AP Biology – Integration, Sensation and Response
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Sensation
Fundamentally, sensation requires three things:
1. A _________________ must be detected by a ___________________
2. The sensor must translate the stimulus into a nervous signal (an action potential).
3. The signal must be interpreted by the _______________________________________
All sensory apparatus have these three things in common.
The sensory receptor is either:


The first (_______________) neuron in the signaling pathway
Or it regulates the afferent neuron through neurotransmitter release
Touch
Touch sensations are mediated by __________________________
There are many kinds of receptors in the skin:


Temperature receptors, pain receptors, pressure receptors, hair movement receptors
Ie nerve endings
Since action potentials are binary, the ______________________________________________________.
Sight
Sight is mediated by ________________________________
Planaria eyespots are very primitive. Light shining on the eyespot
causes _________________________
The eyespot allows light from above to interact with neurons.
In a vertebrate eye, light is
____________________________________________.
The retina translates light into ______________________.
Information from each eye is routed to both hemispheres of the brain.
_______ interpret the presence/absence of light, _______respond to
different wavelengths of light.
AP Biology – Integration, Sensation and Response
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Sound
Sound is mediated by ________________________
_________________________________________. The
ear consists of a canal to direct soundwaves, and a series
of bones and organs that interpret those waves as heard
sound. Much of hearing is due to __________________
that line the cochlea and _____________.
Hair cells and ear anatomy are also involved in the detection of spatial positioning of the body and
balance.
Taste
___________________________________ in animals is mediated through taste and smell. Most
animals sense the environment mostly through chemoreception.
Taste buds interpret ______________________________________________________. Genetic variance is responsible
for differences in taste preferences.
Smell
Smell is interpreted when molecules (odourants) interact with
receptors on the cell membranes of chemoreceptors that
protrude from the _________________________________.
Smell is important for taste as well, as odourants are released
into the nasal cavity when food is chewed.
Many organisms have different examples of specialized
receptors such as radiation receptors in snakes.
Integration
Evolutionary progression of nervous system complexity:
________________________________
_________________________________
___________________________________
AP Biology – Integration, Sensation and Response
Major divisions  central vs __________________
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afferent vs ___________________
autonomic vs ___________________
parasympathetic vs ___________________
Sympthetic – fight or flight
Parasympathetic – rest and digest
Reflex arcs don’t need any processing from the CNS, why not?
The brain consists of _________________________
and _______________________________________________
Gray matter in the brain is made from _____________________________
White matter in the brain is __________________________________
Your brain is like an onion, many layers. The hind brain (medulla oblongata, cerebellum) is responsible for basic life
functions and movement while the cerebrum is responsible for consciousness.
Specific sections: Medulla/Pons ______________________, Cerebellum __________________Cerebrum ____________
The brain has 2 hemispheres.
The __________________ is where endocrine control happens.
Consists of :
AP Biology – Integration, Sensation and Response
Different cerebral regions participate in different functions.
Somatosensory & motor cortexes route to/from different regions of
the body.
Different regions of the brain are active for different tasks.
Amygdala is involved
in emotional response.
Nucleus Accumbens involved in reward response.
Mental Illness
Disruptions in _____________________________________________________
contribute to mental illness. Drugs often work at the synapses as well.
Learning/Memory
The more used a synaptic pathway is, the more firm that pathway
becomes.
Synapses are ____________________________________.
_____________________________ : a lasting synaptic connection.
Response
Muscle response
3 kinds: ___________________
Muscles do two things:
____________________
__________________
___________________
__________________
Only ________ is under conscious control
Arranged antagonistic pairs: _________________ and ________________
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AP Biology – Integration, Sensation and Response
Muscle structure: each muscle is a bundle of __________________. Each fibre is a bunch
of _____________________. Each cell has a collection of ___________________. Each
myofibril is packed with _____________________ and ___________________ filaments
arranged in ___________________________.
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Muscle function: sliding filament model. ATP is
hydrolyzed to move myosin between
______________________________________.
Active: myosin bonds to actin, forming a cross bridge, and pulls it towards the
middle of the sarcomere.
Inactive: Myosin remains attached to actin until ATP hydrolysis occurs again.
_____________________ must be present in the sarcomere and bonded to
___________________for myosin to bond to actin. Calcium is stored in a region of the
sarcomere called the ____________________.
The nervous system interfaces with muscle tissue at modified synapses called ________________________.
The release of ______________________________________________________.
Motor neurons terminate here.
A motor neuron and its neuromuscular junction are called a ______________
Total muscle contraction, tetanus, is initiated when
__________________________________________________
Can you …
Give a detailed example of how a sensory receptor works?
Describe the major divisions of the nervous system?
Describe the major divisions of the brain?
Explain how muscles work using the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
Lots of reading, studying, video watching, writing, thinking, practicing and communicating to go!