Name:________________________Aim#:________________________Date:_______________
Study Guide Supplement- Genetic Engineering
Man selects what animals or plants to mate, based on
Selective
desired traits (relies on sexual reproduction)
Breeding/Artificial
Selection
Methods:
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Producing variations
Genetic Engineering
Cohen and Boyer:
scientists
Methods: Bacterial Transformation
Mating 2 individuals that are not closely related (“best
of both worlds”)
Mating 2 closely related individuals to maintain desired
trait
Ex. Thoroughbred horses, pedigree dogs
(can result in increased appearance of mutated genes →
lead to birth defects)
Examples: exposing bacteria to radiation to make mutant
bacteria, some of which have positive features (oil spills)
Exposing plants to chemicals that cause their sex cells to
develop incorrectly so that the new plants are
POLYPLOIDY (3n, 4n chromosomes, instead of the normal
2n) (n = set of chromosomes for example: sex cells- n
chromosomes, body cells- 2n chromosomes)
These plants can be bigger and hardier than normal plants
(gene manipulation) taking DNA from one organism and
placing it in another unrelated organism (usually from a
completely different species)
Taking a bacterial plasmid and splicing it with DNA from
another organism to make a recombinant DNA. Placing the
recombinant DNA back in the bacteria so it will now make
new proteins.
Name:________________________Aim#:________________________Date:_______________
Study Guide Supplement- Genetic Engineering
Plasmid: Circular piece of DNA found only in bacteria
Recombinant DNA that has been spliced from two different sources. It
DNA=rRNA now must be placed into an individual, like a bacteria,
mouse, pig, or sheep
Transgenic Organism:
Organism contains DNA from 2 sources:
- Strawberries that have fish DNA so that they can
withstand the cold
- Pigs that have jellyfish DNA so their snouts
glow in the dark
- Sheep that have spider DNA so their wool is
stronger than normal wool
- Corn that has DNA from another plant so it
repels pests that usually eat the corn
Cloning:
Making an exact copy of an organism by taking the
body cell of the organism and fusing it with the egg cell
of another (whose nucleus has been removed). This
cell is placed into a female who will carry it until it is
ready to be born. New individual is genetically
identical to individual who donated first cell (2n).
Name:________________________Aim#:________________________Date:_______________
Study Guide Supplement- Genetic Engineering
Uses of Genetic
Engineering:
1. Cutting DNA into various size pieces
Gel Electrophoresis:
(Restriction enzymes)
2. Placing DNA into wells in a gel
3. Turn on electricity so (-charged) DNA travels
towards +charged end of gel
4. A pattern of bands forms (DNA fingerprint)
Each individual has a unique DNA fingerprint
Uses:
1. Identify suspects with evidence from a crime
scene
2. Identify bodies of people killed in plane
crashes, wars, or fires
3. Paternity suits
4. Determine the relationship between animals and
plants that are newly discovered
Important
DNAdiscoveries:
Restriction Enzymes:
Splicing DNA:
Cut DNA into segments at very specific DNA
sequences
DNA cut by restriction enzymes has “sticky ends” that
allow pieces of DNA to connect to each other easily
Name:________________________Aim#:________________________Date:_______________
Study Guide Supplement- Genetic Engineering
A piece of DNA can be multiplied many times in the
Polymerase Chain
lab by unwinding it, throwing in special enzymes and
Reaction:
nucleotides. (enables scientists to take a small piece of
DNA and amplify it so we have much more to work
with)
Healthy genes can be added to the cells of a person
Gene Therapy
who has defective DNA to help them produce the
proteins they are missing (relatively new technology)
May help cure: Hemophilia, Sickle cell anemia, cystic
fibrosis
Ethical Decisions:
Decisions based on moral codes. Is this the right thing
to do? These decisions are very important when
thinking about the manipulating of DNA of humans.
Do we want to add foreign DNA into the human
genome?
*We don’t place DNA from other organisms into
Man!!!
Please review material from previous units as well. The test is cumulative and will cover material from the year: Below
is a very basic outline of material covered. Use castle learning, previous review sheets, and tests to help prepare
Mutations: ARE RANDOM. Gene vs chromosomal
DNA vs RNA
Replication, transcritption, translation
Protein Synthesis
Organic Molecules:
Protein: formed from amino acids, specific shape for function. (change shape will denature protein)
Enzymes: catalysts. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Carbohydrates: glucose
Lipids (fats): triglyceride and fatty acid
DNA/RNA: nucleic acids
Scientific method: hypothesis, control group, constant, variables