Consultation Document on Listing Eligibility and Conservation
Actions
Ordtrachia septentrionalis (a land snail)
You are invited to provide evidence about:
1
the eligibility of Ordtrachia septentrionalis (a land snail) for inclusion on the EPBC Act
threatened species list; and
2
the necessary conservation actions for the above species.
Evidence from experts, stakeholders and the general public is welcome. Responses can be
provided by any interested person.
Anyone may nominate a native species, ecological community or threatening process for listing
under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) or for a
transfer of an item already on the list to a new listing category. The Threatened Species
Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes the assessment of species to determine
eligibility for inclusion in the list of threatened species and provides its recommendation to the
Australian Government Minister for the Environment.
The nomination proposed that the species was eligible for listing in the Endangered category.
However preliminary assessment suggests there is insufficient information available to asses
the species against the EPBC Act criteria. Neverheless, the purpose of this consultation
document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species status. This
conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may be changed as
a result of responses to this consultation process.
Draft information for your consideration of the eligibility of this species for listing starts at page 3
and information associated with potential conservation actions for this species starts at page 7.
To assist with the Committee’s assessment, the Committee has identified a series of specific
questions on which it seeks your guidance at page 8.
Responses to are to be provided in writing either by email to:
species.consultation@environment.gov.au
or by mail to:
The Director
Marine and Freshwater Species Conservation Section
Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division
Department of the Environment
PO Box 787
Canberra ACT 2601
Responses are required to be submitted by 16 January 2015.
Contents of this information package
General background information about listing threatened species
Information about this consultation process
Draft information about the common name and its eligibility for listing
Conservation actions for the species
References cited
Collective list of questions – your views
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8
General background information about listing threatened species
The Australian Government helps protect species at risk of extinction by listing them as
threatened under Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Once listed under the EPBC Act, the species
becomes a Matter of National Environmental Significance (MNES) and must be protected from
significant impacts through the assessment and approval provisions of the EPBC Act. More
information about threatened species is available on the department’s website at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/index.html.
Public nominations to list threatened species under the EPBC Act are received annually by the
department. In order to determine if a species is eligible for listing as threatened under the
EPBC Act, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes a rigorous
scientific assessment of its status to determine if the species is eligible for listing against a set of
criteria. These criteria are available on the Department’s website at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/pubs/guidelines-species.pdf.
As part of the assessment process, the Committee consults with the public and stakeholders to
obtain specific details about the species, as well as advice on what conservation actions might
be appropriate. Information provided through the consultation process is considered by the
Committee in its assessment. The Committee provides its advice on the assessment (together
with comments received) to the Minister regarding the eligibility of the species for listing under a
particular category and what conservation actions might be appropriate. The Minister decides to
add, or not to add, the species to the list of threatened species under the EPBC Act. More
detailed information about the listing process is at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/nominations.html.
To promote the recovery of listed threatened species and ecological communities, conservation
advices and where required, recovery plans are made or adopted in accordance with Part 13 of
the EPBC Act. Conservation advices provide guidance at the time of listing on known threats
and priority recovery actions that can be undertaken at a local and regional level. Recovery
plans describe key threats and identify specific recovery actions that can be undertaken to
enable recovery activities to occur within a planned and logical national framework. Information
about recovery plans is available on the department’s website at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery.html.
Information about this consultation process
Responses to this consultation can be provided electronically or in hard copy to the contact
addresses provided on Page 1. All responses received will be provided in full to the Committee
and then to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment.
In providing comments, please provide references to published data where possible. Should the
Committee use the information you provide in formulating its advice, the information will be
attributed to you and referenced as a ‘personal communication’ unless you provide references
or otherwise attribute this information (please specify if your organisation requires that this
information is attributed to your organisation instead of yourself). The final advice by the
Committee will be published on the department’s website following the listing decision by the
Minister.
Information provided through consultation may be subject to freedom of information legislation
and court processes. It is also important to note that under the EPBC Act, the deliberations and
recommendations of the Committee are confidential until the Minister has made a final decision
on the nomination, unless otherwise determined by the Minister.
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Ordtrachia septentrionalis
a land snail
Taxonomy
Conventionally accepted as Ordtrachia septentrionalis Solem, 1984
Description
Ordtrachia septentrionalis is a medium-sized camaenid land snail with a shell diameter of 11–
14 mm and a height of 7–9 mm with 4.5–5.5 normally-coiled whorls. Camaenid snails typically
become mature in their second wet season and may live for 10–15 years.
Distribution
Ordtrachia septentrionalis is recorded from only two locations – a small area of low limestone
exposures along the Duncan Highway south of the Rosewood Station turnoff, in north-western
Northern Territory, and in a small area of limestone 8 km to the west of this location, just into
Western Australia. The species has been collected on only three occasions. All collections were
made during the 1980s by two different collectors.
The species is listed as endangered under the Northern Territory’s Territory Parks and Wildlife
Conservation Act 2000.
Relevant Biology/Ecology
Ordtrachia septentrionalis has been recorded among scattered limestone boulders and blocks
exposed in open savannah in areas subject to heavy flooding. The snails climb trees to survive
flood events. The limestone blocks vary from a few centimetres to a couple of metres in
diameter, but rarely project more than a few centimetres above ground level. The species is
active during the wet season and just before the dry season it buries itself in the soil to aestivate
(become dormant) during the dry season.
Camaenid snails typically mature in their second wet season and some may live up to 10–15
years. The generation length is 4–5 years (XXXX pers. comm.).
Threats
Threat factor Threat
type
Trampling by Suspected
cattle
Changing
Suspected
vegetation
structure and
composition
Predation by Suspected
cane toads
Threat Evidence base
status
Current Personal Communication –
XXXX
Current Personal Communication –
XXXX
Threat abatement
Current Cane toads have invaded
the area and are expected to
feed on the land snail,
however there is no
referenced study to
demonstrate the impact
(Personal Communication –
XXXX)
Construction of cane toad
exclusion fencing
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Protection of habitat from
grazing by cattle
Protection of habitat from
fire
Assessment of available information in relation to the EPBC Act Criteria and Regulations
Criterion 1: Reduction in numbers (based on any of A1 – A4)
A1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 90%, severe 70%
substantial 50% size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is
the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND
ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or
parasites.
A2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 80%, severe 50%
substantial 30%size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the
longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood
OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
A3. A population size reduction very severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%, projected or
suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer
(up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction very
severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%over any 10 year or three generation period,
whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period
must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not
have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and
specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
Evidence
Ordtrachia septentrionalis is thought to be declining in recent years because of an increased
frequency of fires and overgrazing by stock (see Criterion 2). However, there is no
quantitative information on population numbers, trends or threats.
There is insufficient information to assess against Criterion 1. However, the purpose of this
consultation document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species
status. This conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may
be changed as a result of responses to this consultation process.
Criterion 2:
Geographic distribution (based on either of B1 or B2)
B1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be very restricted <100 km2, restricted <5000 km2 or
limited < 20 000 km2
B2. Area of occupancy estimated to be very restricted <10 km2, restricted <500 km2 or
limited <2000 km2
AND
Geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species,
(based on at least two of a–c)
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i)
extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i)
extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
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(iii)
(iv)
number of locations or subpopulations
number of mature individuals
Evidence
Ordtrachia septentrionalis is recorded from only two locations – a small area of low limestone
exposures along the Duncan Highway south of the Rosewood Station turnoff, in north-western
Northern Territory, and in a small area of limestone 8 km to the west, just into Western
Australia.
Nine field trips to the Kimberleys and surrounding areas were made between 1974 and 1984,
collecting land snails, including camaenids (Solem, 1988a). Ordtrachia septentrionalis was
recorded on three trips in 1976, 1980 an 1984, with 11 live adults and six live juveniles of the
species being collected. Most collecting was done by searching exposed limestone areas close
to roads and tracks, but many areas remain to be explored (Solem, 1993). The species was
also collected by XXXX at Rock Wall and the same stretch of road as recorded by Solem
(1984) during a week of collecting in the 1980s. The species was not found in searches of
limestone areas to the west and more than 50 km to the south from the areas in which
Ordtrachia sepentrionalis has been recorded.
The extent of occurrence for the species has been estimated as less than 25 km2 based on
records of the species from only two locations 8 km apart. The area of occupancy has been
estimated to be at least 8 km2 (i.e. the species has been recorded within a 2 x 2 km grid in
each of two locations). However, further evidence is required to confirm these estimates.
Surveys for the species have only been undertaken in limestone areas and further evidence is
required to demonstrate that the species is restricted to such habitat. Other species of
camaenid land snail appear to be exclusive to limestone occurrences (e.g. threatened species
included in the Camaenid Land Snails of the East Kimperly 2005-2010 Interim Recovery Plan
(Pearce, 2005)) with nearby sandstone outcops supporting no threatened camaenids and very
few additional land snail species, despite proximity to populations in the limestone areas
(Solem 1981,1988b). Camaenid land snails dealt with in the interim recovery plan provide an
example of multi-species short-range endemism (Pearce, 2005).
A number of suspected threats are thought to operate in the area where Ordtrachia
septentrionalis has been recorded. These suspected threats are overgrazing by stock,
changed fire regimes and predation by Cane Toads (Rhinella marinus). Further evidence is
required to confirm the presence of these suspected threats and potential negative impacts of
these suspected threats on the species.
In areas where Ordtrachia septentrionalis has been recorded there are indications of damage
by cattle – churned soil and broken snail shells. Cattle could break snails shells as well as
compacting the soil, restricting the snail from either burrowing into the soil or being able to
climb out.
Changed fire regimes in this area since European settlement are considered to be causing
more frequent fires which could directly impact on Ordtrachia septentrionalis as well as
changing the vegetation structure and composition of its habitat.
The front line of invasion of the Cane Toad has moved across the area in which Ordtrachia
septentrionalis has been recorded and in 2014 stretches from the former Oombulgurri
community on the Forest River, south to Halls Creek. Molluscs are a known component of the
Cane Toad diet. Pearson, et al. (2009) undertook laboratory and field studies to determine the
vulnerability of camaenid land snails to consumption by cane toads. Although Ordtrachia
septentrionalis was not one of the species examined, Pearson, et al. (2009) found that cane
toads consumed some species of camaenid land snails, but that the preferred habitats and
activity patterns of camaenids reduced their vulnerability to cane toads.
These threatening processes were identified as potential threats to a range of other camaenid
land snail species included in the Camaenid Land Snails of the East Kimperly 2005-2010
Interim Recovery Plan (Pearce, 2005).
Ordtrachia septentrionalis has an estimated extent of occurrence of less than 25 km2, an
estimated area of occupancy of at least 8 km2 and has been recorded from only two locations.
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Threats operating in its habitat may be leading to a decline in numbers and habitat quality.
Further evidence is required on the geographic distribution of the species and the threats
affecting its survival.
There is insufficient information to assess against this criterion. However, the purpose of this
consultation document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species status.
This conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may be
changed as a result of responses to this consultation process.
Criterion 3: The estimated total number of mature individuals is very low <250, low <2500 or
limited<10 000; and either of (A) or (B) is true
(A)
evidence suggests that the number will continue to decline at a very high (25% in 3 years
or 1 generation (up to 100 years), whichever is longer), high (20% in 5 years or 2
generations(up to 100 years), whichever is longer) or substantial (10% in 10 years or 3
generations years), whichever is longer(up to 100) rate; or
(B)
the number is likely to continue to decline and its geographic distribution is precarious for
its survival (based on at least two of a – c):
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c.
Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals
Evidence
There is insufficient information to assess against this criterion. However, the purpose of this
consultation document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species status.
This conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may be
changed as a result of responses to this consultation process.
Criterion 4: Estimated total number of mature individuals:
(a) Extremely low < 50
(b) Very low < 250
(c) Low < 1000
Evidence
There is insufficient information to assess against this criterion. However, the purpose of this
consultation document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species status.
This conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may be
changed as a result of responses to this consultation process.
Criterion 5: Probability of extinction in the wild based on quantitative analysis is at least:
(a) 50% in the immediate future, 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer); or
(b) 20% in the near future, 20 year or five generations (whichever is longer); or
(c) 10% in the medium-term future, within 100 years.
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Evidence
There is insufficient information to assess against this criterion. However, the purpose of this
consultation document is to elicit additional information to better understand the species status.
This conclusion should therefore be considered to be tentative at this stage, as it may be
changed as a result of responses to this consultation process.
Recovery Plan
A decision about whether there should be a recovery plan for this species has not yet been
determined. The purpose of this consultation draft is to elicit additional information to help inform
this decision.
Recovery and Impact avoidance guidance
Primary Conservation Objectives
Maintain stable populations
1. Maintain and enhance valued habitat.
2. Maintain the number and size of wild populations.
Important populations
Further information on the geographic distribution of Ordtrachia septentrionalis is required to
identify important populations.
Important habitat for the survival of the species
Further information on the geographic distribution of Ordtrachia septentrionalis is required to
identify important habitat for the survival of the species
Information required, research and monitoring priorities
1. Design and implement a monitoring program.
2. Explore potential threats and their impacts on the species
3. More precisely assess population size, distribution, ecological requirements and the relative
impacts of threatening processes.
4. Undertake survey work in suitable habitat and potential habitat to locate any additional
populations/occurrences/remnants.
Management actions required
1. If livestock grazing occurs in the area, ensure land owners/managers use an appropriate
management regime and density that does not detrimentally affect this species and manage
total grazing pressure at important sites through exclusion fencing or other barriers.
2. Implement an appropriate fire management regime for protecting key habitat.
3. Manage sites to identify, control and reduce the spread of invasive species (i.e. cane toads).
References cited in the advice
Pearce, K. (2005). Camaenid Land Snails of the East Kimberley Interim Recover Plan 20052010. Interim Recover Plan no. 194, Department of Conservation and Land Management,
Wetern Australia.
Pearson, D., Greenlees, M., Ward-Fear, G., and Shine, R. (2009). Predicting the ecological
impact of cane toads (Bufo marinus) on the threatened camaenid land snails in northwestern Australia. Wildlife Research 36, 533–540.
Solem, A. (1981). Camaenid Land Snails from Western and Central Australia (Mollusca:
Pulmonata: Camaenidae) III. Taxa from the Ningbing Ranges and nearby areas. Records of
the Western Australian Museum. Supplement No. 11, 321-425
Solem, A. (1984). Camaenid land snails from Western and central Australia (Mollusca:
Pulmonata: Camaenidae) IV Taxa from the Kimberley, Westraltrachia Iredale, 1933 and
related genera. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 17, 427-705.
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Solem, A. (1988a). Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory,
Australia: I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4, 455-604.
Solem, A. (1988b), Maximum in the Minimum: Biogeography of land snails from the Ningbing
Ranges and Jeremiah Hills, northeast Kimberley. Journal of the Malacological Society of
Australia 9, 9-113.
Collective list of questions – your views
Biological information
1.
Can you provide any additional or alternative references, information or estimates on
longevity, average life span and generation length?
Population size
2.
Has the survey effort for this species been adequate to determine its national adult
population size? If not, please provide justification for your response.
3.
Can you provide an estimate of the current population size of mature adults of this species
(national extent)? Please provide supporting justification or other information.
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide a single number, you may wish to
provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges suggested in the table
below of possible species numbers, and also choose the level of confidence you have in
this estimate:
Number of mature individuals is estimated to be in the range of:
□ 1–50
□ 51–250 □ 251–1000 □ >1000 □ >10 000
Level of your confidence in this estimated decline:
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much information to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, information suggests this range
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, information indicates quantity within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data are accurate within this range
Evidence of total population size change
4. Are you able to provide an estimate of the total population size during the early 2000s?
Please provide justification for your response.
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide a single number, you may wish to
provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges suggested in the table
below of possible species numbers, and also choose the level of confidence you have in
this estimate.
Number of mature individuals is estimated to be in the range of:
□ 1–50
□ 51–250 □ 251–1000 □ >1000 □ >10 000
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Level of your confidence in this estimated decline:
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much information to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, information suggests this range
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, information indicates quantity within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data are accurate within this range
5.
Are you able to comment on the extent of decline in the species’ total population size over
the last approximately 15 years (i.e. three generations)? Please provide justification for your
response.
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide an estimate of decline, you may wish
to provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges suggested in the
table below of ranges of decline, and also choose the level of confidence you have in this
estimated range.
Decline estimated to be in the range of:
□ 1–30%
□31–50%
□51–80%
□81–100%
□90–100%
Level of your confidence in this estimated decline:
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much information to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, suggests this range of decline
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, information indicates a decline within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data are accurate within this range
6.
Please provide (if known) any additional evidence which shows the population is stable,
increasing or declining.
Current Distribution/range/extent of occurrence, area of occupancy
7.
Does the information consider the entire geographic extent and national extent of the
species?
8.
Has the survey effort for this species been adequate to determine its national distribution? If
not, please provide justification for your response.
9.
Is the distribution as described valid? If not, please provide justification for your response
and provide alternate information.
10. Do you consider that the way the current extent of occurrence and/or area of occupancy
has been estimated is appropriate? Please provide justification for your response.
Can you provide estimates (or if you disagree with the estimates provided, alternative
estimates) of the extent of occurrence and/or area of occupancy.
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If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide an estimate of extent of occurrence,
you may wish to provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges
suggested in the table below of ranges of extent of occurrence, and also choose the level of
confidence you have in this estimated range.
Extent of occurrence is estimated to be in the range of:
□ <100 km □ 100 – 5 000 km □ 5 001 – 20 000 km
2
2
□ >20 000 km
2
2
Level of your confidence in this estimated extent of occurrence
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much data to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, data suggests this range of decline
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, data indicates a decline within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data is accurate within this range
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide an estimate of area of occupancy, you
may wish to provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges suggested
in the table below of ranges of area of occupancy, and also choose the level of confidence
you have in this estimated range.
Area of occupancy is estimated to be in the range of:
□ <10 km □ 11 – 500 km
2
2
□ 501 – 2000 km □ >2000 km
2
2
Level of your confidence in this estimated extent of occurrence:
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much data to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, data suggests this range of decline
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, data indicates a decline within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data is accurate within this range
Past Distribution/range/extent of occurrence, area of occupancy
11. Can you provide estimates (or if you disagree with the estimates provided, alternative
estimates) of the former extent of occurrence and/or area of occupancy.
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide an estimate of past extent of
occurrence, you may wish to provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the
ranges suggested in the table below of ranges of past extent of occurrence, and also
choose the level of confidence you have in this estimated range.
Past extent of occurrence is estimated to be in the range of:
□ <100 km □ 100 – 5 000 km □ 5 001 – 20 000 km
2
2
2
Level of your confidence in this estimated extent of occurrence
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□ >20 000 km
2
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much data to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, data suggests this range of decline
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, data indicates a decline within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data is accurate within this range
If, because of uncertainty, you are unable to provide an estimate of past area of occupancy,
you may wish to provide an estimated range. If so, please choose one of the ranges
suggested in the table below of ranges of past area of occupancy, and also choose the level
of confidence you have in this estimated range:
Past area of occupancy is estimated to be in the range of:
□ <10 km □ 11 – 500 km
2
2
□ 501 – 2000 km □ >2000 km
2
2
Level of your confidence in this estimated extent of occurrence:
□ 0–30% - low level of certainty/ a bit of a guess/ not much data to go on
□ 31–50% - more than a guess, some level of supporting evidence
□ 51–95% - reasonably certain, data suggests this range of decline
□ 95–100% -high level of certainty, data indicates a decline within this range
□ 99–100% - very high level of certainty, data is accurate within this range
General
12.
What evidence can you provide on whether the species is eligible for inclusion on the
threatened species list and in which category should it be included?
13.
Can you provide additional data or information relevant to this assessment?
14.
Have you been involved in developing this nomination?
Threats
15.
Do you agree that the threats listed are correct and that their effect on the species is
significant?
16.
To what degree are the identified threats likely to impact on the species in the future?
17.
What threats are impacting on different populations, how variable are the threats and what
is the relative importance of the different populations? Please provide evidence and
background information.
18.
Can you provide additional or alternative information on threats, past, current or potential
that may adversely affect this species at any stage of its life cycle?
19.
Can you provide supporting data/justification or other information for your responses to
these questions about threats?
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Management
20.
What planning, management and recovery actions are currently in place supporting
protection and recovery of the species? To what extent have they been effective?
21.
Can you recommend any additional or alternative specific threat abatement or
conservation actions that would aid the protection and recovery of the species?
22.
What individuals or organisations are currently, or potentially could be, involved in
management and recovery of the species?
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