WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 4 Reading Guide
Name:
Date:
Read Chapter 4 and Identify the following:
Hour:
1.Confucius/Kong Fuzi:
Scholar, advisor, founder of
philosophy practiced in China that
advocated morals and filial piety
2.Analects:
Teachings of Confucius written
down by his disciples/students
3.Ancestor veneration:
Worship of ancestors, seeking their
spirits for advice, the idea that those
who have passed still have an
influence in your life
4.Lessons for Women:
By Ban Zhao, expresses role of
women under teachings of
Confucius
5.Laozi:
Founder of Daoism, wrote Daodejing
6.Daodejing:
The Way and Its Power, book
7. Yin and yang:
Opposite forces in the natural world
that should balance, light and dark,
light and heavy, male and female,
etc.
8.Vedas:
The earliest religious texts of India, a
collection of ancient poems, hymns,
and rituals that were transmitted
orally before being written down c.
600 BCE
9.Brahmins:
Hindu priestly caste, led rituals,
highest in caste system, had power
and wealth
10.Upanishads:
Indian mystical and philosophical
works, written between 800 and
400 BCE
11.Brahman:
The world soul, ultimate reality
12.Atman:
The individual soul, part of Brahman
13.Moksha:
In Hindu belief, liberation from
separate existence and union with
Brahman
14.Karma:
Governs samsara or reincarnation,
17.Buddha:
The Enlightened One
18.Nirvana:
End goal in Buddhism,
enlightenment, individual identity is
extinguished
19.Theravada:
“teaching of the elders” early form of
Buddhism, Buddha is a wise teacher
not divine, emphasizes practices
instead of beliefs
20.Mahayana:
“the great vehicle” popular
development in Buddhism in early
CE, gives a greater role to
supernatural beings and is more
popular than original version,
Buddha worshipped
21.Bodhisattvas:
Spiritually developed people who
postponed their own entry into
nirvana to assist those who were
still suffering
22.Mahabharata
Literature that affirms the
performance of caste duties as a
path to religious liberation
23.Ramayana:
Epic poem that shows that your
actions in the world and completely
the duties of your caste will provide
liberation
24.Bhagavad Gita:
A great Hindu epic, part of the
Mahabharata, affirms the
performance of caste duties as a
path to religious liberation
25.Zoroastrianism:
Persian monotheistic religion (well
one main god) founded by
Zarathrustra. Heaven and hell, good
vs. evil, judgment
26.Zarathustra:
Founder of Zoroastrianism, not sure
when precisely lived
30.Pythagoras:
Greek who believed that beneath the
chaos and complexity of the visible
world lay a simple, unchanging
mathematical order. Pythagorean
theorem
31.Hippocrates:
Greek who believed the body had
four “humors” that caused ailments
when out of balance, Hippocratic
Oath for doctors
32.Plato:
Philosopher, student of Socrates,
Theory of Forms/Ideas, parable of
the Cave, wrote the Republic
33.Republic:
written by Plato, design for a good
society in which philosopher-kings
would rule
34.Aristotle:
Student of Plato and tutor to
Alexander, emphasized empirical
observation, wrote about logic,
reflected on ethics, virtue could be
learned
35.Jesus of Nazareth:
The prophet/God of Christianity,
taught he was the Son of God,
crucified as the ultimate sacrifice,
had followers that created the
Christian church
36.Paul of Tarsus/St.Paul:
First popularize of Christianity,
traveled around Roman Empire,
started churches and wrote letters
of support to them, many books of
the New Testament are his letters
37.Martyr:
Someone who dies for a cause or
belief
38.Council of Nicaea:
Meeting of Christian bishops under
the direction of Constantine to
create uniform beliefs in Christianity
including the divinity of Jesus, 325
CE
your actions in life affect your
reincarnation
15.Law of Manu:
Written early centuries CE, Defined
women as beholden to men in every
phase of life, weak semen generated
females
16.Siddhartha Gautama:
Indian prince turned ascetic (566486 BCE) found Buddhism, the
Buddha
17. Hinduism:
Oldest religion in the world that
contributed to the development of
the social and political roles of a
caste system in India and in the
importance of multiple
manifestations of Brahma to
promote teachings about
reincarnation/karma.
18. Buddhism: taught by the Buddha
were recorded by his followers into
sutras and other scriptures
(528 B.C.E). 4 Noble Truths of
suffering, desire and the search for
enlightenment through the 8 fold
Path
27.Abraham:
Early leader/founder of Hebrew
religion, led migration from
Mesopotamia to Canaan, made
covenant with Yahweh
28.Yahweh:
God in Hebrew religion, one sole
God
29.Socrates:
First Greek philosopher to turn
rationalism toward questions of
human existence, convicted of
immorality/corrupting youth and
sentenced to death, taught Plato
32. Shamanism:
is a practice that involves a
practitioner reaching altered states
of consciousness in order to
perceive and interact with a spirit
world and channel these
transcendental energies into this
world.
42. Theocracy:
Government power that is derived
from the religion or spiritual beliefs
of the people
43. Jewish Diaspora:
The Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian,
and Roman empires conquered
various Jewish states at different
points in time which contributed to
the growth of Jewish diasporic
communities around the
Mediterranean and Middle East. The
movement of Jewish people from
their homeland of Israel, and city of
Jerusalem.
44. Twelve Tables:
The codified Roman law that have
legal and social rights to plebeians
45. Judaism:
Early monotheistic faith of the
Hebrews, followed the idea of one
god(Yahweh) and they were his
chosen people
46. Christianity:
Based on core beliefs about the
teachings and divinity of Jesus of
Nazareth as recorded by his
disciples, founded from Judaism
47. Edict of Milan: edict effectively
established religious toleration.
a proclamation that permanently
established religious
toleration for Christianity within
the Roman Empire. It was the
outcome of a political agreement
concluded in Milan between the
Roman emperors Constantine
I and Licinius in February 313. The
proclamation, made for the East by
Licinius in June 313, granted all
persons freedom to worship whatever
deity they pleased, assured Christians
of legal rights ,including the right to
organize churches
_____/47
Key Concept 2.1
The Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural
Traditions
I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people
and an ethical code to live by. (SUMMARIZE)
A. Judaism
Hebrew scriptures were codified. They reflected the influence of Mesopotamian
culture and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and Roman empires
conquered various Jewish states at different points in time which contributed to the
growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.
Monotheistic, Yahweh, the Torah, prophets such as Isaiah
Sole personal God=Yahweh
B. Vedic religions/ Hinduism
The core beliefs outlined in the Sanskrit scriptures formed the basis of the Vedic
religions---later known as Hinduism---which contributed to the development of the
social and political roles of a caste system and in the importance of multiple
manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation/karma.
Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita
Did not strive for material gain
II. New belief systems and cultural traditions (SUMMARIZE)
A. Buddhism
528 B.C.E. 4 Noble Truths of suffering, desire and the search for enlightenment
through 8 fold Path taught by the Buddha were recorded by his followers into sutras
and other scriptures. It was in part a reaction to Vedic beliefs in South Asia. It
spread first through support of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and then by missionaries
and merchants. Educational institutions were created.
Siddartha Gautama “enlightened one”, Nirvana
Mahayana Buddhism=Buddha seen as a god
B. Confucianism
Kong Fuzi’s teachings and lessons written down by his disciples (Analects)---sought to
promote social harmony/restore order by outlining proper rituals and social
relationships for all people; in China, Han empire has university and civil service
exam; ren, li, xiao (filial piety)
Chinese philosophy advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of
social order
C. Daoism
Belief of balance between humans and nature, Laozi, the way of the
cosmos/universe, wuwei (disengage) Go with the flow!
influenced medical theories/practices, poetry, metallurgy, architecture
Chinese philosophy that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of
nature
D. Christianity
Based on core beliefs about the teachings and divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as
recorded by his disciples, drew from Judaism, and initially rejected Roman and
Hellenistic influences. Christianity spread through efforts of missionaries (Paul and
Peter) and merchants and gained imperial support (Constantine=legal, Edict of Milan,
Theodosius=official)
New Testament
E. Greco-Roman philosophy
and science
III. Belief systems affected
social roles and structure.
Logic, empirical observation, the nature of political power and hierarchy
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; Skepticism, Stoicism, Epicureanism
Physics, astronomy, biology, rational humanism
A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical
Greece in the period 600-300 BCE; it emphasized the power of education and human
reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms
How or in what way did belief systems affect social roles or social structure?
Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized
filial piety. Most set patriarchal social structure. Priestesses. Buddhism=wealthy
who gave better offerings had better life. Hinduism and caste system
IV. Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core
civilizations.
B. Ancestor veneration
Continued in many regions like East Asia, Africa, Mediterranean, Andean area
Ancestor prayers/worship
V. Artistic expressions show distinctive cultural developments (Examples in relation to religions?)
A. Literature and drama
Indian epics/poetry (Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita)
Stories of Greek gods/goddesses in plays, also Homer’s work
Holy texts of any of the religions
The Analects, the Daodejing, Plato’s The Republic
B. Architectural styles
Temples
Greek columns on temples such as Parthenon, Temple for Athena
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian styles= increasingly more elaborate
C. Sculpture
Of Greek and Roman Gods and goddesses, Buddha statues, of pantheon of Hindu
gods
Some examples are actually “reliefs” in stone on temples/buildings instead of full
statutes
Key Concept 2.3
Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and
Exchange
III. More than just goods was exchanged on these networks
C. Religious and cultural
(Spread of religions over trade routes/networks---who, where, how?)
traditions were transformed.
Belief systems and traditions were changed/altered as they spread from one region
to another, blending
Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism
Christianity spread throughout Roman Empire and blended with already practiced
religions in empire. Paul of Tarsus
Buddhism spread from India into China over Silk Roads. Overtime Buddha will be
worshipped as a god.
Chapter 4-5 - Big Questions (Short Answer Responses required)
1. Describe how the codification of the Hebrew Scriptures helped to further develop Judaism as a
monotheistic religion. The codification of Hebrew Scriptures of the written Torah and the oral
traditions of the Talmud are important because they set standard practices and laws for the
Jews to follow. The Torah is said to be the laws of Moses given to him by God, they are
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. These further cemented the
covenant or contract between the Hebrew people and Yahweh which they gave sole
devotion and obedience.
2. The writings of the Sanskrit scriptures formed the basic belief structure and set up the caste systems of the
Vedic (later Hindu) religion – it also placed a high importance on Brahma and reincarnation. What is meant
by ‘Brahma’ and reincarnation?
The Vedas are the ancient Indian text that is the oldest known scripture in the history of the
world, these are considered authorless. The Brahma is the god of creation and the
Vedic/Hindu religion is based on the belief of reincarnation which is the religious or
philosophical concept that your soul or spirit will return after your natural death into a
new body. These ideas are infused into the class system of India called the caste (Varna)
system.
3. How and why did Buddhism change as it spread across Asia? (map pg. 191)
Buddhism was changing as it spread because Buddha teachings were being passed along
verbally and Buddha went from being a teacher to the enlightened one, almost god-like.
People began to interpret the 4 noble truths and the eight-fold path differently. The
political climate in the Gupta Empire which favored Hinduism also pushed out Buddhism
which caused it to spread more into Asia.
4. What was the core belief in the major Daoist writings? Did the Daoist writings influence the development
of any country?
The Daodejing were writings by Loazi that believed that nature governs all natural things,
and government was not natural. It influenced the development of China in the Shang, Zhou
dynasties and became more of a way of living than a religion. Importance of being one with
nature and inner evaluation. It is infused in Chinese culture today to include the practice of
Tai Chi which focuses on inner evaluation.
5. Christianity got a rough start in the world – what person does this religion surround? Describe how it
spread and became a major world religion. (map pg. 191)
Christianity began with Jesus who preached against the teaching of the Jewish priest and
there worldly (secular) ways. The religion began under the foundation of the Jewish faith
but then branched out to include non-Jews. The religion is based on the belief that Jesus
was crucified and resurrected as the son of God and provides salvation and a way to heaven
or a relationship with God through Jesus. Jesus’s disciples initially continued his message
after his death and then St. Paul was the major apostle that spread the region around the
Roman Empire. Eventually the Catholic Church was created which made Christianity the
majority religion in Europe after Emperor Constantine converted in eastern Rome and the
West fell in 476 AD.
6. Which of the religions mentioned in this chapter emphasized filial piety? What is filial piety?
In Confucianism filial piety was the belief that the past is part of the present. It emphasizes
respect that must be given to elders, fathers, and ancestors in the form of gifts on shrines
and graves.
7. How would you support both sides of this statement? “Religion is a double-edged sword, both supporting
and undermining political authority and social elites.” (Answers will very)
Religion can be used or misused by governments. Religion can be more important to people
than government structure or political rules and power. Religion can provide comfort while
political authority provides structure and organization for people. One must also be able to
distinguish religion from philosophy. Greek rationalism, Chinese Confucianism and
Legalism are all philosophies while Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Zoroastrianism, and
Christianity are all religions. Some religions define and support state affairs other go
against the power of the state and political authority.
8. In what ways different ways did religious or cultural traditions define purposes of human life?
Chinese and Greek thinkers focused more on affairs of this world crediting human reason with the
power to guide one to happiness through fulfillment of duty and living a moral life.
Indian, Persian, and Jewish religious traditions focused on the divine and relationship to God or
gods.
Both religious and philosophical approaches provided traditions and task for human that caused
personal and spiritual transformation, both of which tended to be compassion.
9. Why was slavery so much more prominent in Greco-Roman civilization than in India or China?
Slavery was relied upon as an economic source of free labor in Greek city-states and the Roman
Empire, they became a status symbol of power. India and China did not need a free labor source
because they had an abundance of peasants in China and India had the outcaste/untouchables and
the commoners to do hard labor. Only a few examples of slavery in China and Indian can be seen
among the very wealthy people who had them as a status symbol or concubine more so that used
for labor.
10. What changes in the patterns of social life in the second-wave of civilization can you identify in
Chapters 4-5? What accounts for these changes?
The classical era brought no dramatic social changes rather it brought further strengthening of
cultural traditions and institutions that reinforced social inequalities such as patriarchy and
slavery. Religion helped reinforce these inequalities such as the caste system in India, Confucian
and Legalist philosophies in China, and Greek rationalism.
_____/10
Identify and briefly describe the following images:
Title: The Death of Socrates
He was condemned to death by the city-state of Athens for
speaking against the political power and forced to drink
hemlock/poison.
Title: A Bodhisattva of Compassion with 1,000 arms
Portrayed as a female who hears the cries of the world.
Title: The Chinese Maitreya Buddha
Modeled off 10th century Budai(monk), fat and content Buddha
considered full of life.
Title: Star of David and the Menorah
Symbols of Judaism. Menorah is a symbol closely associated
with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah (Chanukah), Star of
David is a modern symbol that distinguishing Jews from other
ethnic groups.
Title: ichthys or ichthus
The early Christian church because of the persecution of the
Roman Empire was used the fish symbol to mark meeting
places and tombs.
Title: Om/Aum
Hindu symbol that is a sacred sound and a spiritual icon,
part of a mantra.
Title: Yin and Yang Symbol
Traditional Chinese conception of the world stressed two
primary forces, good and evil, opposites that worked together
to like man and woman that had balance.
WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 5 Reading Guide
Name:
Date:
Hour:
Read Chapter 5 and identify the following:
1.Emperor Wu Di:
Han emperor who established
Confucian university and civil service
exam
2.Civil Service Examination:
Written exam used to select officials
in China
3.Bureaucracy:
Highly organized institution such as
government, many departments
4. Wang Mang:
Han court official who usurped the
throne and ruled from 8-23; noted for
8.Caste:
Class, comes from Portuguese for
“race” or “purity of blood”
9.Varna:
Four classes originally based on color
of skin
10. Brahmin:
Priests in Hindu Caste System formed
from Purusha’s mouth (white)
11.Kshatriya:
Warrior/ruler class in Hindu caste
system formed from Purusha’s arms
(red)
14.Untouchable:
Outside the caste or outcast; those
who do jobs that are seen as unclean
15.Jati:
Thousands of social distinctions in a
caste or varna based on occupation
16.Slavery:
Working without pay, no rights,
“social death”. In Greek and Roman
world, slaves were captives from war
and piracy, abandoned children, and
the victims of long-distance trade;
manumission was common.
his reform movement that included
the breakup of large estates.
5.Scholar-gentry:
Members of China’s landowning
families, reflecting their wealth from
the land and the privilege that they
derived as government officials.
6.Yellow Turban Uprising:
Massive Chinese peasant uprising
inspired by Daoist teachings that
began in 184 CE with the goal of
establishing a new golden age of
equality and harmony
7.”Great Peace”:
Goal of Yellow Turban Uprising, a
golden age of equality, social
harmony, and common ownership of
property
12.Vaisya:
Farmers/merchants/artisans in caste
system formed from Purusha’s thighs
(yellow)
13.Sudra:
Laborers in caste system formed from
Purusha’s feet (black)
Greece=household service most
common form. Rome=brutal
conditions in mines or plantations
17.Barbarian:
seen as lazy, unreliable, immoral,
criminal
18.Spartacus:
Roman gladiator who led the most
serious slave revolt in Roman history
(73-71 BCE)
19.Empress Wu:
Only female “emperor” in Chinese
history (690-705), patronized
scholarship, worked to elevate the
position of women, and provoked a
backlash of Confucian misogynist
invective.
Key Concept 2.1
The Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural
Traditions
III. Belief systems affected
How or in what way did belief systems affect social roles or social structure?
social roles and structure.
Key Concept 2.2
Daoism reflected in Yellow Turban Rebellion
Hinduism: Aryan beliefs create Caste system. Purusha created them from his body.
Good karma and reincarnation to move up caste system.
Confucianism: men public but women domestic , “three obedience’s” in which women
are subordinate to father, husband, and then son
Development of States and Empires
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
B. Social Structures
China: state officials were cultural and social elite; although civil service exams favored
the wealthy who could educate their children, it was possible for commoners to rise up
to the upper class, landowner class; most people were peasants, periodic rebellions;
merchants seen as greedy and a social threat who profit off of others
India: Caste system, 4 classes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras) Jati in each
varna, each jati has duties particular to it, only eat with and marry from your own jati,
ostracism if you break rules of jati,
Slavery:
All civilizations had some form of slavery but seen in abundance in Rome
War captives, debtors, criminals
Helots in Sparta
C. Imperial societies relied on
a range of methods to
maintain the production of
food and provide rewards for
the loyalty of elites.
Social prestige for and political power for state officials in China, world’s first
professional civil service
Slavery
Duties of caste/jati
D. Patriarchy
“ownership” of women may have encouraged slavery
Patriarchy is more severe in urban areas than in pastoral or agricultural societies
Sometimes women could have importance outside of the home
China: linked to Confucianism, Ban Zhao wrote about position of women, honor given
to mother of sons, dowry was woman’s own property, wife had higher status than
concubine, Empress Wu
Greece: Athens vs. Sparta in patriarchy---Aristotle said women were inadequate
males, women in Athens were supposed to stay indoors out of public life, very few
legal rights….. Spartan women not segregated, encouraged to be out in public,
exercise, took care of things while husbands away at war. Death in childbirth = death
in battle