Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
Reference
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TERM 4 IA – Final Exam
Study Guide
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Skills & Knowledge for the IA
Discipulī need to be able to:
a) CONJUGATE & TRANSLATE any regular verb (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd –io, 4th) in the PRESENT,
IMPERFECT, FUTURE, PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, and FUTURE PERFECT tense in both ACTIVE
and PASSIVE voices.
b) TRANSLATE the IMPERATIVE MOOD.
c) RECOGNIZE, TRANSLATE & DECLINE any noun of the first, second, or third declension in the
NOMINATIVE, GENITIVE, DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE, ABLATIVE, and VOCATIVE cases.
d) IDENTIFY the CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER of adjectives and MATCH them with the NOUNS
with which they agree.
e) RECOGNIZE and TRANSLATE a form of is, ea, id as either a PRONOUN or an ADJECTIVE.
f) RECOGNIZE and TRANSLATE a form of 1st and 2nd person PRONOUNS.
g) RECOGNIZE VOCABULARY items and TRANSLATE appropriately (Total of 6 lists)
h) PRODUCE and RECOGNIZE ALL FOUR PRINCIPAL PARTS of every Latin verb for which they are
responsible.
i) RECOGNIZE & ANNOTATE VERBS, SUBJECTS, DIRECT OBJECTS, PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES, and GENITIVE NOUNS.
j) READ and CONVERT ROMAN NUMERALS and ARABIC NUMERALS.
k) TRANSLATE sentences from Latin to English.
l) READ, UNDERSTAND, and ANSWER comprehension questions about a Latin passage.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
MORPHOLOGY/FORMS - Review your handouts and notes for the following:
For Nouns, you must know...
 how to identify the gender of a noun
 how to identify to which declension any noun belongs
 declension endings for 6 cases, singular and plural, in the 1st declension, 2nd declension, and 3rd
declension for all genders
 the NEUTER RULE: for every neuter noun in Latin, the nominative and accusative are identical
For Verbs, you must know...
 how to find the present stem of a verb
 how to find the perfect stem of a verb
 to which conjugation number any verb belongs
 the six active personal endings used in the present system (i.e. the present, imperfect, and future tenses)
for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in the singular and plural
1
Nōmen _________________________







Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
the six passive personal endings used in the present system
the six personal endings used in the perfect tense for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in the singular and plural
what an infinitive is, and how they are formed in the active and passive voices
what the each tense is and how it is formed and translated in both the active and passive voices
what the imperative mood is, and how it is formed in the active and passive voices, singular and plural
the forms of the irregular verb sum, esse, fuī in the present, imperfect, future, and perfect tenses
how to form and translate compounds of the verb sum, esse, fuī (ex. adsum, possum)
For Adjectives, you must know...
 that adjectives agree with a noun in case, number, and gender, and not necessarily according to ending
 that feminine adjectives borrow their ending from the 1st declension
 that masculine adjectives borrow their endings from the 2nd declension
 that neuter adjectives borrow their endings from the 2nd declension neuter
NOUNS
When a NOUN is 1st DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in –_____
When a NOUN is 2nd DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in – _____
When a NOUN is 3rd DECLENSION, the GENITIVE singular ends in – _____
A noun is DECLINED by removing the GENITIVE SG. ending to find the NOUN STEM, and adding endings:
1st Declension
SG.
PL.
2nd Declension
SG.
PL.
2nd Declension - Neuter
SG.
PL.
NOMINATIVE
-a
-ae
-us / r
-ī
-um
-a
GENITIVE
-ae
-ārum
-ī
-ōrum
-ī
-ōrum
DATIVE
-ae
-īs
-ō
-īs
-ō
-īs
ACCUSATIVE
-am
-ās
-um
-ōs
-um
-a
-ā
-īs
-ō
-īs
-ō
-ōrum
ABLATIVE
3rd Declension
3rd Declension Neuter
SG.
PL.
SG.
PL.
*** (anything)
-ēs
*** (anything)
-a
GENITIVE
-is
-um
-is
-um
DATIVE
-ī
-ibus
-ī
-ibus
*** (anything)
-ēs
*** (anything)
-a
-e
-ibus
-e
-ibus
NOMINATIVE
ACCUSATIVE
ABLATIVE
** REMEMBER THE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR OF THE 3RD DECLENSION CAN BE ANYTHING. THERE IS NO
SET ENDING- TO FIND THE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR FOR A 3RD DECLENSION NOUN, LOOK AT THE FIRST
WORD OF ITS DICTIONARY ENTRY**
2
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
3RD PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN/ADJECTIVE- IS, EA, ID
is, ea, id can function either as a PRONOUN or as an ADJECTIVE.

If it is a PRONOUN, it takes the place of a noun previously understood or stated. It shares NUMBER
and GENDER of the noun it refers to, but takes its CASE from its use in its own clause. It is translated
as he/him (masc. sg.), she/her (fem. sg.), it (neut. sg.), they/them (all genders, pl.)

If it is an ADJECTIVE, it agrees with, or modifies, another noun in the same GENDER, NUMBER, and
CASE (GNC). It is translated as this/that in the singular, or these/those in the plural.
SINGULAR
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
is
ea
id
eius
eius
eius
eī
eī
eī
eum
eam
id
eō
eā
eō
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
eī
eae
ea
eōrum
eārum
eōrum
Dative
eīs
eīs
eīs
Accusative
eōs
eās
ea
Ablative
eīs
eīs
eīs
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PLURAL
Nominative
Genitive
1ST AND 2ND PERSON PRONOUNS
The following pronouns stand in for first and second person entities.
1st PERSON
SINGULAR
2nd PERSON
PLURAL
egō
I
tū
you
meī
of me/mine
tuī
of you/your
mihi
to/for me
tibi
mē
me
tē
you
mē
by/with me
tē
by/with you
PLURAL
to/for you
PLURAL
3
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
nōs
we
vōs
you all
nostrī
of us
vestrī
of you all
nōbīs
to us
vōbīs
to/for you all
nōs
us
vōs
you all
nōbīs
by/with us
vōbīs
by/with you all
VERBS
PERSONAL ENDINGS in the PRESENT SYSTEM (i.e. present, imperfect, and future tenses)
ACTIVE
1st person singular – “I” – ō or m
1st person plural – “we” – mus
2nd person singular – “you” – s
2nd person plural – “you all” – tis
3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - t
3rd person plural – “they” – nt
1 person singular – “I” – r or or
2nd person singular – “you” – ris or re
3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - tur
st
PASSIVE
1st person plural – “we” – mur
2nd person plural – “you all” – minī
3rd person plural – “they” – ntur
PERSONAL ENDINGS for the PERFECT TENSE (active voice)
1st person singular – “I” – ī
1st person plural – “we” – imus
2nd person singular – “you” – istī
2nd person plural – “you all” – istis
3rd person singular – “she/he/it” - it
3rd person plural – “they” – ērunt
ACTIVE VOICE VERBS
PRESENT TENSE:
IMPERFECT TENSE:
FUTURE TENSE:
PERFECT TENSE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:
4
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
1st conjugation  mutō, mutāre, mutāvī, mutātus to change
PRESENT SYSTEM
PRESENT TENSE
mutō
mutāmus
I change
we change
IMPERFECT TENSE
mutābam
mutābāmus
I was changing
we were changing
mutābātis
mutābās
you all were
you were changing
changing
mutābat
mutābant
h/s/I was changing
they were changing
PERFECT SYSTEM
FUTURE TENSE
mutābō
mutābimus
I will change
we will change
mutābitis
mutābis
you all will
you will change
change
mutābit
mutābunt
h/s/i will change
they will change
PERFECT TENSE
PLUPERFECT TENSE
mutāvī
I changed
mutāvimus
you all changed
mutāveram
I had changed
mutāveramus
you all had changed
mutāvistī
you changed
mutāvistis
they changed
mutāveras
you had changed
mutāveratis
you all had changed
mutāvit
h/s/i changed
mutāvērunt
they changed
mutāverat
h/s/I had changed
mutāverant
they had changed
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
mutāverimus
mutāverō
we will have
I will have changed
changed
mutāveris
mutāveritis
you will have
you all will have
changed
changed
mutāverit
mutāverint
h/s/i will have
they will have
changed
changed
mutās
you change
mutātis
you all change
mutat
h/s/i changes
mutant
they change
PASSIVE VOICE VERBS
PRESENT TENSE:
IMPERFECT TENSE:
FUTURE TENSE:
PERFECT TENSE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:
5
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
1st conjugation  mutō, mutāre, mutāvī, mutātus to change
PRESENT SYSTEM
PRESENT TENSE
mutor
I am change
mutāmur
we are change
mutāris
you are
changed
mutātur
h/s/i is
changed
mutāminī
you all are
changed
mutantur
they are
changed
IMPERFECT TENSE
mutābāmur
mutābar
we were being
I was being changed
changed
mutābāris
mutābāminī
you were being
you all were being
changed
changed
mutābātur
mutābantur
h/s/I was being
they were being
changed
changed
PERFECT SYSTEM
PERFECT TENSE
mutātī sumus
mutātus sum
we were
I was changed
changed
mutātus es
mutātī estis
you were
you all were
changed
changed
PLUPERFECT TENSE
mutātī eramus
mutātus eram
you all had been
I had been changed
changed
mutātus eras
mutātī eratis
you had been
you all had been
changed
changed
mutātus est
he was
changed
mutātus erat
he had been
changed
mutātī sunt
they were
changed
mutātī erant
they had been
changed
FUTURE TENSE
mutābor
I will be changed
mutāberis
you will be changed
mutābitur
h/s/i will be changed
mutābimur
we will be changed
mutābiminī
you all will be
changed
mutābuntur
they will be
changed
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
mutātus erō
mutātī erimus
I will have been
we will have been
changed
changed
mutātus eris
mutātī eritis
you will have been
you all will have
changed
been changed
mutātī erunt
mutātus erit
they will have been
he will have been
changed
changed
The INFINITIVE
The INFINITIVE is so-called because it is NOT a finite verb, i.e. it is not bounded by person and number, but
instead refers to general ongoing verbal action.
The second principal part of any Latin verb is its PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE.



of the verb putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus the second principal part pugnāre = “to think”
of the verb nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, nescītus the second principal part nescīre = “to not know”
of the verb petō, petere, petīvī, petītus, the second principal part petēre = “to seek”
To create the PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE, add –ī to the end of the PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE


putāre + ī = putāre = “to be thought”
nescīre + ī = nescīrī = “to be unknown”
In the 3rd conjugation and the 3rd conjugation-io, the short e stem vowel disappears entirely. Thus:

petere + ī = petere – (ere) + ( ī ) = petī = “to be sought”
6
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
The IMPERATIVE
The IMPERATIVE is a separate MOOD of Latin verbs. It is not used for stating facts or asking matter-of-fact questions,
as are all the other verb forms we have learned, but for giving commands.
Because a command is always issued in the second person, the only distinctions in the IMPERATIVE MOOD are
between singular and plural number (is the command being given to one person or many?) and between active and passive
voices (is the command to do an action, or receive an action?)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ACTIVE
= PRESENT STEM
PASSIVE
= 2 PP
Ex. mutā change!
Ex. mutāre be changed!
= PRESENT STEM + -te
=PRESENT STEM + -minī
Ex. mutāte change!
Ex. mutāmini be changed!
nd
ROMAN NUMERALS
The Roman numbering system uses letters to represent numbers:
I
V
X
L
C
D
M
1
5
10
50
100
500
1,000
To calculate a number written in this system, read from left to right, ADDING as you go:
MMCLVII = M + M + C + L + V + I + I = 1,000 + 1,000 + 100 + 50 + 5 + 2 = 2,157
In an instance in which a smaller number is found to the LEFT of a larger number, SUBTRACT the smaller
number from the larger number:
MCDLIX = M + (D – C) + L + (X – I) = 1,000 + (500 – 100) + 50 + (10 – 1) = 1,000 + 400 + 50 + 9 = 1,459
7
Nōmen _________________________
Diēs ____________
Latin I, R _______
META-SYNOPSIS
Each verb has ________Principal Parts
1st = _________ō
2nd = _________re
3rd = _________ī
4th = _________us
I VERB
to VERB
I VERBed
having been VERBed,
VERBed
Directions: Fill in the missing blanks with the FORMULAE for forming or translating each tense/voice/mood
combination of a Latin verb
Latin
ACTIVE VOICE
English
Latin
PASSIVE VOICE
English
Present Stem (2nd
principal part) +
APE
(I) VERB
Present stem + PPE
(I) am VERBed
IMPERFECT
Present Stem +
bā/ēbā + APE
(I) was VERBing,
used to VERB
Present Stem +
bā/ēbā + PPE
(I) was being
VERBed, used to be
VERBed
FUTURE
Present + bi/ē +
APE
(I) will VERB
Present stem + bi/ē
+ PPE
(I) will be VERBed
PERFECT
Perfect Stem + PfPE
(I) VERBed
4th PP + present
tense of sum, esse
(I) was VERBed
Perfect Stem +
imperf. tense of
sum, esse
(I) had VERBed
4th PP + imperf.
tense of sum, esse
(I) had been VERBed
Perfect Stem (3rd
principal part) +
future form of sum
(I) will have VERBed
4th PP + future tense
of sum, esse
(I) will have been
VERBed
2nd PP
to VERB
2nd PP – (er)e + ī
to be VERBed
IMPERAT. (SG.)
Present Stem
VERB!
2nd PP
be VERBed!
IMPERAT. (PL.)
Present Stem + -te
VERB!
Present Stem + minī
be VERBed!
PRESENT
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE PERF.
INFINITIVES
8