Supplementary File 1. Full citations of literature used for prosome length-temperature
relationships (§), fecal pellet volume-copepod length relationships (+), fecal pellet production
model (*), and fecal pellet volume-pellet sinking rate relationships ().
Abou Debs, C. 1984. Carbon and nitrogen budget of the calanoid copepod Temora stylifera:
effect of concentration and composition of food. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15: 213-223, doi:
10.3354/meps015213 +*
Ashjian, C.J., and K.F. Wishner. 1993. Temporal and spatial changes in body size and
reproductive state of Nannocalanus minor (Copepoda) females across and along the Gulf
Stream. J. Plankton Res. 15: 67-98, doi: 10.1093/plankt/15.1.67 §
Ayukai, T., and H. Hattori. 1992. Production and downward flux of zooplankton fecal pellets in
the anticyclonic gyre off Shikoku, Japan. Oceanol. Acta 15: 163-172.+*
Batchelder, H.P. and R.Williams. 1995. Individual-based modeling of the population dynamics
of Metridia lucens in the North Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 469-482, doi:
10.1016/1054-3139(95)80061-1 §
Bathmann, U.V., T.T., Noji, M. Voss, and R. Peinert. 1987. Copepod fecal pellets: abundance,
sedimentation and content at a permanent station in the Norwegian Sea in May/June 1986.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38: 45-51, doi: 10.3354/meps038045 +
Besiktepe, S., and H.G. Dam. 2002. Coupling of ingestion and defecation as a function of diet in
the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 229: 151-164, doi:
10.3354/meps229151 +*
Bruland,K. and M. Silver. 1981. Sinking rates of fecal pellets from gelatinous zooplankton (salps,
pteropods, doliolids). Mar. Biol. 63: 295-300, doi: 10.1007/BF00395999 
Butler, M., and H.G. Dam. 1994. Production rates and characteristics of fecal pellets of the
copepod Acartia tonsa under simulated phytoplankton bloom conditions: implications for
vertical fluxes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 114: 81-91, doi: 10.3354/meps114081 +*
Calbet, A., and X. Irigoien. 1997. Egg and faecal pellet production rates of the marine copepod
Metridia gerlachei northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol. 18: 273-279,
doi:10.1007/s003000050188 *
Campbell, R.G., M.M. Wagner, G.J. Teegarden, C.A. Boudreau, and E.G. Durbin. 2001. Growth
and development rates of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus reared in the laboratory.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221: 161-183, doi: 10.3354/meps221161 §
Carlotti, F., C. Rey, A. Javanshir, S. Nival. 1997. Laboratory studies on egg and faecal pellet
production of Centropages typicus: effect of age, effect of temperature, individual
variability. J. Plankton Res. 19: 1143-1165, doi: 10.1093/plankt/19.8.1143 *
Dagg, M.J., and W.E. Walser. 1986. The effect of food concentration on fecal pellet size in
marine copepods. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1066-1071.+
Daly, K.L. 1997. Flux of particulate matter through copepods in the Northeast Water Polynya. J.
Marine Syst. 10: 319-342, doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00062-0 +*
Deevey, G.B. 1960. Relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variations in length of
marine copepods in some eastern American and western European waters. Bulletin of the
Bingham Oceanographic Collection 17: 54-86.§
Deibel, D. 1990. Still-water sinking velocity of fecal material from the pelagic tunicate
Dolioletta gegenbauri. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62: 55-60, doi: 10.3354/meps062055 
Dilling, L., and.A.L. Alldredge. 1993. Can chaetognath fecal pellets contribute significantly to
carbon flux? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92: 51-58, doi: 10.3354/meps092051 
Durbin, A.G, and E.G. Durbin. 1978. Length and weight relationships of Acartia clausi from
Narragansett Bay, R.I. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 958-969.§
Feinberg, L.R., and H.G. Dam. 1998. Effects of diet on dimensions, density and sinking rates of
fecal pellets of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 175: 87-96, doi:
10.3354/meps175087 +
Fowler, S.W., and L.F. Small. 1972. Sinking rates of euphausiid fecal pellets. Limnol. Oceanogr.
17: 293-296.
Griffin, S.L. 2000. Influence of food type on the production and settling rate of faecal pellets
produced by an estuarine copepod. Mar. Freshwater Res. 51: 371-378, doi:
10.1071/MF99047 +
Harris, R.P. 1994. Zooplankton grazing on the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi and its role in
inorganic carbon flux. Mar. Biol. 119: 431-439, doi: 10.1007/BF00347540 
Hays, G.C., P.I. Webb, and S.L. Frears. 1998. Diel changes in the carbon and nitrogen content of
the copepod Metridia lucens. J. Plankton Res. 20: 727-737, doi: 10.1093/plankt/20.4.727
§
Henriksen, M.V., S. Jung-Madsen, T.G. Nielsen, E.F. Møller, K.V. Henricksen, S. Markager,
and B.W. Hansen. 2012. Effects of temperature and food availability on feeding and egg
production of Calanus hyperboreus from Disko Bay, western Greenland. Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser. 447: 109-126, doi: 10.3354/meps09421 +*
Hirst, A.G., M. Sheader, and J.A. Williams. 1999. Annual pattern of Calanoid copepod
abundance, prosome length and minor role in pelagic carbon flux in the Solent, UK. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 177: 133-146, doi: 10.3354/meps177133 §
Honjo, S., and M.R. Roman. 1978. Marine copepod fecal pellets: production, preservation and
sedimentation. J. Mar. Res. 36: 45-57.+*
Ji, R., C.S. Davis, C. Chen, R.C. Beardsley. 2009. Life history traits and spatiotemporal
distributional patterns of copepod populations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 384: 187-205, doi; 10.3354/meps08032 §
Koski, M., and C. Wexels Riser. 2006. Post-bloom feeding of Calanus Finmarchicus
copepodites: Selection for autotrophic versus heterotrophic prey. Mar. Biol. Res. 2: 109119, doi: 10.1080/17451000600684367 +*
Lane, P.V.Z., S.L. Smith, J.L. Urban, and P.E. Biscayes. 1994. Carbon flux and recycling
associated with zooplanktonic fecal pellets on the shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight.
Deep-Sea Res. Pt-II 41: 437-457, doi: 10.1016/0967-0645(94)90031-0 +*
Liang, D. S.-I. Uye, and T. Onbé. 1996. Population dynamics and production of the planktonic
copepods in a eutrophic inlet of the Inland Sea of Japan. I. Centropages abdominalis.
Mar. Biol. 124: 527-536, doi: 10.1007/BF00351034 §
Martynova, D.M. 2003. Copepod fecal pellets in the White Sea: Experimental and in situ studies.
Oceanology. 43: S123-S133.+
Martynova, D.M., N.A. Kazus, U.V. Bathmann, M. Graeve, and A.A. Sukhotin. 2011. Seasonal
abundance and feeding patterns of copepods Temora longicornis, Centropages hamatus
and Acartia spp. in the White Sea (66° N). Polar Biol 34: 1175-1195, doi:
10.1007/s00300-011-0980-7 *
McLaren, I.A. 1978. Generation lengths of some temperate marine copepods: estimation,
prediction, and implications. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1330-1342.§
McLaren, I.A., M.J. Tremblay, C.J. Corkett, and J.C. Roff. 1989. Copepod production on the
Scotian Shelf based on life-history analyses and laboratory rearings. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 46: 560-583.§
Peruyeva, Y.G. 1983. Copepodite stage IV of Calanus glacilais Jaschnov of the White Sea and
its feeding on the colonial alga Chaetoceros crinitus Schütt. Oceanology 23: 134-138.+*
Ploug, H., M.H. Iversen, M. Koski, and E.T. Buitenhuis. 2008. Production, oxygen respiration
rates, and sinking velocity of copepod fecal pellets: Direct measurements of ballasting by
opal and calcite. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53: 469-476, doi: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0469 +*
Rey, C., F. Carlotti, K. Tande, and B.H. Hygum. 1999. Egg and faecal pellet production of
Calanus finmarchicus females from controlled mesocosms and in situ populations:
influence of age and feeding history. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188: 133-148, doi:
10.3354/meps188133 *
Richardson, A.J., H.M. Verheye, V. Herbert, C. Rogers, and L.M. Arendse. 2001. Egg
production, somatic growth and productivity of copepods in the Benguela Current system
and Angola-Benguela Front. S. Afr. J. Sci. 97: 251-257.§
Seuthe, L., G. Darnis, C. Wexels Riser, P. Wassmann, and L. Fortier. 2007. Winter-spring
feeding and metabolism of Arctic copepods: insights from faecal pellet production and
respiration measurements in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol. 30: 427-436, doi:
10.1007/s00300-006-0199-1 *
Small, L.F., S.W. Fowler, and M.Y. Ünlü. 1979. Sinking rates of natural copepod fecal pellets.
Mar. Biol. 51: 233-241, doi: 10.1007/BF00386803 
Smayda, T. 1969. Some measurements of the sinking rate of fecal pellets. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:
621-625.
Sun, X., S. Sun, C. Li, and M. Wang. 2012. Seasonal change in body length of important small
copepods and relationship with environmental factors in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Chin. J.
Oceanol. and Limn. 30: 404-409, doi: 10.1007/s00343-012-1140-9 §
Tönnesson, K., T.G. Nielsen, and P. Tiselius. 2006. Feeding and production of the carnivorous
copepod Paraeuchaeta norvegica in the Skagerrak. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 314: 213-225,
doi: 10.3354/meps314213 §
Tsuda, A., and T. Nemoto. 1990. The effect of food concentration on the faecal pellet size of the
marine copepod Pseudocalanus newmani Frost. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan 37:
83-90.+
Turner, J. 1977. Sinking rates of fecal pellets from the marine copepod Pontella meadii. Mar.
Biol. 40: 249-259, doi: 10.1007/BF00390880 
Uye, S.-I. 1991. Temperature-dependent development and growth of the planktonic copepod
Paracalanus sp. in the laboratory. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan, Special Volume,
627-636.§
Uye, S.-I., and K. Sano. 1998. Seasonal variations in biomass, growth rate and production rate of
the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona davinsae in a temperate eutrophic inlet. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser. 163: 37-44, doi: 10.4453/meps163037 §
Wexels Riser, C., M. Reigstad, P. Wassmann, E. Arashkevich, and S. Falk-Petersen. 2007.
Export or retention? Copepod abundance, faecal pellet production and vertical flux in the
marginal ice zone through snap shorts from the northern Barents Sea. Polar Biol. 30: 719730, doi: 10.1007/s00300-006-0229-z +*