials using finite element micromechanical model with damage mechanics”. Transport Res Rec
2004;1832:86–95.
[61] Chang P-K, Hou W-M, Hwang C-L. “A study on the microstructure of the nano concrete composite materials”. Boston, MA, United States: Materials
Research Society; 2003.
[62] Colston SL et al. “Functional micro-concrete: the incorporation of zeolites and inorganic nanoparticles into cement micro-structures”. J Mater
Sci Lett, Vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1085-1088, 2000.
[63] Roberts FL et al. “Hot mix asphalt materials, mixture design and construction”, 2nd ed.
National Center for Asphalt Technology
(NCAT), 1996.
[64] Asphalt Institute, “Superpave performance graded asphalt binder specification and testing”.
Superpave Series No. 1(SP-1). Asphalt Institute,
Lexington, KY, USA, pp. 61, 2003.
[65] Ma F, Zhang C, Fu Z. “Performance and modification mechanism of nano-CaCO3 modified asphalt”. Wuhan Ligong Daxue Xuebao
(Jiaotong Kexue Yu Gongcheng Ban)/J Wuh
Univ Technol (Transport Sci Eng), Vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 88-91, 2007.
[66]
Yu J et al. “Effect of montmorillonite on properties of styrene–butadiene– styrene copolymer modified bitumen”. Polym Eng Sci,
Vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1289-1295, 2007.
[67] Yu J et al. “Preparation and properties of montmorillonite modified asphalts”. J Wuh Uni
Technol , Vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 65-67, 2007.
[68] Yu J et al. “Preparation and properties of montmorillonite modified asphalts”. Mater Sci
Eng A , Vol. 447, no. 1-2, pp. 233-238, 2007.
[69] Hussain F, Roy S, Narasimhan K,
Vengadassalam K, Lu H. “E-glass/ polypropylene pultruded nanocomposite: manufacture, characterization, thermal and mechanical properties”. J Thermoplast Compos, Vol. 20, pp.
411-434, 2007.
[70] Roy S, Hussain F, Narasimhan K,
Vengadassalam K, Lu H. “E glass/polypropylene nanocomposites: manufacture, characterization, and mechanical properties”. Polym Polym
Compos, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 91-102, 2007.
[71] Ke YC, Stroeve P. “Polymer-layered silicate and silica nanocomposites”. The Netherlands:
Elsevier, 2005.
[72] Qian X, Liao M, Zhang W. Surface modification of montmorillonite and application to the preparation of polybutadiene/montmorillonite,
Vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 399-408, 2007.

70
ISSN (Print): 2321-5747, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013